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We report results of systematic analysis of confined steadily rotating patterns in the two-component BEC including the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) of the Rashba type, which acts in the interplay with the attractive or repulsive intra-component and inter-component nonlinear interactions and confining potential. The analysis is based on the system of the Gross-Pitaevskii equations (GPEs) written in the rotating coordinates. The resulting GPE system includes effective Zeeman splitting. In the case of the attractive nonlinearity, the analysis, performed by means of the imaginary-time simulations, produces deformation of the known two-dimensional SOC solitons (semi-vortices and mixed-modes). Essentially novel findings are reported in the case of the repulsive nonlinearity. They demonstrate patterns arranged as chains of unitary vortices which, at smaller values of the rotation velocity Omega, assume the straight (single-string) form. At larger Omega, the straight chains become unstable, being spontaneously replaced by a trilete star-shaped array of vortices. At still large values of Omega, the trilete pattern rebuilds itself into a star-shaped one formed of five and, then, seven strings. The transitions between the different patterns are accounted for by comparison of their energy. It is shown that the straight chains of vortices, which form the star-shaped structures, are aligned with boundaries between domains populated by plane waves with different wave vectors. A transition from an axisymmetric higher-order (multiple) vortex state to the trilete pattern is investigated too., Comment: to be published in Physica Scripta (focus issue on New Trends in Nonlinear Dynamics: Nonlocality, Discretization and Uncertainty)

The $1/r$ long-range interaction introduced by the laser beams offers a mechanism for the implementation of stable self-trapping in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) in the three-dimensional free space. Using the variational approximation and numerical solution, we find that self-trapped states in this setting closely resemble tightly-bound compactons. This feature of the self-trapped states is explained by an analytical solution for their asymptotic tails. Further, we demonstrate that stable vortex quasi-compactons (QCs), with topological charges up to $6$ (at least), exist in the same setting. Addressing two-body dynamics, we find that pairs of ground states, as well as vortex-vortex and vortex-antivortex pairs, form stably rotating bound states. Head-on collisions between vortex QCs under small kicks are inelastic, resulting in their merger into a ground state soliton that may either remain at the collision position or move aside, or alternatively, lead to the formation of a vortex that also moves aside., Comment: 7 figure, 11 pages, and 116 references

Research on time crystals concerns the spontaneous breaking of translational symmetry in time, as well as the realization of phenomena and phases known from solid-state physics in the time domain. Periodically driven systems of massive particles are widely used in these studies. In the present work, we consider a photonic system and demonstrate that stable nonlinear propagation of a strong optical wave in a fiber leads to the establishment of quasi-periodic oscillations in the electromagnetic field intensity. A second, weaker signal optical wave propagating in the fiber senses these oscillations and, as a result, undergoes exponential localization in time. This is a temporal analogue of Aubry-Andre localization. If an optical detector is placed at a certain position in the fiber, the temporal localization of the probe wave will be observed in the form of the signal which emerges and then decays as a function of time.

We introduce a waveguiding system composed of three linearly-coupled fractional waveguides, with a triangular (prismatic) transverse structure. It may be realized as a tri-core nonlinear optical fiber with fractional group-velocity dispersion (GVD), or, possibly, as a system of coupled Gross--Pitaevskii equations for a set of three tunnel-coupled cigar-shaped traps filled by a Bose-Einstein condensate of particles moving by L\'evy flights. The analysis is focused on the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) between components of triple solitons, and the formation and stability of vortex modes. In the self-focusing regime, we identify symmetric and asymmetric soliton states, whose structure and stability are determined by the L\'evy index of the fractional GVD, the inter-core coupling strength, and the total energy, which determines the system's nonlinearity. Bifurcation diagrams (of the supercritical type) reveal regions where SSB occurs, identifying the respective symmetric and asymmetric ground-state soliton modes. In agreement with the general principle of the SSB theory, the solitons with broken inter-component symmetry prevail with the increase of the energy in the weakly-coupled system. Three-components vortex solitons (which do not feature SSB) are studied too. Because the fractional GVD breaks the system's Galilean invariance, we also address mobility of the vortex solitons, by applying a boost to them., Comment: 27 pages, 12 figures, to be published in Physica D

We study the dynamics of solitons under the action of one-dimensional quasiperiodic lattice potentials, fractional diffraction, and nonlinearity. The formation and stability of the solitons is investigated in the framework of the fractional nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. By means of variational and numerical methods, we identify conditions under which stable solitons emerge, stressing the effect of the fractional diffraction on soliton properties. The reported findings contribute to the understanding of the soliton behavior in complex media, with implications for topological photonics and matter-wave dynamics in lattice potentials., Comment: 14 pages, 19 figures

We investigate spontaneous symmetry- and antisymmetry-breaking bifurcations of solitons in a nonlinear dual-core waveguide with the pure-quartic dispersion and Kerr nonlinearity. Symmetric, antisymmetric, and asymmetric pure-quartic solitons (PQSs) are found, and their stability domains are identified. The bifurcations for both the symmetric and antisymmetric PQSs are of the supercritical type (alias phase transitions of the second kind). Direct simulations of the perturbed evolution of PQSs corroborate their stability boundaries predicted by the analysis of small perturbations., Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, to be published in Optics Letters

The current state of research on vortices carried by quantum droplets (QDs) has predicted their existence, in the stable form, in two- and three-dimensional free-space binary Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) and dipolar BECs. These theoretical results suggest that QDs may be excellent carriers of self-trapped vortex states. Given that the experimental creation of QDs has already been firmly established, the observation of embedded vortices in them becomes a key question for the next phase of the development in the field., Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, and 88 references. Accepted as the View & Perspective by Frontiers of Physics (http://journal.hep.com.cn/fop/EN/10.15302/frontphys.2025.013401)

