189 results on '"Malcolm A. Kelland"'
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2. Comparing the Kinetic Hydrate Inhibition Performance of Linear versus Branched Polymers
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Malcolm A. Kelland, Erik G. Dirdal, and Cecilie Meidell Knutsen
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Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Published
- 2024
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3. Synergistic Gas Hydrate and Corrosion Inhibition Using Maleic Anhydride: N‑Isopropylmethacrylamide Copolymer and Small Thiols
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Janronel Pomicpic and Malcolm A. Kelland
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Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Published
- 2023
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4. Improved Gas Hydrate Kinetic Inhibition for 5‑Methyl-3-vinyl-2-oxazolidinone Copolymers and Synergists
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Malcolm A. Kelland, Erik G. Dirdal, Radhakanta Ghosh, and Hiroharu Ajiro
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Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Published
- 2023
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5. Effect of Divalent Cations and Other Ions on the Tetrahydrofuran Crystal Inhibition of Quaternary Ammonium SaltsRelevance to the Efficiency of Gas Hydrate Quaternary Anti-agglomerants
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Malcolm A. Kelland and Kjetil Walter Rønning
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Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Published
- 2023
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6. Phosphonated IminodisuccinatesA Calcite Scale Inhibitor with Excellent Biodegradability
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Sumit Ganguly, Simen Tungesvik, and Malcolm A. Kelland
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Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Published
- 2022
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7. Oxyvinylenelactam PolymersA New Class of Lactam-Based Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Polymers
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Malcolm A. Kelland, Radhakanta Ghosh, Audun Undheim, Erik G. Dirdal, and Hiroharu Ajiro
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Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Published
- 2022
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8. Nonpolymeric Citramide-Based Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors: Good Performance with Just Six Alkylamide Groups
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Radhakanta Ghosh and Malcolm A. Kelland
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Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Published
- 2022
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9. Non-Amide Polymers as Kinetic Hydrate InhibitorsMaleic Acid/Alkyl Acrylate Copolymers and the Effect of pH on Performance
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Janronel Pomicpic, Radhakanta Ghosh, and Malcolm A. Kelland
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Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Published
- 2021
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10. Synthesis and Antiscaling Evaluation of Novel Hydroxybisphosphonates for Oilfield Applications
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Mohamed F. Mady, Abdur Rehman, and Malcolm A. Kelland
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Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Published
- 2021
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11. Performance of Waterborne Polyurethanes in Inhibition of Gas Hydrate Formation and Corrosion: Influence of Hydrophobic Fragments
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Roman S. Pavelyev, Yulia F. Zaripova, Vladimir V. Yarkovoi, Svetlana S. Vinogradova, Sherzod Razhabov, Khasan R. Khayarov, Sergei A. Nazarychev, Andrey S. Stoporev, Rais I. Mendgaziev, Anton P. Semenov, Lenar R. Valiullin, Mikhail A. Varfolomeev, and Malcolm A. Kelland
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methane-propane hydrate ,kinetic hydrate inhibitor ,corrosion inhibitor ,flow assurance ,dual function inhibitor ,waterborne polyurethane ,Organic chemistry ,QD241-441 - Abstract
The design of new dual-function inhibitors simultaneously preventing hydrate formation and corrosion is a relevant issue for the oil and gas industry. The structure-property relationship for a promising class of hybrid inhibitors based on waterborne polyurethanes (WPU) was studied in this work. Variation of diethanolamines differing in the size and branching of N-substituents (methyl, n-butyl, and tert-butyl), as well as the amount of these groups, allowed the structure of polymer molecules to be preset during their synthesis. To assess the hydrate and corrosion inhibition efficiency of developed reagents pressurized rocking cells, electrochemistry and weight-loss techniques were used. A distinct effect of these variables altering the hydrophobicity of obtained compounds on their target properties was revealed. Polymers with increased content of diethanolamine fragments with n- or tert-butyl as N-substituent (WPU-6 and WPU-7, respectively) worked as dual-function inhibitors, showing nearly the same efficiency as commercial ones at low concentration (0.25 wt%), with the branched one (tert-butyl; WPU-7) turning out to be more effective as a corrosion inhibitor. Commercial kinetic hydrate inhibitor Luvicap 55 W and corrosion inhibitor Armohib CI-28 were taken as reference samples. Preliminary study reveals that WPU-6 and WPU-7 polyurethanes as well as Luvicap 55 W are all poorly biodegradable compounds; BODt/CODcr (ratio of Biochemical oxygen demand and Chemical oxygen demand) value is 0.234 and 0.294 for WPU-6 and WPU-7, respectively, compared to 0.251 for commercial kinetic hydrate inhibitor Luvicap 55 W. Since the obtained polyurethanes have a bifunctional effect and operate at low enough concentrations, their employment is expected to reduce both operating costs and environmental impact.
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- 2020
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12. Phosphonated Polyetheramine-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Inhibition of Oilfield Scale
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Mohamed F. Mady, Ali H. Karaly, and Malcolm A. Kelland
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General Materials Science - Published
- 2023
13. Maleic and Methacrylic Homopolymers with Pendant Dibutylamine or Dibutylamine Oxide Groups as Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors
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Malcolm A. Kelland, Janronel Pomicpic, and Radhakanta Ghosh
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General Chemical Engineering ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400 [VDP] ,General Chemistry - Abstract
Kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) are applied in oil and gas fields to prevent gas hydrate formation, most often in cold subsea flow lines. The main component in industrial KHI formulations is a water-soluble polymer with many amphiphilic groups of which the hydrophilic part is most commonly the amide functional group. In the last decade, we have investigated polyamine oxides as alternatives to polyamides due to the strong hydrogen bonding of the amine oxide group. Here, we report the KHI performance of maleic and methacrylic homopolymers with dialkylamine and dialkylamine oxide pendant groups. Performance screening experiments were conducted under high pressure with a Structure II-forming natural gas mixture in steel rocking cells using the slow (1 °C/h) constant cooling test method. Polymers with dibutylamine groups gave much better KHI performance than polymers with dimethylamine or diethylamine groups. Polyamines formed from polymaleic anhydride reacted with 3-(dibutylamino)-1-propylamine (DBAPA) or 2-(dibutylamino)-ethanol (DBAE) gave good water solubility and good KHI performance, probably due to self-ionization between the dibutylamino and carboxylic acid groups. The lack of self-ionization for the methacryl homopolymers of DBAPA and DBAE explains why these polymers are not water-soluble. Oxidation of the maleic or methacryl polyamines to polyamine oxides gave water-soluble polymers with good compatibility with brines (0.5–7.0 wt % NaCl), but only the DBAPA-based polyamine oxides gave improved KHI performance compared to the polyamines. Poly(3-(dibutylamino oxide)-1-propyl methacrylamide) gave a similar performance to commercial N-vinyl pyrrolidone:N-vinyl caprolactam 1:1 copolymer and without a cloud point in deionized water up to +95 °C.
