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Tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine have held great promises for the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues and organs. Additive manufacturing has recently appeared as a versatile technology in TE strategies that enables the production of objects through layered printing. By applying 3D printing and bioprinting, it is now possible to make tissue-engineered constructs according to desired thickness, shape, and size that resemble the native structure of lost tissues. Up to now, several organic and inorganic materials were used as raw materials for 3D printing; bioactive glasses (BGs) are among the most hopeful substances regarding their excellent properties (e.g., bioactivity and biocompatibility). In addition, the reported studies have confirmed that BG-reinforced constructs can improve osteogenic, angiogenic, and antibacterial activities. This review aims to provide an up-to-date report on the development of BG-containing raw biomaterials that are currently being employed for the fabrication of 3D printed scaffolds used in tissue regeneration applications with a focus on their advantages and remaining challenges., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Identifying new and even more precise technologies for modifying and manipulating selectively specific genes has provided a powerful tool for characterizing gene functions in basic research and potential therapeutics for genome regulation. The rapid development of nuclease-based techniques such as CRISPR/Cas systems has revolutionized new genome engineering and medicine possibilities. Additionally, the appropriate delivery procedures regarding CRISPR/Cas systems are critical, and a large number of previous reviews have focused on the CRISPR/Cas9-12 and 13 delivery methods. Still, despite all efforts, the in vivo delivery of the CAS gene systems remains challenging. The transfection of CRISPR components can often be inefficient when applying conventional delivery tools including viral elements and chemical vectors because of the restricted packaging size and incompetency of some cell types. Therefore, physical methods such as microfluidic systems are more applicable for in vitro delivery. This review focuses on the recent advancements of microfluidic systems to deliver CRISPR/Cas systems in clinical and therapy investigations.

In vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes is widely used in assisted reproduction technologies. The present study aimed to improve the in vitro oocyte maturation and its development through enriching the culture media with sodium selenite (SS). Moreover, the effects of SS on the expression of the oocytes apoptosis-related genes were assessed. In this study, male and female NMRI mice were used and after collecting their germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes, they were cultured with SS (experimental group) and without SS (control group). Collected metaphase II oocytes (MII) from the fallopian tube were considered as in vivo group. After in vitro culture, the oocytes were assessed in terms of nuclear maturation. The MII oocytes were inseminated and the development was examined until the blastocyst stage. Also, oocytes were subjected to the molecular analysis for evaluating the expression of BAX, BCL2, P53, and BAD genes using the real-time RT-PCR. The maturation rate was significantly increased in the SS supplemented group compared to the control one. The developmental rate of the embryos was significantly higher for both of the in vivo and SS supplemented groups rather than the control one, however, no significant difference was seen between these rates of the experimental and in vivo groups. Real-time RT-PCR did not show any significant differences in the expression of the apoptosis-related genes for all of the studied groups. The p53 gene was not expressed in any of groups. Sodium selenite improved the oocyte developmental competence but did not change the expression of the apoptosis-related genes in MII oocytes., (© 2020 Urmia University. All rights reserved.)