We analytically and numerically study three-component rogue waves (RWs) in spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates with Raman-induced spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Using the multiscale perturbative method, we obtain approximate analytical solutions for RWs with positive and negative effective masses, determined by the effective dispersion of the system. The solutions include RWs with smooth and striped shapes, as well as higher-order RWs. The analytical solutions demonstrate that the RWs in the three components of the system exhibit different velocities and their maximum peaks appear at the same spatiotemporal position, which is caused by SOC and interactions. The accuracy of the approximate analytical solutions is corroborated by comparison with direct numerical simulations of the underlying system. Additionally, we systematically explore existence domains for the RWs determined by the baseband modulational instability (BMI). Numerical simulations corroborate that, under the action of BMI, plane waves with random initial perturbations excite RWs, as predicted by the approximate analytical solutions., Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures, to be published in New Journal of Physics

s in laser systems with two fractional-dispersion/diffraction terms, quantified by their L\'{e}vy indices, $\alpha_{1}\, \alpha_{2}\in (1, 2]$, and self-focusing or defocusing Kerr nonlinearity. Some fundamental solitons are obtained by means of the variational approximation, which are verified by comparison with numerical results. We find that the soliton collapse, exhibited by the one-dimensional cubic fractional nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation with only one L\'{e}vy index $\alpha =1$, can be suppressed in the two-L\'{e}vy-index fractional nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger system. Stability of the solitons is also explored against collisions with Gaussian pulses and adiabatic variation of the system parameters. Modulation instability of continuous waves is investigated in the two-L\'{e}vy-index system too. In particular, the modulation instability may occur in the case of the defocusing nonlinearity when two diffraction coefficients have opposite signs. Using results for the modulation instability, we produce first- and second-order rogue waves on top of continuous waves, for both signs of the Kerr nonlinearity., Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures

Stable vortex solitons (VSs) are objects of great interest for fundamental studies and various applications, including particle trapping, microscopy, data encoding, and matter-wave gyroscopes. However, three-dimensional (3D) VSs with high topological charges, supported by self-attractive nonlinearities, are unstable against fragmentation, which eventually leads to internal blowup (supercritical collapse) of the fragments. Here, we propose a scheme for realizing stable 3D VSs with topological charges up to $5$ and $6$ in the two components of a binary, Rydberg-dressed Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with spin-orbit coupling (SOC). We show that, if the SOC strength exceeds a critical value, the rotational symmetry of the VSs in the transverse plane gets broken, resulting in separation of the two components. Nevertheless, the VSs with the broken symmetry remain stable. The VS stability domains are identified in the system's parameter space. Moreover, application of torque to the stable VSs sets them in the state of robust gyroscopic precession., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures

Buildup and switching mechanisms of solitons in complex nonlinear systems are fundamentally important dynamical regimes. Using a novel strongly nonlinear optical system,the work reveals a new buildup scenario for soliton molecules , which includes a long-duration stage dominated by the emergence of transient NLPs modes to withstand strong disturbances arising from turbulence and extreme nonlinearity in the optical cavity. Systematic simulations reveal effects of the PC rotation angle and intra-cavity nonlinearity on the periodic phase transitions between the different soliton states, and accurately reproduce the experimentally observed buildup and switching mechanisms. These findings could enhance our fundamental study and points to potential uses in designing information encoding systems., Comment: To be published in LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS

A physics-informed neural network (PINN) is used to produce a variety of self-trapped necklace solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger/Gross-Pitaevskii equation. We elaborate the analysis for the existence and evolution of necklace patterns with integer, half-integer, and fractional reduced orbital angular momenta by means of PINN. The patterns exhibit phenomena similar to rotation of rigid bodies and centrifugal force. Even though the necklaces slowly expand (or shrink), they preserve their structure in the course of the quasi-stable propagation over several diffraction lengths, which is completely different from the ordinary fast diffraction-dominated dynamics. By comparing different ingredients, including the training time, loss value and $\mathbb{L}_{2}$ error, PINN accurately predicts specific nonlinear dynamical properties of the evolving necklace patterns. Furthermore, we perform the data-driven discovery of parameters for both clean and perturbed training data, adding $1\%$ random noise in the latter case. The results reveal that PINN not only effectively emulates the solution of partial differential equations, but also offers applications for predicting the nonlinear dynamics of physically relevant types of patterns., Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, to be published in Optics Express

Excited states (ESs) of two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) solitons of the semivortex (SV) and mixed-mode (MM) types, supported by the interplay of the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and local nonlinearity in binary Bose-Einstein condensates, are unstable, on the contrary to the stability of the SV and MM solitons in their fundamental states. We propose a stabilization strategy for these states in 3D, combining SOC and long-range Rydberg-Rydberg interactions (RRI), in the presence of a spatially-periodic potential, that may include a parity-time (PT)-symmetric component. ESs of the SV solitons, which carry integer vorticities S and S+1 in their two components, exhibit robustness up to S= 4. ESs of MM solitons feature an interwoven necklace-like structure, with the components carrying opposite fractional values of the orbital angular momentum. Regions of the effective stability of the 3D solitons of the SV and MM types (both fundamental ones and ESs), are identified as functions of the imaginary component of the PT-symmetric potential and strengths of the SOC and RRI terms., Comment: to be published in Chaos, Solitons & Fractals