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- 2022
14. Unraveling Amphiphilic Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)/Water Interface by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry: Control of Clathrate Hydrate Formation Kinetics
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Dong Wang, Dongfang Li, Malcolm A. Kelland, Haokun Cai, Jie Wang, Ying Xu, Ping Lu, and Jian Dong
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Electrochemistry ,General Materials Science ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Spectroscopy - Published
- 2022
15. High-Performance Kinetic Hydrate Inhibition with Poly(N-isopropyl methacrylamide) and Triisopentylamine Oxide─Surprising Concentration-Dependent Results
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Radhakanta Ghosh, Janronel Pomicpic, and Malcolm A. Kelland
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Fuel Technology ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Kjemi: 440 [VDP] - Abstract
Kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) are mostly used to prevent the deposition of gas hydrates in gas and condensate production flow lines. The main component in a KHI formulation is a water-soluble polymer, blended with solvents and other synergists to boost the performance. The performance limit in terms of subcooling and other factors restricts the application range of KHIs. Earlier, we reported on the synergetic performance of trialkylamine oxides with polyalkyl(meth)acrylamides using high-pressure steel rocking cell experiments. In particular, blends of poly(N-isopropyl methacrylamide) (PNIPMAm) in isobutyl glycol ether (iBGE) with triisopentylamine oxide (TiPeAO) gave exceptional KHI performance, better than what we have seen for any other KHI blend so far. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the limitations of this KHI. Here, we report the results of the KHI performance of this blend in more detail. The cloud point decreased with increasing salinity (0–15 wt % NaCl), but the blend remained soluble, giving excellent KHI performance even at the highest brine concentration. We also varied the concentration of the PNIPMAm/TiPeAO blend from 250 to 5000 ppm in deionized water in KHI slow constant cooling (SCC) tests using both a natural gas mixture [synthetic natural gas (SNG)] and methane gas. A unique concentration-dependent performance was discovered, wherein the performance decreased greatly above about 1500–2000 ppm, possibly due to aggregation of the polymer and amine oxide. This was observed for SCC tests with both SNG and methane, with the phenomenon being more pronounced for methane. In addition, an unusual double pressure drop was observed in SCC tests with methane and a blend of 5000 ppm PNIPMAm and TiPeAO. This study underlines the fact that overdosing of components in a synergistic blend can sometimes lead to detrimental effects on the KHI performance.
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- 2023
16. Exploring Modified Alendronic Acid as a New Inhibitor for Calcium-Based Oilfield Scales
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Mohamed F. Mady, Rocio Ortega, and Malcolm A. Kelland
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calcium ,Fuel Technology ,General Chemical Engineering ,inhibitors ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,calcite ,oljeindustrien ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Kjemi: 440 [VDP] - Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds are well known as oilfield scale inhibitors. Earlier work showed that a series of new and well-known bone-targeting drugs incorporating non-toxic bisphosphonates (BPs) (PO3H2–C–PO3H2) gave good scale inhibition performance against calcite scale based on produced water from the Heidrun oilfield, Norwegian Sea, Norway. However, these chemicals showed only moderate calcium compatibility activity. In this project, we attempted to improve the inhibition performance and calcium tolerance of non-toxic BPs by introducing various functional groups (phosphonate (SI-2), sulfonates (SI-3 and SI-5), and carboxylates (SI-4, SI-6, and SI-7)) in the inhibitor structure backbone. All modified alendronic acid derivatives were screened for calcite and gypsum scale inhibition according to the NACE Standard TM0374-2007 protocol. We also report the calcite scale inhibition performance of all synthesized SIs according to the Heidrun oilfield, Norwegian Sea, Norway. In addition, the calcium tolerance and thermal stability activities of all synthesized SIs are reported. The tolerance results showed that all SIs gave better calcium compatibility than BPs reported earlier, with SI-5 giving the best results at high calcium concentrations (10,000 ppm). The corresponding attachment of an iminodi methylene/ethylene sulfonic moiety (i.e., SI-3 and SI-5) showed worse performance against gypsum scaling, whereas the methylenephosphonate derivative (SI-2) and the carboxylated derivatives (SI-4, SI-6, and SI-7) showed improved performance. For calcite scaling, the NACE standard test gave significantly lower inhibition results than the Heidrun-based produced water due to the former having a higher calcium concentration and calcite supersaturation. It was also found that SI-2, SI-5, and SI-7 showed good thermal stability at 130 °C for 1 week.
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- 2022
17. Kinetic Inhibition of Clathrate Hydrate by Copolymers Based on N-Vinylcaprolactam and N-Acryloylpyrrolidine: Optimization Effect of Interfacial Nonfreezable Water of Polymers
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Abdelatif Laroui, Malcolm A. Kelland, Dong Wang, Siyuan Xu, Ying Xu, Ping Lu, and Jian Dong
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Electrochemistry ,General Materials Science ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Spectroscopy - Published
- 2022
18. Pushing the Known Performance Envelope of Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors─Powerful Synergy of Trialkylamine Oxides with Acrylamide-based Polymers
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Radhakanta Ghosh and Malcolm A. Kelland
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Fuel Technology ,polymer ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,kjemi ,løsemidler ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Kjemi: 440 [VDP] - Abstract
Poly(N-isopropyl methacrylamide) (PNIPMAm) and copolymers are a class of commercially used kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) for deployment in oil and gas field production flow lines. Here, we report improvements of the KHI performance of PNIPMAm in the presence of various alkyl amine oxide (chain lengths C3–C6)-based synergists. A structure II hydrate-forming gas mixture was used to examine the KHI performance of PNIPMAm in slow constant cooling (ca. 1 °C/h) high-pressure (76 bar) rocking cell experiments. Blends of amine oxide as a synergist with PNIPMAm extended the hold time to first-detected gas hydrate formation. The KHI performance of PNIPMAm is improved going from propyl to butyl but is even better for pentyl, isopentyl, and isohexyl substituents on the amine-N-oxide. With added isobutyl glycol ether as the solvent, a solution of 1000 ppm low-molecular-weight (4700 g/mol) PNIPMAm (20.1% solution in isobutyl glycol ether) with 1000 ppm triisopentylamine oxide (TiPeAO) gave no detectable hydrate formation down to 2 °C. The same formulation in isothermal tests at 68 bar and 4 °C in the presence of externally added liquid hydrocarbon (n-decane) giving 15.5 °C subcooling gave no catastrophic hydrate formation for 48 h. These are the some of the best results we have seen in our steel rocking cells. Good synergy of TiPeAO with polyacryloylpyrrolidine was also observed but not as good as with PNIPMAm. The study also highlights that overdosing the polymer or synergist in the blends can worsen the KHI performance, probably by unwanted interaction between the two chemicals.
