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1. Tracking the evolutionary history of the Allium ampeloprasum L. complex (section Allium) provides evidence of the contribution of North African diploids to the formation of allopolyploid horticultural groups

Author

Malika Ourari, Rachid Amirouche, Nabila Amirouche, Abdelkader Aïnouche, Thinhinan Khedim, Jean Keller, Malika L. Aïnouche, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene [Alger] (USTHB), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Université Abderrahmane Mira [Béjaïa], Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), international Project CMEP-Tassili Hubert Curien, 'Polyploidy, Genome Evolution and Biodiversity' [08 MDU 724], Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB, Algiers, Algeria), UMR-CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1 (France), CNEPRU project [F00220100043], USTHB-internship grants, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene = University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene [Alger] (USTHB), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Molecular phylogeny, Plant Science, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Intergenic region, Allium ampeloprasum, Botany, Genetics, Wild genetic resources, Domestication, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 2. Zero hunger, biology, Allium ampeloprasum complex, Diploids, food and beverages, Polyploids, Polyploid complex, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Algeria, Molecular phylogenetics, Allium, Gene pool, Ploidy, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; The economically important Allium ampeloprasum L. represents a polyploid complex, comprising hexa- and octoploid Great Headed Garlic horticultural cultivars (6x-8x GHG) and several traditional varieties of the tetraploid (4x) leeks (Leek, Bulbous leek, Kurrat and Pearl onion). Its wild representatives were indicated as rare in the Mediterranean region. This study aims to explore the diversity and origin of polyploidy in this complex, including its wild relatives A. baeticum Bossier and A. guttatum Steven with particular focus on the poorly investigated North-African region. Natural populations were sampled in Algeria in various bioclimatic conditions, then subjected to karyological and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear rDNA ITS region and chloroplast trnL-trnF and trnD-trnT intergenic spacers. Comparative analyses included available Genbank accession sequences representing old-world relatives. Chromosome count surveys revealed an unexpected higher occurrence of diploid (2n = 16) than tetraploid (2n = 32) cytotypes. The phylogenetic analyses first allowed positioning the Algerian material within the A. ampeloprasum complex. Interestingly, all the Algerian diploid and tetraploid populations from A. ampeloprasum and A. baeticum form a distinct monophyletic group. The results provide novel and robust evidence demonstrating that the North African diploid A. ampeloprasum genetic pool widely contributed as a source of progenitors not only for the A. ampeloprasum and A. baeticum Algerian tetraploids, but also in the formation of the GHG and Leek cultivated allopolyploids. Therefore, the North African populations emerge as an important reservoir of new wild genetic resources of great interest for tracing the origin of crop domestication and for breeding programs of cultivated varieties.

Published
2020

2. Screening diversity and distribution of Copia retrotransposons reveals a specific amplification of BARE1 elements in genomes of the polyploid Hordeum murinum complex

Author

Virginie Huteau, Malika Ourari, Olivier Coriton, Rachid Amirouche, Malika L. Aïnouche, Jean Keller, Abdelkader Aïnouche, Guillaume Martin, Université Abderrahmane Mira [Béjaïa], Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene = University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene [Alger] (USTHB), French Ministry of Education and Research [Tassili 08 MDU 724], French-Algerian PHC joint research program [Tassili 08 MDU 724], Algerian Ministry of Education and Research [Tassili 08 MDU 724], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), and Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene [Alger] (USTHB)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Phylogénie, Retroelements, transposon, Retrotransposon, Plant Science, Hordeum murinum, phylogeny, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Genome, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, Polyploidy, 03 medical and health sciences, Polyploid, Phylogenetics, Genetics, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Plant Proteins, biology, Phylogenetic tree, fungi, Genetic Variation, food and beverages, Hordeum, General Medicine, Polyploid complex, Genomics, biology.organism_classification, Polyploïdie, 030104 developmental biology, Evolutionary biology, Insect Science, Animal Science and Zoology, in situ hybridization, Ploidy, transposable elements, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Genome, Plant
Abstract