Soliton pulsations are ubiquitous feature of non-stationary soliton dynamics in mode-locked lasers and many other physical systems. To overcome difficulties related to huge amount of necessary computations and low efficiency of traditional numerical methods in modeling the evolution of non-stationary solitons, we propose a two-parallel bidirectional long short-term memory recurrent neural network, with the main objective to predict dynamics of vector-soliton pulsations in various complex states, whose real-time dynamics is verified by experiments. Besides, the scheme of coded information storage based on the TP-Bi_LSTM RNN, instead of actual pulse signals, is realized too. The findings offer new applications of deep learning to ultrafast optics and information storage., Comment: To be published in Laser & Photonics Reviews;https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202400097

We elaborate a fractional discrete nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger (FDNLS) equation based on an appropriately modified definition of the Riesz fractional derivative, which is characterized by its L\'{e}vy index (LI). This FDNLS equation represents a novel discrete system, in which the nearest-neighbor coupling is combined with long-range interactions, that decay as the inverse square of the separation between lattice sites. The system may be realized as an array of parallel quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates composed of atoms or small molecules carrying, respectively, a permanent magnetic or electric dipole moment. The dispersion relation (DR) for lattice waves and the corresponding propagation band in the system's linear spectrum are found in an exact form for all values of LI. The DR is consistent with the continuum limit, differing in the range of wavenumbers. Formation of single-site and two-site discrete solitons is explored, starting from the anti-continuum limit and continuing the analysis in the numerical form up to the existence boundary of the discrete solitons. Stability of the solitons is identified in terms of eigenvalues for small perturbations, and verified in direct simulations. Mobility of the discrete solitons is considered too, by means of an estimate of the system's Peierls-Nabarro potential barrier, and with the help of direct simulations. Collisions between persistently moving discrete solitons are also studied., Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures (to be published in Phys. Rev. E, 2024)

We introduce a model of an optical cavity based on the one-dimensional Lugiato-Lefever (LL) equation, which includes the pump represented by a symmetric pair of tightly localized "hot spots" (HSs) with phase shift $\chi $ between them, and self-focusing or defocusing cubic nonlinearity. Families of bound states, pinned to the double HS, are found in the system's parameter space. They feature the effect of the symmetry breaking (SB) between peaks pinned to individual HSs, provided that the phase shift takes values $0<\chi <\pi $, and the LL equation includes the loss term. The SB, which is explained analytically, takes place in the full LL model and its linearized version alike. The same phenomenology is also explored in the framework of the LL equation with the double HS and quintic self-focusing. In that case, there are stable symmetric and asymmetric bound states, in spite of the presence of the background instability driven by the critical collapse., Comment: 15 pages, 23 figures

Quantum droplets (QDs) are self-trapped modes stabilized by the Lee-Huang-Yang correction to the mean-field Hamiltonian of binary atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. The existence and stability of quiescent and rotating dipole-shaped and vortex QDs with vorticity $S=1$ (DQDs and VQDs, respectively) are numerically studied in the framework of the accordingly modified two-component system. The rotating DQDs trapped in an annular potential are built of two crescent-like components, stretching along the azimuthal direction with the increase of the rotation frequency. Rotating quadrupole QDs (QQDs) bifurcate from the VQDs with $S=2$. Above a certain rotation frequency, they transform back into VQDs with a flat-top shape. Rotating DQDs and QQDs are stable in a broad interval of values of the chemical potential. The results provide the first example of stable modes which are intermediate states between the rotating DQDs and QQDs on the one hand, and VQDs on the other., Comment: 7 pages,8 figures;to be published in Physical Review Research

Stable vortex lattices are basic dynamical patterns which have been demonstrated in physical systems including superconductor physics, Bose-Einstein condensates, hydrodynamics and optics. Vortex-antivortex (VAV) ensembles can be produced, self-organizing into the respective polar lattices. However, these structures are in general highly unstable due to the strong VAV attraction. Here, we demonstrate that multiple optical VAV clusters nested in the propagating coherent field can crystallize into patterns which preserve their lattice structures over distance up to several Rayleigh lengths. To explain this phenomenon, we present a model for effective interactions between the vortices and antivortices at different lattice sites. The observed VAV crystallization is a consequence of the globally balanced VAV couplings. As the crystallization does not require the presence of nonlinearities and appears in free space, it may find applications to high-capacity optical communications and multiparticle manipulations. Our findings suggest possibilities for constructing VAV complexes through the orbit-orbit couplings, which differs from the extensively studied spin-orbit couplings., Comment: to be published in Nature Communications; 21pages, 6 figures

We introduce a system of propagation equations for the fundamental-frequency (FF) and second-harmonic (SH) waves in the bulk waveguide with the effective fractional diffraction and quadratic (chi ^(2)) nonlinearity. The numerical solution produces families of ground-state (zero-vorticity) two-dimensional solitons in the free space, which are stable in exact agreement with the Vakhitov-Kolokolov criterion, while vortex solitons are completely unstable in that case. Mobility of the stable solitons and inelastic collisions between them are briefly considered too. In the presence of a harmonic-oscillator (HO) trapping potential, families of partially stable single- and two-color solitons (SH-only or FF-SH ones, respectively) are obtained, with zero and nonzero vorticities. The single-and two-color solitons are linked by a bifurcation which takes place withthe increase of the soliton's power., Comment: to be published in Physica D

The propagation of light beams in photovoltaic pyroelectric photorefractive crystals is modelled by a specific generalization of the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation (GNLSE). We use the variational approximation (VA) to predict the propagation of solitary-wave inputs in the crystal, finding that the VA equations involve the dilogarithm special function. The VA predicts that solitons and breathers exist, and the Vakhitov-Kolokolov criterion predicts that the solitons are stable solutions. Direct simulations of the underlying GNLSE corroborates the existence of such stable modes. The numerical solutions produce both regular breathers and ones featuring beats (long-period modulations of fast oscillations). In the latter case, the Fourier transform of amplitude oscillations reveals a nearly discrete spectrum characterizing the beats dynamics. Numerical solutions of another type demonstrate spontaneous splitting of the input pulse in two or several secondary ones., Comment: 34 pages, 28 figures, 56 references. To be published in a special issue of journal AXIOMS on the topic "Nonlinear Schroedinger equations"