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- 2021
19. Boronic and Organic Acids as Synergists for a Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor
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Malcolm A. Kelland and Erik G. Dirdal
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inorganic chemicals ,solvents ,Fuel Technology ,salts ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,kjemi ,toxicological synergy ,polymers ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Kjemi: 440 [VDP] - Abstract
A range of boronic acids have been investigated as synergists for the kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI) polymer, poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCap, Mw ≈ 10,000 g/mol) using high pressure rocking cells, a natural gas mixture, and a slow constant cooling (1 °C/h) test method from 76 bar. Surprisingly, unlike other classes of synergists such as alcohols and quaternary ammonium salts, the boronic acids that gave the best synergy had an alkyl or cycloalkyl tail with a maximum of a 3 carbon atom distance from the boron atom. The tail-branched iso-butylboronic acid was the best of these, yet it showed a negligible KHI effect when tested alone. However, consistent with the other classes of synergists, tail branching or use of a cyclic alkyl group was beneficial. Interestingly, boronic acids with chains of 5 to 6 carbon atoms, i.e., n-pentyl- and n-hexylboronic acids, were antagonistic to the PVCap KHI performance. For comparison, several organic acids were also investigated as synergists with PVCap. The same trend as for the boronic acids regarding the size and branching of the acid was seen. 3-Methylbutanoic acid gave the best synergy although worse than that of iso-butylboronic acid. The synergistic performance of sodium salts of some organic acids differed markedly to that of the free organic acids. Sodium 3,3-dimethylbutanoate gave the best synergy with PVCap.
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- 2021
20. Further Investigation of Solvent Synergists for Improved Performance of Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)-Based Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors
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Malcolm A. Kelland and Erik Gisle Dirdal
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Solvent ,Improved performance ,Fuel Technology ,Chemical engineering ,Chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Clathrate hydrate ,Copolymer ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400 [VDP] ,Poly-N-vinylcaprolactam ,Hydrate ,Kinetic energy - Abstract
Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCap) and related copolymers have been used as kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) to combat gas hydrate formation in oil and gas field production flow lines. It is known that the addition of certain solvents to the KHI polymer can enhance its ability to hinder gas hydrate formation. In an earlier study, a wide range of alcohols, glycol ethers, and ketones were investigated as synergetic solvents with PVCap. In that study, an outstanding synergetic effect was achieved by 4-methyl-1-pentanol (iHexOl). This report builds on that study by investigating iHexOl in more detail as well as some newly synthesized solvents predicted by the first study to have good synergism. Both slow constant cooling (SCC) and isothermal KHI experiments were conducted in high-pressure steel rocking cells using a structure II-forming natural gas mixture. The KHI polymer concentration, solvent concentration, and mixed solvent systems were investigated. The solvent synergist water solubility, also in brines, and partitioning to the liquid hydrocarbon phase are shown to be important factors to consider for optimizing KHI performance. Further, it was observed that the optimal molecular weight distribution for the KHI polymer when used with a solvent synergist is not the same as the optimum distribution when using the polymer alone.
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- 2021
21. Powerful Synergy of Acetylenic Diol Surfactants with Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Polymers—Choosing the Correct Synergist Aqueous Solubility
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Erik Gisle Dirdal and Malcolm A. Kelland
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fuel Technology ,Chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Aqueous solubility ,Diol ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Organic chemistry ,kjemi ,Polymer ,Hydrate ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Kjemi: 440 [VDP] - Abstract
The performance of injected kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI) polymer solutions can be boosted considerably by judicious choice of the polymer solvent system. We report the excellent KHI synergism of the low-foaming acetylenic diol gemini surfactant 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (TMDD) with poly(N-vinyl caprolactam), N-vinyl caprolactam:N-vinyl pyrrolidone copolymer, and poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide). High-pressure rocking cell tests, using the slow constant cooling method or the isothermal method, were carried out with a natural gas mixture giving structure II hydrates as the preferred thermodynamically stable phase. Poly(oxyethylene) derivatives of TMDD, which are far more water-soluble than TMDD, gave significantly lower synergetic KHI performance with the same polymers. It is conjectured that the low aqueous solubility of TMDD (1700 ppm at 20 °C) and its two isobutyl groups are key features contributing to the synergism. However, when decane was added to the system as a model liquid hydrocarbon phase, the synergetic performance decreases, probably due to partitioning of TMDD to the hydrocarbon phase. This highlights the need to choose synergist systems which are retained in the aqueous phase for optimal performance when condensate or oil is present in the produced fluids. Optimizing the structure and aqueous solubility of the synergist (solvent or otherwise) can be seen as complementary to the known principle of optimizing the structure and solubility of the KHI polymer.
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- 2021
22. Toward Separation and Characterization of Asphaltene Acid and Base Fractions
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Malcolm A. Kelland, Khaled Benyounes, Chahrazed Benamara, and Kheira Gharbi
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Fuel Technology ,Chemical engineering ,Chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Acid–base reaction ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Kjemi: 440 [VDP] ,Characterization (materials science) ,Asphaltene - Abstract
Chemical inhibition of asphaltene deposition is considered a cost-effective way to prevent the harsh consequences of asphaltene instability in the produced crude. Thus, a careful screening of asphaltene inhibitors is crucial for an efficient prevention. However, the characteristics of asphaltenes such as their acid–base properties will influence the selection of an asphaltene inhibitor and the inhibition mechanism. Therefore, improved knowledge on asphaltene acidic and basic fractions is important. In this work, the separation of asphaltenes into acid, base, neutral, and amphoteric fractions was performed. Among the existing techniques to fractionate asphaltenes, the method of Ramljack was adopted and applied on a light oil extracted asphaltene. However, this oil was sampled from one of the wells in the Hassi Messaoud field in Algeria that experienced a recurring deposition of asphaltenes. The results of asphaltene fractionation reveal that the half composition of this heavy part of crude oil is active functions gathered acid and base components. However, the main contribution is reported to the neutral fraction. The characterization results of infrared and elementary analyses show that both active fractions are aromatic and polar. Moreover, the acid fraction contains in its structure carboxylic acids, phenols, sulfoxide groups, and aliphatic chains, while the structure of the base fraction contains amines, sulfoxide groups, and aliphatic chains.