International audience; We explored diversity, distribution and evolutionary dynamics of Ty1-Copia retrotransposons in the genomes of the Hordeum murinum polyploid complex and related taxa. Phylogenetic and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses of reverse transcriptase sequences identified four Copia families in these genomes the predominant BARE1 (including three groups or subfamilies, A, B and C), and the less represented RIRE1, IKYA and TAR-1. Within the BARE1 family, BARE1-A elements and a subgroup of BARE1-B elements (named B1) have proliferated in the allopolyploid members of the H. murinum complex (H. murinum and H. leporinum), and in their extant diploid progenitor, subsp. glaucum. Moreover, we found a specific amplification of BARE1-B elements within each Hordeum species surveyed. The low occurrence of RIRE1, IKYA and TAR-1 elements in the allopolyploid cytotypes suggests that they are either weakly represented or highly degenerated in their diploid progenitors. The results demonstrate that BARE1-A and BARE1-B1 Copia elements are particularly well represented in the genomes of the H. murinum complex and constitute its genomic hallmark. No BARE1-A and -B1 homologs were detected in the reference barley genome. The similar distribution of RT-Copia probes across chromosomes of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid taxa of the murinum complex shows no evidence of proliferation following polyploidization.

Published
2020

3. A cytogenetic and pollen study of annual Medicago species from Soummam Valley (Northeastern of Algeria)

Author

Malika Ourari, Linda Djafri-Bouallag, and Mohamed Sahnoune

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Medicago, biology, Cytomixis, food and beverages, Context (language use), Plant Science, medicine.disease_cause, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, chromosome numbers, meiotic abnormalities, microsporogenesis, pollen grain area, pollen viability, Soummam Valley, Medicago truncatula, Meiosis, Medicago littoralis, Pollen, Botany, medicine, Ploidy, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

This paper reports a cytogenetic study of eight Medicago L. species sampled from the Soummam Valley (northeastern Algeria). Chromosome numbers and meiosis irregularities during microsporogenesis were explored. Pollen viability rate and pollen size were also examined. The studied taxa are diploid and display biva-lent pairing and regular chromosome segregation during meiosis. Although meiosis appears regular, some anomalies were detected in relatively high cumulated rates (14.66%–26.14%). The most common meiotic abnormality examined here is related to cytomixis (from 14.66% in M. littoralis to 25.83% in M. laciniata). Other anomalies were also detected, including chromatic bridges, asynchronous divisions, micronuclei and multipolar cells. Consequently, the species exhibited varying percentages of pollen viability (from 70.11% in M. laciniata to 99.14% in M. littoralis). Pollen viability was negatively correlated with meiotic abnormalities (Pearson correlation coefficient R = −0.72, p = 0.043). The pollen grains were also heterogeneous in size. Medicago truncatula Gaertn. and M. laciniata (L.) Miller presented the most variable pollen size (relative standard deviation exceeding 19%). Medicago littoralis is distinguished from other species by possessing homogeneous and large sized pollen (relative standard deviation RSD = 6.73 %). The cytogenetic and pollen data provided by this study are discussed in the context of species systematics and in the perspective of genetic improvement.

Published
2019

4. A cytogenetic and pollen study of annual Medicago species from Soummam Valley (Northeastern of Algeria)

Author

Linda Djafri-Bouallag, Malika Ourari, Mohamed Sahnoune, Linda Djafri-Bouallag, Malika Ourari, and Mohamed Sahnoune

Abstract

This paper reports a cytogenetic study of eight Medicago L. species sampled from the Soummam Valley (northeastern Algeria). Chromosome numbers and meiosis irregularities during microsporogenesis were explored. Pollen viability rate and pollen size were also examined. The studied taxa are diploid and display bivalent pairing and regular chromosome segregation during meiosis. Although meiosis appears regular, some anomalies were detected in relatively high cumulated rates (14.66%–26.14%). The most common meiotic abnormality examined here is related to cytomixis (from 14.66% in M. littoralis to 25.83% in M. laciniata). Other anomalies were also etected, including chromatic bridges, asynchronous divisions, micronuclei and multipolar cells. Consequently, the species exhibited varying ercentages of pollen viability (from 70.11% in M. laciniata to 99.14% in M. littoralis). Pollen viability was negatively correlated with meiotic abnormalities (Pearson correlation coefficient R = −0.72, p = 0.043). The pollen grains were also heterogeneous in size. Medicago truncatula Gaertn. and M. laciniata (L.) Miller presented the most variable pollen size (relative standard deviation exceeding 19%). Medicago littoralis is distinguished from other species by possessing homogeneous and large sized pollen (relative standard deviation RSD = 6.73 %). The cytogenetic and pollen data provided by this study are discussed in the context of species systematics and in the perspective of genetic improvement.