We introduce a system of fractional nonlinear Schroedinger equations (FNLSEs) which model the copropagation of optical waves carried by different wavelengths or mutually orthogonal circular polarizations in fiber-laser cavities with the effective fractional group-velocity dispersion (FGVD), which were recently made available to the experiment. In the FNLSE system, the FGVD terms are represented by the Riesz derivatives, with the respective Levy index (LI). The FNLSEs, which include the nonlinear self-phase-modulation (SPM) nonlinearity, are coupled by the cross-phase modulation (XPM) terms, and separated by a group-velocity (GV) mismatch (rapidity). By means of systematic simulations, we analyze collisions and bound states of solitons in the XPM-coupled system, varying the LI and GV mismatch. Outcomes of collisions between the solitons include rebound, conversion of the colliding single-component solitons into a pair of two-component ones, merger of the solitons into a breather, their mutual passage leading to excitation of intrinsic vibrations, and the elastic interaction. Families of stable two-component soliton bound states are constructed too, featuring a rapidity which is intermediate between those of the two components., Comment: to be published in Studies in Applied Mathematics (a special issue dedicated to the memory of David J. Kaup)

We introduce a model of a passive optical cavity based on a novel variety of the two-dimensional Lugiato-Lefever equation, with a localized pump carrying intrinsic vorticity S, and the cubic or cubic-quintic nonlinearity. Up to S = 5, stable confined vortex-ring states (vortex pixels) are produced by means of a variational approximation and in a numerical form. Surprisingly, vast stability areas of the vortex states are found, for both the self-focusing and defocusing signs of the nonlinearity, in the plane of the pump and loss parameters. When the vortex-rings are unstable, they are destroyed by azimuthal perturbations which break the axial symmetry. The results suggest new possibilities for mode manipulations in passive nonlinear photonic media by means of appropriately designed pump beams., Comment: to be published in Symmetry (special issue "Selected Papers on Nonlinear Dynamics")

We investigate the dynamics of optical Airy beams in the one-dimensional fractional Schr\"odinger equation with a harmonic-oscillator (HO) potential subjected to modulation along the propagation distance. Deriving general solutions for propagating beams and particular solutions for Airy waves with/without chirp, we study analytically the spectrum conversion and pattern preservation for the chirp-free and chirped Airy beams in the fractional system including the HO potential with moir\'e-lattice, hyperbolic-secant, and delta-functional modulation formats. For the HO-moir\'e-lattice potential, it is found that the chirp-free Airy beam experiences multiple spectrum conversions between the Airy and Gaussian patterns in the momentum space, preserving the Airy pattern in the coordinate space. The chirp magnitude of the chirped Airy beam determines whether the spectrum conversion occurs in the momentum space, and the splitting and evolution direction of the beam in the coordinate space. For the HO-hyperbolic-secant potential, the chirp-free Airy beam undergoes spectrum conversion and tunneling, with the positions of the spectrum conversion and tunneling significantly depending on parameters of the hyperbolic-secant potential; however, the spectrum conversion and pattern preservation of the chirped Airy beam occurs only under a certain relation of the chirp and parameters of the potential. In the case of the HO-delta-functional potential, the chirp-free Airy beam experiences abrupt spectrum conversion and a two-step spectrum shift; however, for the chirped Airy beam, the spectrum conversion is affected by the relation between the chirp and height of the potential. Effects of the fractional L\'evy index on the spectrum conversion and pattern preservation of the Airy beams under the action of the three modulation patterns considered here are also explored in detail., Comment: to be published in Chaos, Solitons & Fractals

It is known that two-dimensional two-component fundamental solitons of the semi-vortex (SV) type, with vorticities $(s_{+},s_{-})=(0,1)$ in their components, are stable ground states (GSs) in the spin-orbit-coupled (SOC) binary Bose-Einstein condensate with the contact self-attraction acting in both components, in spite of the possibility of the critical collapse in the system. However, excited states(ESs) of the SV solitons, with the vorticity set $(s_{+},s_{-})=( S_{+},S_{+}+1)$ and $S_{+}=1,2,3,...$, are unstable in the same system. We construct ESs of SV solitons in the SOC system with opposite signs of the self-interaction in the two components. The main finding is stability of the ES-SV solitons, with the extra vorticity (at least) up to $S_{+}=6$. The threshold value of the norm for the onset of the critical collapse, $N_{\mathrm{thr}}$, in these excited states is higher than the commonly known critical value, $N_{c}\approx 5.85$,associated with the single-component Townes solitons, $N_{\mathrm{thr}}$ increasing with the growth of $S_{+}$. A velocity interval for stable motion of the GS-SV solitons is found too. The results suggest a solution for the challenging problem of the creation of stable vortex solitons with high topological charges., Comment: To be published in Physical Review E

We report results of systematic investigation of dynamics featured by moving two-dimensional (2D) solitons generated by the fractional nonlinear Schroedinger equation (FNLSE) with the cubic-quintic nonlinearity. The motion of solitons is a nontrivial problem, as the fractional diffraction breaks the Galilean invariance of the underlying equation. The addition of the defocusing quintic term to the focusing cubic one is necessary to stabilize the solitons against the collapse. The setting presented here can be implemented in nonlinear optical waveguides emulating the fractional diffraction. Systematic consideration identifies parameters of moving fundamental and vortex solitons (with vorticities 0 and 1 or 2, respectively) and maximum velocities up to which stable solitons persist, for characteristic values of the Levy index which determines the fractionality of the underlying model. Outcomes of collisions between 2D solitons moving in opposite directions are identified too. These are merger of the solitons, quasi-elastic or destructive collisions, and breakup of the two colliding solitons into a quartet of secondary ones., Comment: In the original submission of this preprint (a day ago), the title was accidentally replaced by a title of a different paper. Except for that, the preprint itself and all other details were correct. The paper will be published in Wave Motion (a special issue, "Modelling Nonlinear Waves: From Theory to Applications", dedicated to the memory of Noel F. Smyth)