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- 2021
23. Critical Growth Rate of Hydrate Crystal Growth Inhibitors in the Low Growth Rate Region
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Malcolm A. Kelland, Yoshitaka Yamamoto, Michihiro Muraoka, and Kiyofumi Suzuki
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Chemical engineering ,Chemistry ,General Materials Science ,Crystal growth ,General Chemistry ,Growth rate ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Hydrate - Published
- 2021
24. Unraveling Amphiphilic Poly(
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Dong, Wang, Dongfang, Li, Malcolm A, Kelland, Haokun, Cai, Jie, Wang, Ying, Xu, Ping, Lu, and Jian, Dong
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Kinetics ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Polymers ,Caprolactam ,Water - Abstract
Water-soluble amphiphilic polymers are vital chemicals in the oil and gas industry to retard crystal growth of hydrocarbon hydrate
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- 2022
25. Preparation of poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) with various end groups using chain transfer agents and evaluation of their effects on kinetic hydrate inhibition
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Jaeyeong Choi, Hiroya Furumai, Fukushima Masayuki, Hiroharu Ajiro, Malcolm A. Kelland, Nakai Yukako, and Yumi Miyaji
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Polymers and Plastics ,Radical polymerization ,Caprolactam ,Chain transfer ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,Polymer ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Kinetic energy ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Polymer chemistry ,Materials Chemistry ,Proton NMR ,0210 nano-technology ,Hydrate - Abstract
Poly(N-vinylamide) derivatives were synthesized to improve the performance of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs). In this work, we synthesized poly(N-vinylformamide) (PNVF) and poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCap) by free radical polymerization with several commercial chain transfer agents (CTAs), which afforded a few thousand Mn. The structures of synthesized PNVF and PVCap were then investigated by 1H NMR and MALDI-TOF/MS spectrograms. KHI properties of the synthesized PNVF and PVCap polymers were also evaluated by the high-pressure slow constant cooling KHI test method. Some of the tested polymers showed a better KHI effect than PVCap.
- Published
- 2021
26. Gas Hydrate and Corrosion Inhibition Performance of the Newly Synthesized Polyurethanes: Potential Dual Function Inhibitors
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Rawdah Karwt, Rais I. Mendgaziev, Anton P. Semenov, Abdolreza Farhadian, Malcolm A. Kelland, Svetlana S. Vinogradova, Mikhail A. Varfolomeev, Andrey S. Stoporev, and Alireza Rahimi
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Materials science ,Petroleum engineering ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,General Chemical Engineering ,Clathrate hydrate ,Flow assurance ,Fossil fuel ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,Corrosion ,Pipeline transport ,Fuel Technology ,020401 chemical engineering ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,0204 chemical engineering ,business ,Dual function - Abstract
Gas hydrate plugging and corrosion are two major flow assurance problems in oil and gas transmission pipelines. Since an incompatibility problem can occur during the simultaneous injection of gas h...
- Published
- 2021
27. Synthesis and Antiscaling Evaluation of Novel Hydroxybisphosphonates for Oilfield Applications
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Abdur Rehman, Mohamed F. Mady, and Malcolm A. Kelland
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Calcite ,General Chemical Engineering ,General Chemistry ,Biodegradation ,Phosphonate ,Teknologi: 500 [VDP] ,Article ,Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,Calcium carbonate ,chemistry ,Thermal stability ,Methylene ,ATMP ,QD1-999 ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Organophosphorous compounds are still widely used as potential scale inhibitors in the upstream oil and gas industry, particularly in squeeze treatments as they have good adsorption properties on rock and are easily detectable. However, most phosphonate-based scale inhibitors have some drawbacks, such as poor biodegradability and various incompatibilities with the production system. The low toxicity of bisphosphonates motivated us to test a series of aliphatic and aromatic hydroxybisphosphonates as new oilfield scale inhibitors for calcium carbonate (calcite) and barium sulfate (barite) scales. Thus, the well-known bone-targeting drugs 3-amino-1-hydroxypropane-1,1-bisphosphonic acid (pamidronic acid, SI-1), 4-amino-1-hydroxybutane-1,1-bisphosphonic acid (alendronic acid, SI-2), 5-amino-1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonic acid (SI-3), and hydroxyphenylmethylene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid (fenidronic acid, SI-6) are studied along with novel, specially designed bisphosphonates (1,4-dihydroxybutane-1,1,4,4-tetrayl)tetrakisphosphonic acid (SI-4), (1,6-dihydroxyhexane-1,1,6,6-tetrayl)tetrakisphosphonic acid (SI-5), and ((4- aminophenyl)(hydroxy)methylene)bisphosphonic acid (SI-7) in a dynamic tube-blocking scale rig at 100 °C and 80 bar according to typical North Sea conditions. The scale inhibition performance of the new SIs was compared to that of the commercial 1-hydroxyethylidene bisphosphonic acid (HEDP) and aminotrismethylenephosphonic acid (ATMP). The results indicate that all synthesized hydroxybisphosphonates provide reasonable inhibition performance against calcite scaling and show good thermal stability at 130 °C for 7 days under anaerobic conditions.
- Published
- 2021
28. Reliability and Performance of Vinyl Lactam-Based Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Polymers after Treatment under a Range of Conditions
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Malcolm A. Kelland, Mohamed F. Mady, Erik Gisle Dirdal, and Qian Zhang
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,Polymer ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Kinetic energy ,Combinatorial chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fuel Technology ,020401 chemical engineering ,Copolymer ,Lactam ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400 [VDP] ,0204 chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Hydrate ,After treatment - Abstract
Well-known kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) such as poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCap), poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), and 1:1 N-vinylcaprolactam:N-vinylpyrrolidone (VCap:VP) copolymer have been subjected to a range of treatments to determine their reliability and whether the treatment conditions could affect the KHI performance, both positively or negatively. This included thermal aging (at varying temperatures, at varying pH, and in monoethylene glycol (MEG) solvent), treatment with microwaves or ultrasound, ball-milling, and oxidizing agents (household bleach or hydrogen peroxide, also with heat). In addition, samples of commercial polymer solutions kept for up to 15 years were also tested for KHI performance to determine their long-term reliability. Testing was carried out using a synthetic natural gas mixture in steel rocking cells using slow constant cooling starting at ca. 76 bar. All samples of PVCap and 1:1 VP:VCap showed good KHI performance to the first sign of hydrate formation, but older samples showed a better ability to inhibit crystal growth. KHI polymer testing after treatment with microwaves or ultrasound, or thermal aging (at varying temperatures, varying field pH, and in MEG solvent up to 160 °C) showed little loss of performance. Oxidizing agents, particularly sodium hypochlorite solution, worsened the KHI performance.