Published
2019

5. Diversity and evolution of the Hordeum murinum polyploid complex in Algeria

Author

Malika L. Aïnouche, Spencer Brown, Abdelkader Aïnouche, Olivier Coriton, Rachid Amirouche, Marie-Thérèse Misset, Malika Ourari, Virginie Huteau, Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences humaines - Université de Béjaïa (FLSH), Université Abderrahmane Mira [Béjaïa], Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales (APBV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut des sciences du végétal (ISV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene [Alger] (USTHB), Programme Hubert Curien CMEP-Tassili 08 MDU 724 'Polyploidy, Genome evolution and Biodiversity', Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene = University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene [Alger] (USTHB), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, MESH: Genome, Plant, Climate, MESH: Flow Cytometry, Evolution moléculaire, MESH: Base Sequence, 01 natural sciences, Genome, MESH: Ploidies, MESH: Chromosomes, Plant, MESH: Genetic Variation, MESH: Phylogeny, In Situ Hybridization, Phylogeny, 0303 health sciences, MESH: DNA, Ribosomal, biology, MESH: Genomics, RNA, Ribosomal, 5S, food and beverages, General Medicine, Polyploid complex, Genomics, Hordeum murinum L, MESH: Climate, Flow Cytometry, Biological Evolution, Meiosis, Phylogeography, MESH: Phylogeography, MESH: Hordeum, Ploidy, MESH: Algeria, Genome, Plant, Biotechnology, DNA, Plant, Mitosis, MESH: Biological Evolution, DNA, Ribosomal, Chromosomes, Plant, 03 medical and health sciences, Cytogenetics, MESH: In Situ Hybridization, Molecular evolution, Hordeum murinum, Botany, Genetics, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, MESH: RNA, Ribosomal, 5S, POLYPLOIDIE, MESH: DNA, Plant, Molecular Biology, Gene, MESH: Cytogenetics, 030304 developmental biology, Ploidies, Base Sequence, fungi, Genetic Variation, Hordeum, MESH: Mitosis, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Meiosis, Taxon, RNA, Ribosomal, Algeria, FISH–GISH, MESH: RNA, Ribosomal, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Population diversity and evolutionary relationships in the Hordeum murinum L. polyploid complex were explored in contrasted bioclimatic conditions from Algeria. A multidisciplinary approach based on morphological, cytogenetic, and molecular data was conducted on a large population sampling. Distribution of diploids (subsp. glaucum) and tetraploids (subsp. leporinum) revealed a strong correlation with a North-South aridity gradient. Most cytotypes exhibit regular meiosis with variable irregularities in some tetraploid populations. Morphological analyses indicate no differentiation among taxa but high variability correlated with bioclimatic parameters. Two and three different nuclear sequences (gene coding for an unspliced genomic protein kinase domain) were isolated in tetraploid and hexaploid cytotypes, respectively, among which one was identical with that found in the diploid subsp. glaucum. The tetraploids (subsp. leporinum and subsp. murinum) do not exhibit additivity for 5S and 45S rDNA loci comparative with the number observed in the related diploid (subsp. glaucum). The subgenomes in the tetraploid taxa could not be differentiated using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Results support an allotetraploid origin for subsp. leporinum and subsp. murinum that derives from the diploid subsp. glaucum and another unidentified diploid parent. The hexaploid (subsp. leporinum) has an allohexaploid origin involving the two genomes present in the allotetraploids and another unidentified third diploid progenitor.

Published
2011

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