This article presents a concise survey of basic discrete and semi-discrete nonlinear models which produce two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) solitons, and a summary of main theoretical and experimental results obtained for such solitons. The models are based on the discrete nonlinear Schroeodinger (DNLS) equations and their generalizations, such as a system of discrete Gross- Pitaevskii (GP) equations with the Lee-Huang-Yang corrections, the 2D Salerno model (SM), DNLS equations with long-range dipole-dipole and quadrupole-quadrupole interactions, a system of coupled discrete equations for the second-harmonic generation with the quadratic (chi^(2)) nonlinearity, a 2D DNLS equation with a superlattice modulation opening mini-gaps, a discretized NLS equation with rotation, a DNLS coupler and its PT-symmetric version, a system of DNLS equations for the spin-orbit-coupled (SOC) binary Bose-Einstein condensates, and others. The article presents a review of basic species of multidimensional discrete modes, including fundamental (zero-vorticity) and vortex solitons, their bound states, gap solitons populating mini-gaps, symmetric and asymmetric solitons in the conservative and PT-symmetric couplers, cuspons in the 2D SM, discrete SOC solitons of the semi-vortex and mixed-mode types, 3D discrete skyrmions, and some others., Comment: a review article to be published in journal Entropy (special issue "Recent Advances in the Theory of Nonlinear Lattices"). arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2003.13513

We consider instability and localized patterns arising from long wave-short wave (LWSW) resonance in the non-integrable regime numerically. We study the stability and instability of elliptic-function periodic waves with respect to subharmonic perturbations, whose period is a multiple of the period of the elliptic waves. We thus find the modulational instability (MI) of the corresponding dnoidal waves. Upon varying parameters of dnoidal waves, spectrally unstable ones can be transformed into stable states via the Hamiltonian Hopf bifurcation. For snoidal waves, we find a transition of the dominant instability scenario between the MI and instability with a bubble-like spectrum. For cnoidal waves, we produce three variants of the MI. Evolution of the unstable states is also considered, leading to formation of rogue waves on top of the elliptic-wave and continuous-wave backgrounds., Comment: To be published in Physical Review E

We introduce a model which gives rise to self-trapping of fundamental and higher-order localized states in a one-dimensional nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation with fractional diffraction and the strength of the self-defocusing nonlinearity growing steeply enough from the center to periphery. The model can be implemented in a planar optical waveguide. Stability regions are identified for the fundamental and dipole (single-node) states in the plane of the L\'evy index and the total power (norm), while states of higher orders are unstable. Evolution of unstable states is investigated too, leading to spontaneous conversion towards stable modes with fewer node., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, to be published in Chinese Journal of Physics, special issue "Advances in Fractional Chaotic Systems"

We study the stability and characteristics of two-dimensional (2D) quasi-isotropic quantum droplets (QDs) of fundamental and vortex types, formed by binary Bose-Einstein condensate with magnetic quadrupole-quadrupole interactions (MQQIs). The magnetic quadrupoles are built as pairs of dipoles and antidipoles polarized along the x-axis. The MQQIs are induced by applying an external magnetic field that varies along the x-axis. The system is modeled by the Gross-Pitaevskii equations including the MQQIs and Lee-Huang-Yang correction to the mean-field approximation. Stable 2D fundamental QDs and quasi-isotropic vortex QDs with topological charges S<4 are produced by means of the imaginary-time-integration method for configurations with the quadrupoles polarized parallel to the systems two-dimensional plane. Effects of the norm and MQQI strength on the QDs are studied in detail. Some results, including an accurate prediction of the effective area, chemical potential, and peak density of QDs, are obtained in an analytical form by means of the Thomas-Fermi approximation. Collisions between moving QDs are studied by means of systematic simulations., Comment: 11pages, 10 figures,to be published in New Journal of Physics

We demonstrate the existence of semivortex (SV) solitons, with vorticities $0$ and $1$ in the two components, in a two-dimensional (2D) fermionic spinor system under the action of the Rashba-type spin-orbit coupling in the combination with the Zeeman splitting (ZS). In the ``heavy-atom" approximation, which was previously elaborated for the bosonic system, the usual kinetic energy is neglected, which gives rise to a linear spectrum with a bandgap. The model includes the effective Pauli self-repulsion with power $7/3$, as produced by the density-functional theory of Fermi superfluids. In the general case, the inter-component contact repulsion is included too. We construct a family of gap solitons of the SV type populating the spectral bandgap. A stability region is identified for the SV solitons, by means of systematic simulations, in the parameter plane of the cross-repulsion strength and chemical potential. The stability region agrees with the prediction of the anti-Vakhitov-Kolokolov criterion, which is a relevant necessary stability condition for systems with self-repulsive nonlinearities. We also test the stability of the SV solitons against a sudden change of the ZS strength, which initiates robust oscillations in the spin state of the soliton due to transfer of particles between the system's components., Comment: Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, in press