- Published
- 2021
29. Oxyvinylenelactam Polymers-A New Class of Lactam-Based Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Polymers
- Author
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Malcolm A. Kelland, Radhakanta Ghosh, Audun Undheim, Erik G. Dirdal, and Hiroharu Ajiro
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General Chemical Engineering ,General Chemistry ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400 [VDP] - Abstract
The deployment of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) is a chemical method for the prevention of gas hydrate plugging in gas, condensate, and oil production flow lines. Polymers made using the monomer N-vinylcaprolactam (VCap) are one of the most common KHI classes. Alternative classes of polymers containing caprolactam groups are rare. Here, we present a study on oxyvinylenelactam polymers and copolymers with pendant piperidone or caprolactam groups. Low-molecular-weight homo- and copolymers were obtained. The nonrotating vinylene groups impart rigidity to the polymer backbone. Poly(oxyvinylenecaprolactam) (POVCap) was insoluble in water, but poly(oxyvinylenepiperidone) (POVPip) and OVPip:OVCap copolymers with 60+ mol % OVPip were soluble with low cloud points. KHI screening tests were carried out using the slow constant cooling method in steel rocking cells. POVPip was water soluble with no cloud point up to 95 °C but showed a poor KHI performance. In contrast, OVPip:OVCap copolymers with about 60–70 mol % OVPip were also water soluble and showed a reasonable KHI performance, better than that of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) but not as good as that of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam). Surprisingly, several additives known to be good synergists for VCap-based polymers showed negligible synergy or were antagonistic with the 62:38 OVPip:OVCap copolymer with regard to lowering the onset temperature of hydrate formation. However, a blend with hexabutylguanidinium chloride showed a strong effect to delay the onset of rapid hydrate formation.
- Published
- 2022
30. N‑Vinyl Caprolactam/Maleic-Based Copolymers as Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors: The Effect of Internal Hydrogen Bonding
- Author
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Malcolm A. Kelland, Janronel Pomicpic, Radhakanta Ghosh, and Safwat Abdel-Azeim
- Subjects
Fuel Technology ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400 [VDP] - Abstract
Kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) have been used for over 25 years to prevent gas hydrate formation in oil and gas production flow lines, but they are some of the most expensive oilfield production chemicals. The main component in KHI formulations is a water-soluble polymer with many amphiphilic groups. Usually, in commercial KHI polymers, the hydrophilic part of these groups is the amide group. In addition, KHI polymers are often incompatible with film-forming corrosion inhibitors. Therefore, we sought to find cheaper but effective KHIs that could also act as a flow line corrosion inhibitor. Continuing earlier work from our group with maleic-based polymers, we have now explored maleic acid/N-vinyl caprolactam (MAcid/VCap) copolymers to introduce VCap, a well-known KHI monomer, together with the cheaper MA monomer. KHI performance screening tests were conducted under high pressure with a structure II-forming natural gas mixture in steel rocking cells using the slow (1 °C/h) constant-cooling test method. Surprisingly, the MAcid/VCap copolymer showed very poor KHI efficacy. GFN2-xTB molecular dynamics simulations revealed that MAcid/VCap exhibits intra-hydrogen bond networks that trap the polymer morphology in the globular form. In this scenario, the caprolactam ring is encapsulated inside the polymer structure due to the intra-hydrogen bonds and the hydrophobic interactions that minimize its ability to interact with the hydrate surfaces, which significantly reduces the MAcid/VCap kinetic inhibition performance. However, the polymer in such globular forms still displays an important amount of its carboxylic groups exposed to water, which explains the water solubility. In contrast to MAcid/VCap copolymers, maleimide derivatives with dibutylamino end groups were effective KHIs and even better with dibutylamine oxide end groups. A terpolymer of MA/VCap reacted with N,N-dibutylaminopropylamine followed by subsequent oxidation of the end groups to dibutylamine oxide and gave the best performance of any maleic-based polymer reported to date. The combination of caprolactam and dibutylamine oxide groups can be thought of as synergism within the same polymer, akin to the excellent synergy of the separate molecules, tributylamine oxide and PVCap.
- Published
- 2022
31. Phosphonated Lower-Molecular-Weight Polyethyleneimines as Oilfield Scale Inhibitors: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
- Author
-
Mohamed F. Mady, Ali H. Karaly, Safwat Abdel-Azeim, Ibnelwaleed A. Hussein, Malcolm A. Kelland, and Ahmed Younis
- Subjects
Ions ,Organophosphorus compounds ,General Chemical Engineering ,Calcite ,Calcium ,General Chemistry ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400 [VDP] ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Inhibition - Abstract
For many years, amino methylenephosphonate (-CH2-N-PO3H2)-based scale inhibitors (SIs) have been deployed for preventing various scales in the oil and gas industry, particularly for squeeze treatment applications. However, this class of phosphonate inhibitors showed several limitations related to environmental concerns and compatibility with brine solutions. The low toxicity of low-molecular-weight polyethyleneimine (LMW-PEI) encouraged us to phosphonate a series of branched and linear PEIs via the Moedritzer–Irani reaction. The phosphonated polyethyleneimine PPEIs are branched PPEI-600, branched PPEI-1200, branched PPEI-2000, and linear PPEI-5000. The newly synthesized PPEIs (branched and linear) were screened for calcium carbonate and barium sulfate utilizing a high-pressure dynamic tube-blocking rig at 100 °C and 80 bar. Moreover, we report the compatibility activity of all PPEIs with various concentrations of calcium ions (up to 10000 ppm). The morphology of the calcium carbonate and barium sulfate scale crystals in the absence and presence of linear PPEI-5000 was also investigated under static conditions using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained results showed that all branched and linear PPEIs gave moderate calcite and barite inhibition activities. It was also found that all branched PPEIs gave moderate to poor calcium compatibility at high dosages of calcium ions (1000–10 000 ppm). Interestingly, linear PPEI-5000 displayed superior compatibility properties at high dosages of SI (up to 50 000 ppm) and high concentrations of Ca2+ ions (up to 10 000 ppm). Furthermore, field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the crystal shapes of CaCO3 and BaSO4 mineral scales are greatly changed in the presence of linear PPEI-5000. At high dosages of linear PPEI-5000 SI (100 ppm), the CaCO3 crystals are completely converted from cubic-shaped blocks (blank calcite) into long cluster shapes. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations reveal favorable interactions of PPEI polymers with the two mineral facets (calcite and barite) with more affinity toward the calcite surface. PPEI with more phosphonate groups exhibits affinities comparable to the commercial-scale inhibitors. The high density of the phosphonate groups on the branched PPEI and its strong affinity toward calcium ions explain its poor calcium compatibility. The polymer flocculation and sluggish barite kinetics are the potential reasons for its low performance against the barite scale. Financial support from the Research Council of Norway and the University of Stavanger for Green Production Chemistry Based Nanotechnology (the PETROMAKS 2 programme, Research Project No. 300754) is gratefully acknowledged. S.A.A. thanks the Supercomputer Shaheen at King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST) in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, for allowing usage of its computational resources. Scopus
- Published
- 2022
32. 5-Methyl-3-vinyl-2-oxazolidinone-Investigations of a New Monomer for Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Polymers
- Author
-
Malcolm A. Kelland, Erik G. Dirdal, Radhakanta Ghosh, and Hiroharu Ajiro
- Subjects
Fuel Technology ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400 [VDP] - Abstract
Kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) are polymers used in a chemical method to prevent gas hydrate plugging of oil and gas production flow lines. The main ingredient in a KHI formulation is one or more water-soluble amphiphilic polymers. Several classes of KHI polymers contain pendant heterocyclic 5-rings including poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx). Here, we present a KHI performance study on polymers based on the 5-ring vinylic monomer 5-methyl-3-vinyl-2-oxazolidinone (VMOX), which has only recently been manufactured in large quantities. Low molecular weight PVMOX homopolymers were produced in quantitative yield using radical polymerization, with or without a chain transfer agent. For example, PVMOX-2.4k (Mn = 2400 g/mol) had a cloud point at 2500 ppm of 73 °C in deionized water. The polymers were screened for KHI performance using slow constant cooling tests (1.0 °C/h) in high-pressure rocking cells with a synthetic natural gas blend. At 2500 ppm, PVMOX-2.4k gave a better performance than PVP or PiPOx at a similar molecular weight but not as good as poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCap). Isobutyl glycol ether was shown to enhance the KHI performance of PVMOX. PVMOX gave improved performance with increasing concentration but not as steep of an improvement as some of the best amide-based KHI polymers. A 1:1 copolymer of VMOX with N-vinylcaprolactam gave improved performance compared to the PVMOX homopolymer.
