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Tremendous advances have been made in understanding the structure of the human microbiome and its importance in health, homeostasis, and diseases. The human gut and skin microbiome have been implicated in conferring susceptibility and influencing response to therapy in several skin cancers. For certain cancers which have viral etiology, the oncogenic role of individual viruses is established and the detailed mechanism of tumorigenesis is elucidated. However, the role of bacteria in cutaneous cancers and the mechanism of carcinogenesis are not well understood. Potential associations between dysbiosis in skin microbial community composition, chronic inflammation, and skin malignancies are reported and implicated as drivers of carcinogenesis. Additionally, some studies also propose a beneficial role for skin microbiome in preventing tumor growth and providing immunity against some cancers. In spite of these recent advances there is a huge gap in our understanding of the relationship between microbiome and skin cancers, and attempts to bridge these gaps show great promise in advancing our knowledge of skin cancer and translation into therapies. Highlights of our current understanding regarding microbiome and its role in skin cancer initiation, diagnosis, and treatment will be discussed in this chapter.

Here, we report the high-quality draft genome sequences of Opitutaceae sp. strains TAV3 and TAV4, which were isolated from the hindgut of the wood-feeding termite Reticulitermes flavipes . Using a combination of Illumina and PacBio sequencing, we constructed nearly complete assemblies totaling 5.84 and 5.91 Mbp in length for strains TAV3 and TAV4, respectively. In addition, we report an in silico analysis of potential lignocellulose-digesting enzymes present in these strains.

The Opitutaceae bacterium strain TAV5, a member of the phylum Verrucomicrobia , was isolated from the wood-feeding termite hindgut. We report here its complete genome sequence, which contains a chromosome and a plasmid of 7,317,842 bp and 99,831 bp, respectively. The genomic analysis reveals genes for methylotrophy, lignocellulose degradation, and ammonia and sulfate assimilation.

Aims: Present work describes the new enrichment method for the isolation of effective root colonizing and rhizospheric competent strains of genus fluorescent Pseudomonad and study of metabolic regulation of 2,4-DAPG biosynthesis in them under carbon sources and Pi levels. Methods and Results: Three rounds of plant assay was performed using root tip attached microorganism mixtures for the next round of root treatment followed by phonotypical separation of fluorescent colonies to isolate fluorescent pseudomonad strains from different crop and vegetables rhizospheres. Isolated strains were characterized for their Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) traits viz phosphate solubilisation, production of siderophore, IAA, HCN, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate /L-methionine utilization pathway and antifungal metabolites production. Isolated strains have shown high 2,4-diacetylphluoroglucinol production and strain G2 has shown 4.6 fold high production than Pf CHA0. Conclusions: Strain G1 and G8 supported 2,4-DAPG production under sucrose and found to be suitable biocontrol for sucrose rich rhizosphere. Strain G1 and G2 showed good 2,4-DAPG production at high Pi and will perform well in phosphate fertilizer supplemented soils. Significance of Study: Identification of factors favorable for bio-control will facilitate the targeted application of specific strains to plant rhizosphere/soil type/fertilizer supplemented suitable to their biocontrol activity i.e. “prescription” controls.