We investigate vortex states in Bose-Einstein condensates under the combined action of the spin-orbit coupling (SOC), gradient magnetic field, and harmonic-oscillator trapping potential. The linear version of the system is solved exactly. Through the linear-spectrum analysis, we find that, varying the SOC strength and magnetic-field gradient, one can perform energy-level inversion. With suitable parameters, initial higher-order vortex states can be made the ground state (GS). The nonlinear system is solved numerically, revealing that the results are consistent with the linear predictions in the case of repulsive inter-component interactions. On the other hand, inter-component attraction creates the GS in the form of mixed-mode states in a vicinity of the GS phase-transition points. The spin texture of both vortex- and mixed-mode GSs reveals that they feature the structure of 2D (baby) skyrmions., Comment: to be published in Physical Review A

This review article provides a concise summary of one- and two-dimensional models for the propagation of linear and nonlinear waves in fractional media. The basic models, which originate from fractional quantum mechanics and more experimentally relevant setups emulating fractional diffraction in optics, are based on the Riesz definition of fractional derivatives, which are characterized by the respective Levy indices. Basic species of one-dimensional solitons, produced by the fractional models which include cubic or quadratic nonlinear terms, are outlined too. In particular, it is demonstrated that the variational approximation is relevant in many cases. A summary of the recently demonstrated experimental realization of the fractional group-velocity dispersion in fiber lasers is also presented., Comment: an invited paper to be published in a special issue of Chaos dedicated to the 80th birthday of David K. Campbell

This concise review aims to provide a summary of the most relevant recent experimental and theoretical results for solitons, i.e., self-trapped bound states of nonlinear waves, in two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) media. In comparison with commonly known one-dimensional solitons, which are, normally, stable modes, a challenging problem is the propensity of 2D and 3D solitons to instability, caused by the occurrence of the critical or supercritical wave collapse (catastrophic self-compression) in the same spatial dimension. A remarkable feature of multidimensional solitons is their ability to carry vorticity; however, 2D vortex rings and 3D vortex tori are subject to strong splitting instability. Therefore, it is natural to categorize the basic results according to physically relevant settings which make it possible to maintain stability of fundamental (non-topological) and vortex solitons against the collapse and splitting, respectively. The present review is focused on schemes that were recently elaborated in terms of Bose-Einstein condensates and similar photonic setups. These are two-component systems with spin-orbit coupling, and ones stabilized by the beyond-mean-field Lee-Huang-Yang effect. The latter setting has been implemented experimentally, giving rise to stable self-trapped quasi-2D and 3D "quantum droplets"., Comment: An invited review article to be published in Advances in Physics: X

We systematically present experimental and theoretical results for the dual-wavelength switching of 1560 nm, 75 fs signal pulses (SPs) driven by 1030 nm, 270 fs control pulses (CPs) in a dual-core fiber (DCF). We demonstrate a switching contrast of 31.9 dB, corresponding to a propagation distance of 14 mm, achieved by launching temporally synchronized SP-CP pairs into the fast core of the DCF with moderate inter-core asymmetry. Our analysis employs a system of three coupled propagation equations to identify the compensation of the asymmetry by nonlinearity as the physical mechanism behind the efficient switching performance., Comment: 4 figures, 5 pages, to be published in Optics Letters

In the mean-field approximation, the well-known effect of the critical quantum collapse in a 3D gas of particles pulled to the center by potential U(r) = -U_0/r^2 is suppressed by repulsive interparticle interactions, which create the otherwise non-existing s-wave ground state. Here, we address excited bound states carrying angular momentum, with the orbital and magnetic quantum numbers, l and m. They exist above a threshold value of the potential's strength, U_0 > l(l+1). The sectoral, tesseral, and zonal modes, which correspond to m = l, 0 < m < l, and m = 0, respectively, are found in an approximate analytical form for relatively small values of U_0 - l(l+1). Explicit results are produced for the p- and d-wave states, with l = 1 and 2, respectively. In the general form, the bound states are obtained numerically, confirming the accuracy of the analytical approximation., Comment: to be published journal Symmetry

We address the existence, stability, and propagation dynamics of multipole-mode solitons in cubic-quintic nonlinear media with an imprinted annular (ring-shaped) potential. The interplay of the competing nonlinearity with the potential enables the formation of a variety of solitons with complex structures, from dipole, quadrupole, and octupole solitons to necklace complexes. The system maintains two branches of soliton families with opposite slopes of the power-vs.-propagation-constant curves. While the solitons' stability domain slowly shrinks with the increase of even number $n$ of lobes in the multipole patterns, it remains conspicuous even for $n>16$. The application of a phase torque gives rise to stable rotation of the soliton complexes, as demonstrated by means of analytical and numerical methods., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures. with cross-listing to "Pattern Formation and Solitons", to be published in Phys. Rev. A

We construct strongly anisotropic quantum droplets with embedded vorticity in the 3D space, with mutually perpendicular vortex axis and polarization of atomic magnetic moments. Stability of these anisotropic vortex quantum droplets (AVQDs) is verified by means of systematic simulations. Their stability area is identified in the parametric plane of the total atom number and scattering length of the contact interactions. We also construct vortex-antivortex-vortex bound states and find their stability region in the parameter space. The application of a torque perpendicular to the vorticity axis gives rise to robust intrinsic oscillations or rotation of the AVQDs. The effect of three-body losses on the AVQD stability is considered too. The results show that the AVQDs can retain the topological structure (vorticity) for a sufficiently long time if the scattering length exceeds a critical value., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, and 80 References, Physical Review Letters, in press

We present numerical results for three-dimensional (3D) solitons with symmetries of the semi-vortex (SV) and mixed-mode (MM) types, which can be created in spinor Bose-Einstein condensates of Rydberg atoms under the action of the spin-orbit coupling (SOC). By means of systematic numerical computations, we demonstrate that the interplay of SOC and long-range spherically symmetric Rydberg interactions stabilize the 3D solitons, improving their resistance to collapse. We find how the stability range depends on the strengths of the SOC and Rydberg interactions and the soft-core atomic radius., Comment: to be published in Scientific Reports