- Published
- 2022
33. Alternative Lactam-Based Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors - Investigation of Polymers of 2‑Methacrylamido-caprolactam
- Author
-
Erik G. Dirdal and Malcolm A. Kelland
- Subjects
Fuel Technology ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400 [VDP] - Abstract
Kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs), such as poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCap) and related copolymers, are a well-known method to help combat gas hydrate formation in oil and gas field production flow lines. The caprolactam groups in this polymer class have been shown previously to have a particularly strong interaction with hydrate surfaces, inhibiting crystal growth, but probably also gas hydrate nucleation. In an earlier study, we reported on the first alternate KHI polymer class with pendant caprolactam groups based on the 2-methacrylamido-caprolactam (2-MACap) monomer. This report builds on that study, by optimizing the best copolymers from that study and copolymerizing 2-MACap with other comonomers. KHI experiments were carried out in high-pressure steel rocking cells using a structure II-forming natural gas mixture. The KHI performance of some of these copolymers exceeded that of PVCap of similar molecular weight. In addition, the importance of the methyl group in 2-MACap for enhanced KHI performance was confirmed by making and testing polymers with 2-acrylamido-caprolactam, which has no methylated backbone. Further confirmation from 2-MACap copolymers with 1-acryloylpyrrolidine and N-methacryloylpyrrolidine, for which the latter copolymer performed best. Finally, it was shown that a series of well-known synergists for PVCap were able to give excellent KHI performance enhancement of the selected 2-MACap copolymers, although some molecules showed antagonistic effects. This could be due to unhelpful polymer–synergistic interactions or both molecules competing in the same KHI mechanistic processes.
- Published
- 2022
34. A sustainable approach to synthesize phosphonated chitosan using ball milling and its application for oilfield scale management
- Author
-
Mohamed F. Mady, Eirik Haukereid, Safwat Abdel-Azeim, Ibnelwaleed A. Hussein, and Malcolm A. Kelland
- Subjects
Chitosan ,Calcite ,Carboxymethyl ,Oilfield scale ,Kabachnik-Fields reactions ,Property ,Oil and Gas Industry ,Scale-inhibitors ,Oil and gas ,Efficiency ,Scale management ,Pollution ,Thermodynamic stability ,Ball milling ,Gas industry ,Oil fields ,Density functional theory ,ITS applications ,Environmental Chemistry ,Calcium ,Milling (machining) ,Condition - Abstract
For many years, the oil and gas industry has strived to develop environmentally friendly organophosphorus-based scale inhibitors. The natural polymer chitosan has recently gained significant importance for various upstream oil and gas applications. We earlier reported the synthesis of phosphonated chitosan (PCH) under conventional conditions in a two-step pathway via the Kabachnik–Fields reaction. This earlier work showed that PCH displayed good performance against calcite scaling and weak efficiency for barite scaling using a high-pressure dynamic tube-blocking rig at 80 bar and 100 °C using a produced water composition from the Heidrun oilfield, Norway. The mechanochemical synthesis approach has recently emerged as a powerful, green, and sustainable protocol in several industrial and academic applications. Herein, we report for the first time the synthesis of PCHvia the Moedritzer–Irani reaction using the ball-milling technique under liquid-assisted grinding conditions. The static inhibition performance of PCH is investigated, for the first time, against the gypsum scale and the calcite scale based on the NACE Standard TM0374-2007 protocol. The results are compared to the commercial polysaccharide, carboxymethyl inulin, (CMI), and aminotrismethylenephosphonic acid (ATMP) scale inhibitors. Furthermore, PCH was screened against the Heidrun calcite scale using static jar tests. The thermal stability and calcium compatibility properties of the mechanochemically synthesized PCH were investigated. The polymer exhibited an outstanding inhibition efficiency against both oilfield scales. It was also found that PCH showed excellent thermal stability after 7 days at 130 °C and excellent calcium compatibility properties at high calcium ion concentrations. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations were carried out to gain atomic insight into the interaction of PCH, CMI, and ATMP with the mineral surface. Safwat Abdel-Azeim thanks the Supercomputer Shaheen at the King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST) in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, for using its computational resources. Scopus
- Published
- 2022
35. Dependence of the Kinetic Hydrate Inhibition Effect of Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) upon the Molecular Weight Is Influenced by Water Mobility in Millisecond Dynamics
- Author
-
Dong Wang, Malcolm A. Kelland, Dongfang Li, Jian Dong, Abdelatif Laroui, Jie Wang, and Shang Ma
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Quantitative Biology::Biomolecules ,Millisecond ,Explosive material ,business.industry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Clathrate hydrate ,N-Vinylpyrrolidone ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Polymer ,Kinetic energy ,Physics::Geophysics ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fuel Technology ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Natural gas ,business ,Hydrate ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics - Abstract
Explosive formation of a natural gas clathrate hydrate in production lines has been a technical bottleneck in ocean field natural gas drilling and gas transport. To mitigate this problem, polymer i...
- Published
- 2020
36. Tetrahydrofuran Hydrate Crystal Growth Inhibitor Performance and Mechanism of Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Salts
- Author
-
Malcolm A. Kelland, Norio Tenma, Yoshitaka Yamamoto, and Michihiro Muraoka
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Polymer chemistry ,Ionic liquid ,General Materials Science ,Ammonium ,Crystal growth ,General Chemistry ,Phosphonium ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Hydrate ,Tetrahydrofuran - Abstract
To gain insight into the hydrate crystal growth inhibitor (HCGIs) mechanism, we have studied various quaternary ammonium ionic liquid salts (QAILs) and phosphonium salts for their ability to preven...
