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The study aimed to determine the relationship between perceptions of management styles and trainers' motivation in the public sports institutions, and to examine the effect of management styles on job motivation. The sample of the research consists of 190 trainers, 18 of whom are women and 172 of whom are men working in the public sports institutions. In the study, descriptive scanning method was used, and the data obtained were analyzed by making statistical procedures such as frequency, correlation, regression analysis. It was found that democratic management style and paternalist management style had a positive effect on trainers' job motivation. However, the liberal management style and authoritarian management style were found to have a negative effect on trainers' job motivation.

Background/purpose: The present study examined adolescent students' cyberbullying behavior and being a victim of cyberbullying specifically exploring potential differences by gender and grade level. Materials/methods: Based on a cross-sectional survey on 311 adolescent students continuing their high school education in secondary education institutions in Turkey, the study reported their findings as with differences between gender and grade level in cyberbullying and cyber victimization. The research data was obtained by using the Likert-type "Cyberbully/Cyber-victim Scale." Together with statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Tukey's b test were applied the analysis of the collected data. Results: The study's results suggest a significant difference in the level of students displaying cyberbullying behaviors and being exposed to them within virtual platforms with regards to the gender variable. Male students display cyberbullying behaviors and are also exposed to them in virtual platforms more than female students. In addition, the study's results reveal that female students tend to rumor (gossip) more than male students on virtual platforms. There was also a significant difference in the level of participants performing and being exposed to cyberbullying behaviors on virtual platforms with regards to the grade level variable. According to the analyzed data, students from higher grade levels both perform cyberbullying behaviors more and are more frequently exposed to cyberbullying than students from lower grade levels. In other words, in higher grade levels, students' performance of, and exposure levels to, cyberbullying was found to increase. Conclusion: This study's findings emphasize the importance of developing prevention and intervention strategies must be developed in order to fight cyberbullying in schools when investigating the level of high school adolescents' bullying of their peers, and the level of those exposed to cyberbullying.

The aim of this study is to investigate the perceived role of supervisor support in predicting the work engagement levels of instructors working in sports venues. Sample of this study consists of a total of 254 instructors, 88 males and 166 females, age ranged 22 to 63, and working in various sports venues. Personal information form, perceived supervisor support and work engagement scale applied to the individuals in the sample group. This study was designed based on the screening model. To compare variables in the data obtained from the questionnaires applied on trainers, percentage, frequency, correlation, regression, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. In accordance with the analysis result, supervisor support was found to be an effective factor on work engagement. The results of the research revealed that the perceived supervisor support decreased as the trainers' level of education increased. However, it has been found that female trainers benefit from supervisor support in the workplace more than men and focus more on their jobs.

It is not enough to be in college; the sports industry requires students undertaking different courses to gain career experience between spring break, parties, visiting and classes. Today, formal education in schools is expected to progress with practical education outside of school. This has led scholars to study different ways through which sports professionals can acquire more experience and become more effective in their work. An internship is identified as a potential way through which the professionals can gain career experience. This study reviews articles searched electronically from ProQuest, Google Scholar and the hardcopy documents from different sports journals so as to shed light on the impact of internship experience on the future career life of sports professionals. The results show that internship practice and out-of-school experiences increase the knowledge and skills of sports students. In addition, students whose knowledge and experience have increased started to be preferred by employers in their fields.

Social gender is the difference that gender creates in a society, it is related to how one thinks of him or herself, how him or her interacts with others, social opportunities, professions, family roles, and the roles allowed for men and women. There is pluralist participation and a sense of justice in the philosophy of sports. In this context, all stakeholders (athletes, coaches, assistants, etc.) involved in sports activities are expected to evaluate and interpret sports activities in this context. The research was carried out using quantitative research method. A total of 318 students from the School of Physical Education and Sports (fourth grade) of Kastamonu University participated in the study. Perception Gender Scale consisting of 1 dimensions and 25 items, created by Altinova and Duyan (2013) was used as measurement tool. High average score of the scale indicates the positive perception of society gender roles. The data were found to be normally distributed and parametric test methods were used. According to results of the research conducted, the perceptions of gender of sports science students are at a medium level. In addition, gender perceptions of female sports science students were differentiated from male sports science students. The perceptions of gender did not differ among sports science students within the scope of the departments they received education. In addition, a low level of negative correlation was found between the ages of sports science students and their gender perceptions.

All of the behaviors that people exhibit in order to stay healthy both physically and psychologically and maintain their health during their lifetime are included in the definition of "healthy life behavior". In this study, it was aimed to identify and compare the perceptions of healthy life behavior of students of the Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences and Psychology Department Students who study at the University of Health Sciences. A total of 199 students, 97 students from the sports science department (age: 19.84 ± 1.801, weight: 65.30 ± 12.460), and 102 students from the psychology department (age: 20.12 ± 1.916 weight: 60.17 ± 9.881) participated in the study. There was a statistically significant difference between the scale total scores of the participants and the dimensions of health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, stress management, and the measurements of the students of sports science students and students of psychology sciences in terms of an increase in sport sciences students (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the participants' interpersonal communication and spiritual development scores, which are the sub-dimensions of the scale (p > 0.05). University education is an education period in which students can decide independently. These results showed that sports students and psychology sciences students' different undergraduate education also affected their healthy lifestyle behaviors. In this context, it is concluded that directing students of other departments of the university to exercise and sports activities will contribute to their perceptions of healthy lifestyle.

We explored the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical doctors working in hospitals assigned to treat COVID-19 patients. An exploratory, descriptive, qualitative research design was applied with a group of 204 medical doctors working within 40 different hospitals across 15 provinces of Turkey. Results reveal that medical doctors experienced various psychological problems, such as personal stress, anxiety, fear, panic attacks, depressive tendencies, and sleep disturbances, during the pandemic period. To cope with the pandemic, the medical doctors exhibited behaviors such as religious prayer, using antidepressants, undertaking different hobbies, paying attention to social distancing and hygiene rules and guidelines, and having a balanced and healthy diet. Our findings demonstrate that COVID-19 increased medical doctors' psychological pressure and associated physical symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]