We address symmetry breaking bifurcations (SBBs) in the ground-state (GS) and dipole-mode (DM) solitons of the 1D linearly coupled NLS equations, modeling the propagation of light in a dual-core planar waveguide with the Kerr nonlinearity and two types of PT-symmetric potentials. The PT-symmetric potential is employed to obtained different types of solutions. A supercritical pitchfork bifurcation occurs in families of symmetric solutions of both the GS and DM types. A novel feature of the system is interplay between breakings of the PT and inter-core symmetries. Stability of symmetric GS and DM modes and their asymmetric counterparts, produced by SBBs of both types, is explored via the linear-stability analysis and simulations. It is found that the instability of PT-symmetric solutions takes place prior to the inter-core symmetry breaking. Surprisingly, stable inter-core-symmetric GS solutions may remain stable while the PT symmetry is broken. Fully asymmetric GS and DM solitons are only partially stable. Moreover, we construct symmetric and asymmetric GS solitons under the action of a pure imaginary localized potential, for which the SBB is subcritical. These results exhibit that stable solitons can still be found in dissipative systems. Finally, excitations of symmetric and asymmetric GS solitons are investigated by making the potential's parameters or the system's coupling constant functions, showing that GS solitons can be converted from an asymmetric shape onto a symmetric one under certain conditions. These results may pave the way for the study of linear and nonlinear phenomena in a dual-core planar waveguide with PT potential and related experimental designs., Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures; Proc. R. Soc A (accepted)

Rydberg electromagnetically-induced transparency has been widely studied as a medium supporting light propagation under the action of nonlocal nonlinearities. Recently, optical potentials based on moir\'e lattices (MLs) were introduced for exploring unconventional physical states. Here, we predict a possibility of creating fully three-dimensional (3D) light bullets (LBs) in cold Rydberg gases under the action of ML potentials. The nonlinearity includes local self-defocusing and long-range focusing terms, the latter one induced by the Rydberg-Rydberg interaction. We produce zero-vorticity LB families of the fundamental, dipole, and quadrupole types, as well as vortex LBs. They all are gap solitons populating finite bandgaps of the underlying ML spectrum. Stable subfamilies are identified utilizing the combination of the anti-Vakhitov-Kolokolov criterion, computation of eigenvalues for small perturbations, and direct simulations.

We study the stability and characteristics of two-dimensional (2D) circular quantum droplets (QDs) with embedded hidden vorticity (HV), i.e., opposite angular momenta in two components, formed by binary Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) trapped in a radially-periodic potential. The system is modeled by the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equations with the Lee-Huang-Yang (LHY) terms, which represent the higher-order self-repulsion induced by quantum fluctuations around the meanfield state, and a potential which is a periodic function of the radial coordinate. Ring-shaped QDs with high winding numbers (WNs) of the HV type, which are trapped in particular circular troughs of the radial potential, are produced by means of the imaginary-time-integration method. Effects of the depth and period of the potential on these QD states are studied. The trapping capacity of individual circular troughs is identified. Stable compound states in the form of nested multiring patterns are constructed too, including ones with WNs of opposite signs. The stably coexisting ringshaped QDs with different WNs can be used for the design of BEC-based data-storage schemes., Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures,to be published in Physical Review E

A new scheme for producing semidiscrete self-trapped vortices (\textquotedblleft swirling photon droplets\textquotedblright ) in photonic crystals with competing quadratic ($\chi ^{(2)}$) and self-defocusing cubic ($\chi ^{(3)}$) nonlinearities is proposed. The photonic crystal is designed with a striped structure, in the form of spatially periodic modulation of the $\chi ^{(2)}$ susceptibility, which is imposed by the quasi-phase-matching technique. Unlike previous realizations of semidiscrete optical modes in composite media, built as combinations of continuous and arrayed discrete waveguides, the semidiscrete vortex droplets are produced here in the fully continuous medium. This work reveals that the system supports two types of semidiscrete vortex droplets, \textit{viz}., onsite- and intersite-centered ones, which feature, respectively, odd and even numbers of stripes, $\mathcal{N}$. Stability areas for the states with different values of $\mathcal{N}$ are identified in the system's parameter space. Some stability areas overlap with each others, giving rise to multistability of states with different $\mathcal{N}$. The coexisting states are mutually degenerate, featuring equal values of the Hamiltonian and propagation constant. An experimental scheme to realize the droplets is outlined, suggesting new possibilities for the long-distance transmission of structured light carrying orbital angular momentum in nonlinear media., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, and 76 references

We put forward a model for trapping stable optical vortex solitons (VSs) with high topological charges $m$. The cubic-quintic nonlinear medium with an imprinted ring-shaped modulation of the refractive index is shown to support two branches of VSs, which are controlled by the radius, width and depth of the modulation profile. While the lower-branch VSs are unstable in their nearly whole existence domain, the upper branch is completely stable. Vortex solitons with $m\leq 12$ obey the anti-Vakhitov-Kolokolov stability criterion. The results suggest possibilities for the creation of stable narrow optical VSs with a low power, carrying higher vorticities., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, to be published in Optics Letters

Analytically solvable models are benchmarks in studies of phase transitions and pattern-forming bifurcations. Such models are known for phase transitions of the second kind in uniform media, but not for localized states (solitons), as integrable equations which produce solitons do not admit intrinsic transitions in them. We introduce a solvable model for symmetry-breaking phase transitions of both the first and second kinds (alias sub- and supercritical bifurcations) for solitons pinned to a combined linear-nonlinear double-well potential, represented by a symmetric pair of delta-functions. Both self-focusing and defocusing signs of the nonlinearity are considered. In the former case, exact solutions are produced for symmetric and asymmetric solitons. The solutions explicitly demonstrate a switch between the symmetry-breaking transitions of the first and second kinds (i.e., sub- and supercritical bifurcations, respectively). In the self-defocusing model, the solution demonstrates the transition of the second kind which breaks antisymmetry of the first excited state., Comment: to be published in Scientific Reports