- Published
- 2020
37. Synthesis and Investigation of Polymers of 2-Methacrylamido-caprolactam as Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors
- Author
-
Erik Gisle Dirdal and Malcolm A. Kelland
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,petroleumsteknologi ,General Chemical Engineering ,Clathrate hydrate ,Caprolactam ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,Polymer ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Kinetic energy ,olje og gass ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fuel Technology ,020401 chemical engineering ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Copolymer ,kjemi ,0204 chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Hydrate ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Kjemi: 440 [VDP] - Abstract
Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCap) and related copolymers have been used as kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) for over 25 years to combat gas hydrate formation in oil and gas field production flow lines. The caprolactam groups in this polymer class have been shown previously to have a particularly strong interaction with hydrate surfaces, inhibiting crystal growth but probably also gas hydrate nucleation. We report here a study on an alternate class of copolymers with pendant caprolactam groups from the 2-methacrylamido-caprolactam (2-MACap) monomer. KHI experiments were carried out in high pressure steel rocking cells using a structure-II-forming natural gas mixture. The KHI performance of some of these copolymers exceeded that of PVCap of similar molecular weight, with further performance enhancement provided by solvent synergists.
- Published
- 2020
38. Additives for Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Formulations to Avoid Polymer Fouling at High Injection Temperatures: Part 3. Experimental Studies with Added Polymers
- Author
-
John-Sigvard Njau and Malcolm A. Kelland
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Aqueous solution ,Materials science ,Fouling ,General Chemical Engineering ,food and beverages ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Polymer ,Kinetic energy ,Fuel Technology ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Polymer solution ,Thermoresponsive polymers in chromatography ,Hydrate - Abstract
Kinetic hydrate inhibitor formulations (KHIs) often contain thermoresponsive polymers which can precipitate and cause fouling problems if the temperature of the aqueous polymer solution is raised a...
- Published
- 2020
39. A Simple and Direct Route to High-Performance Acrylamido-Based Kinetic Gas Hydrate Inhibitors from Poly(acrylic acid)
- Author
-
Lilian H. S. Ree, Qian Zhang, and Malcolm A. Kelland
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,SIMPLE (dark matter experiment) ,General Chemical Engineering ,Clathrate hydrate ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Polymer ,Kinetic energy ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Direct route ,Fuel Technology ,Monomer ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Hydrate ,Acrylic acid - Abstract
(Meth)acrylamido-based polymers are used commercially in kinetic hydrate inhibitor formulations to prevent gas hydrate formation in upstream oil and gas flow lines. The monomers used to make these ...
- Published
- 2020
40. Amine N-Oxide Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Polymers for High-Salinity Applications
- Author
-
Larissa Limmer, Holger Frey, Malcolm A. Kelland, Jan Blankenburg, and Qian Zhang
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,General Chemical Engineering ,Oxide ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,Polymer ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Kinetic energy ,Salinity ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fuel Technology ,020401 chemical engineering ,chemistry ,Polymer chemistry ,Copolymer ,Amine gas treating ,0204 chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Hydrate - Abstract
A series of glycidyl amine N-oxide polyethers with cyclic and acyclic amine N-oxide side groups and their block copolymers with poly(propylene) oxide (Mn in the range of 1.8–6.4 kg/mol) have been s...
- Published
- 2020
41. Additives for Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Formulations to Avoid Polymer Fouling at High Injection Temperatures: Part 2 - Experimental Studies with Denaturants, Osmolytes, Ionic Liquids, and Surfactants
- Author
-
John-Sigvard Njau and Malcolm A. Kelland
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Materials science ,Fouling ,General Chemical Engineering ,food and beverages ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,Polymer ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Kinetic energy ,Deposition temperature ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fuel Technology ,020401 chemical engineering ,Chemical engineering ,chemistry ,Osmolyte ,Ionic liquid ,Head (vessel) ,0204 chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Hydrate - Abstract
Injection of kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI) polymers can cause fouling problems if the polymer solution has a deposition temperature below the well head temperatures. In part 1 of this three-part ...
- Published
- 2020
42. Kinetic Hydrate Inhibition of Glycyl-valine-Based Alternating Peptoids with Tailor-Made N-Substituents
- Author
-
Abu Bin Ihsan, Qian Zhang, Malcolm A. Kelland, and Yasuhito Koyama
- Subjects
Dipeptide ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Kinetic energy ,Medicinal chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fuel Technology ,020401 chemical engineering ,chemistry ,Valine ,0204 chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Hydrate - Abstract
A series of alternating peptides with glycine-N-substituted valine dipeptide repeating units were synthesised. The N-substitution included methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and hydroxyl groups. The performa...
- Published
- 2020
43. Additives for Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Formulations To Avoid Polymer Fouling at High Injection Temperatures: Part 1. A Review of Possible Methods
- Author
-
Malcolm A. Kelland
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Cloud point ,Materials science ,Fouling ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,Polymer ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Kinetic energy ,Ingredient ,Fuel Technology ,020401 chemical engineering ,Chemical engineering ,chemistry ,0204 chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Hydrate - Abstract
The main ingredient in kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI) formulations is a water-soluble polymer with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties. Many of these KHI polymers have low cloud point (Tcl) ...
- Published
- 2020
44. Polyvinylsulfonamides as Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors
- Author
-
Malcolm A. Kelland, Qian Zhang, and Hiroharu Ajiro
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,education ,Clathrate hydrate ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,Polymer ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Kinetic energy ,Fuel Technology ,020401 chemical engineering ,Chemical engineering ,Oil and gas production ,0204 chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Hydrate - Abstract
Kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI) polymers have been used for over 25 years to prevent gas hydrate formation in oil and gas production flow lines. KHI polymers are water-soluble at hydrate formation ...
- Published
- 2020
45. Solvent Synergists for Improved Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Performance of Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)
- Author
-
Lilian H. S. Ree, Erik Gisle Dirdal, and Malcolm A. Kelland
- Subjects
Range (particle radiation) ,Chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Kinetic energy ,Solvent ,Fuel Technology ,020401 chemical engineering ,0204 chemical engineering ,Poly-N-vinylcaprolactam ,0210 nano-technology ,Hydrate ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Kjemi: 440 [VDP] ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
The synergetic effect of a range of different solvents on the kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI) performance of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCap) has been investigated. The equipment used was a high-pressure (76 bar) rocking cell apparatus using slow constant cooling (approximately 1 °C/h from 20.5 °C) and a synthetic natural gas mixture forming structure II hydrate. The synergetic effect was investigated by adding 5000 ppm of a range of alcohols, glycol ethers, and ketones to a solution of 2500 ppm of PVCap (Mw = 10 000 g/mol). For many of the additives, the ranking of the synergetic effect can be explained with reference to the size, shape, and hydrophobicity of the main alkyl group (“tail”) in the molecule as well as the presence of a glycol ether group. Among all of the solvents investigated, the best synergetic effect was achieved by 4-methyl-1-pentanol. When 5000 ppm of 4-methyl-1-pentanol was added to 2500 ppm of PVCap, no hydrate formation occurred down to the minimum test temperature of 3 °C (subcooling at ca. 16.3 °C) in 15 parallel experiments compared to 10.4 °C for pure PVCap. Predictions for improved glycol ether synergists are given.