Being ubiquitous, solitons have particle-like properties, exhibiting behaviour often associated with atoms. Bound solitons emulate dynamics of molecules, though solitonic analogues of polymeric materials have not been considered yet. Here we experimentally create and model soliton polymers, which we call polyskyrmionomers, built of atom-like individual solitons characterized by the topological invariant representing the skyrmion number. With the help of nonlinear optical imaging and numerical modelling based on minimizing the free energy, we reveal how topological point defects bind the solitonic quasi-atoms into polyskyrmionomers, featuring linear, branched, and other macromolecule-resembling architectures, as well as allowing for encoding data by spatial distributions of the skyrmion number. Application of oscillating electric fields activates diverse modes of locomotion and internal vibrations of these self-assembled soliton structures, which depend on symmetry of the solitonic macromolecules. Our findings suggest new designs of soliton meta matter, with a potential for the use in fundamental research and technology., Comment: to be published in Nature Communications

We consider Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) subject to the action of spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) periodically modulated in the radial direction. In contrast to the commonly known principle that periodic potentials do not create bound states, the binary BEC maintains multiple localized modes in the linear limit, with their chemical potential falling into spectral gaps of the (numerically found) radial band structure induced by the spatial modulation of the SOC. In the presence of the repulsive nonlinearity, the SOC modulation supports fundamental gap solitons of the semi-vortex types, as well as higher-order vortex gap solitons. The localization degree and stability of the gap solitons strongly depend on the location of their chemical potential in the gap. Stability intervals for vortex gap solitons in a broad range of the intrinsic vorticity, from -2 to 3, are identified. Thus, the analysis reveals the previously unexplored mechanism of linear and nonlinear localization provided by the spatially periodic modulation of SOC, which may be extended to other settings, such as those for optical beams and polaritons. Unlike the commonly known quartets of eigenvalues for small perturbations, in the present system the instability is accounted for by shifted complex eigenvalue pairs., Comment: 7pages, 4 figures, to be published in Chaos, Solitons & Fractals

The recent creation of Townes solitons (TSs) in binary Bose-Einstein condensates and experimental demonstration of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) in solitons propagating in dual-core optical fibers draw renewed interest to the TS and SSB phenomenology in these and other settings. In particular, stabilization of TSs, which are always unstable in free space, is a relevant problem with various ramifications. We introduce a system which admits exact solutions for both TSs and SSB of solitons. It is based on a dual-core waveguide with quintic self-focusing and fused (localized) coupling between the cores. The respective system of coupled nonlinear Schroedinger equations gives rise to exact solutions for full families of symmetric solitons and asymmetric ones, which are produced by the supercritical SSB bifurcation (i.e., the symmetry-breaking phase transition of the second kind). Stability boundaries of asymmetric solitons are identified by dint of numerical methods. Unstable solitons spontaneously transform into robust moderately asymmetric breathers or strongly asymmetric states with small intrinsic oscillations. The setup can be used in the design of photonic devices operating in coupling and switching regimes., Comment: to be published in Physical Review E

We report results of systematic numerical analysis for multiple soliton generation by means of the recently reported multiple temporal compression (MTC) method, and compare its efficiency with conventional methods based on the use of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) and fused silica waveguides (FSWs). The results show that the MTC method is more efficient to control the soliton fission, giving rise to a larger number of fundamental solitons with high powers, that remain nearly constant over long propagation distances. The high efficiency of the MTC method is demonstrated, in particular, in terms of multiple soliton collisions and the Newton's-cradle phenomenology., Comment: To be published in Optics Communications (Special Issue - Solitons and coherent structures in optics: 50th anniversary of the prediction of optical solitons in fiber)

We systematically study the optical field localization in an active three-dimensional (3D) disordered percolating system with light nanoemitters incorporated in percolating clusters. An essential feature of such a hybrid medium is that the clusters are combined into a fractal radiation pattern, in which light is simultaneously emitted and scattered by the disordered structures. Theoretical considerations, based on systematic 3D simulations, reveal nontrivial dynamics in the form of propagation of localized field bunches in the percolating material. We obtain the length of the field localization and dynamical properties of such states as functions of the occupation probability of the disordered clusters. A transition between the dynamical states and narrow point-like fields pinned to the emitters is found. The theoretical analysis of the fractal field properties is followed by an experimental study of the light generation by nanoemitters incorporated in the percolating clusters. The experimental results corroborate theoretical predictions., Comment: 10 pages, 14 figures, to be published Chaos, Solitons & Fractals

Theoretical consideration of the propagation of femtosecond-Gaussian pulses in a 1D composite medium, consisting of alternating self-focusing (SF) and self-defocusing (SDF) waveguide segments with normal group-velocity dispersion predicts the generation of trains of bright solitons when an optical pulse first propagates in the SF segment, followed by the SDF one. The multiple temporal compression (MTC) process, based on this setting, offers a method for controllable generation of multiple ultrashort temporal solitons. Numerical solutions of the generalized nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation modeling this system demonstrate that the intrapulse Raman scattering plays a major role in the temporal and spectral dynamics. Collisions between ultrashort solitons with different central wavelengths are addressed too. The paper provides, for the first time, a procedure for producing controllable trains of ultrashort temporal solitons by incident optical pulses propagating in a composite medium., Comment: To be published in Phys. Rev. A