- Published
- 2020
46. Structural studies of halide hexaalkylguanidinium salts
- Author
-
Damian Trzybiński, Agata Wróbel, Daniel Tchoń, Malcolm A. Kelland, and Krzysztof Woźniak
- Subjects
Inorganic Chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Spectroscopy ,Analytical Chemistry - Published
- 2022
47. Field test investigation of the performance of corrosion inhibitors: a case study
- Author
-
Kheira Gharbi, Malcolm A. Kelland, and Samira Chouicha
- Subjects
Carbon steel ,corrosion inhibitors ,Natural-gas processing ,Teknologi: 500::Berg‑ og petroleumsfag: 510::Petroleumsteknologi: 512 [VDP] ,Flow assurance ,Metallurgy ,engineering.material ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Produced water ,Corrosion ,Natural gas field ,Corrosion inhibitor ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,General Energy ,chemistry ,Coating ,engineering ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Kjemi: 440 [VDP] - Abstract
Corrosion is considered one of the major problems that affect flow assurance during hydrocarbon production. This irreversible phenomenon has the ability to cause serious material failure in the oil and gas industry. Consequently, heavy capital and operational costs are required to prevent corrosion processes. Sweet corrosion of raw gas production facilities in an Algerian gas field manifests inside surface installations, which leads to gas production interruption and high intervention costs. To mitigate this type of corrosion, many methods can be applied such as the selection of appropriate materials, the injection of inhibitors, and the use of protective coating. In this work, the main points of gas production system that have been affected by corrosion and the inspection techniques used in the studied field were reviewed. Moreover, the efficiency of two types of two corrosion inhibitors (film-forming/neutralizing and film-forming chemicals) was studied by measuring the corrosion rate in the field and conducting chemical analyses on the produced water samples in the laboratory. The results of laboratory analyses regarding pH and iron content measurement point out that the injection of film-forming/neutralizing chemical significantly shifted the pH of the medium from acid to more neutral value and decreased the iron content, while the injection of film-forming inhibitor affected only the iron content by decreasing its tenor in the water samples. These results confirm the functions of each inhibitor to protect metal against internal corrosion. The comparison between the single- and double-function inhibitors reveals that the film-forming inhibitor (CK981DZ) outperforms the film-forming/ neutralizing chemical with an efficiency that exceeds 99% at low injection rate. Moreover, it provides good compatibility and stability all through its injection path. Meanwhile, the application of double function inhibitor (film-forming/neutralizing) significantly reduced the corrosion rate of carbon steel structures, but it involved the formation of deposits in the gas processing plant. The findings from this study can help give a better understanding of the methodology of corrosion inhibitor performance evaluation in real condition of gas production, also the criteria of inhibitor screening based on laboratory and field tests.
- Published
- 2021
48. Antiscaling Evaluation and Quantum Chemical Studies of Nitrogen-Free Organophosphorus Compounds for Oilfield Scale Management
- Author
-
Mohamed F. Mady, Malcolm A. Kelland, and Safwat Abdel-Azeim
- Subjects
Quantum chemical ,Scale (ratio) ,business.industry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Teknologi: 500::Berg‑ og petroleumsfag: 510::Petroleumsteknologi: 512 [VDP] ,General Chemistry ,Supercomputer ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,olje- og gassnæringen ,Environmental science ,kjemi ,Process engineering ,business ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Kjemi: 440 [VDP] - Abstract
Nonpolymeric aminomethylenephosphonates are widely used as powerful scale inhibitors in the petroleum industry. However, most of these inhibitors have certain drawbacks, such as low biodegradability and incompatibilities with high calcium brines. Therefore, there is a great need to explore more biodegradable phosphonated oilfield scale inhibitors affording high calcium-ion tolerance. In this project, known and new nitrogen-free phosphonates have been tested as scale inhibitors against carbonate and sulfate scales according to the Heidrun oilfield, Norway. The considered nitrogen-free scale inhibitors are 1,2,4-phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid (PBTCA), hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid (HPAA), phosphonoacetic acid (PAA), and 3-phosphonopropanoic acid (PPA). A high-pressure dynamic tube-blocking test, calcium tolerance, thermal aging, and seawater biodegradation were used to assess the antiscaling performance of these inhibitors. A very good to excellent performance of all nitrogen-free phosphonate scale inhibitors has been observed against the calcite scaling. A biodegradable naturally occurring PAA displayed a very good calcite inhibition efficiency and afforded excellent thermal stability at 130 °C for 7 days under anaerobic conditions. PAA also gave outstanding tolerance activity with all concentrations up to 10 000 ppm calcium ions. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations predicted higher affinities of the commercial SIs compared to the nitrogen-free molecules, which is in line with their calcium compatibilities. The high calcium tolerance of nitrogen-free molecules makes them more efficient than commercial inhibitors. Further, DFT solid-state simulations reveal that the affinities of the nitrogen-free molecules for the calcite surface are higher than the barite surface, which agrees well with the experimental fail inhibitor concentration (FIC) data. The sluggish and complicated kinetics of the barite scale formation compared to the calcite scale explain well the high concentrations of the nitrogen-free molecules required for barite inhibition. In summary, our results showed that the nitrogen-free molecules show good potential as scale inhibitors for both calcite and barite. However, for the latter scale, further optimization is needed for optimal performance.
- Published
- 2021
49. Clathrate Hydrate Inhibition by Polyisocyanate with Diethylammonium Group
- Author
-
Beom-Goo Kang, Eunji Lee, Malcolm A. Kelland, Jae-Suk Lee, Chi-Ho Heo, and In Gyu Bak
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Clathrate hydrate ,Thio ,02 engineering and technology ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Polymer ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Isocyanate ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Amide ,Polyamide ,Polymer chemistry ,Electrochemistry ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology ,Hydrate ,Spectroscopy ,Tetrahydrofuran - Abstract
Polymers containing amide groups have been used as kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs). The amide group has good performance for hydrate nucleus adsorption, resulting in inhibition of hydrate growth. Polyisocyanates composed of an amide backbone can be KHI candidates; however, the use of polyisocyanates as KHIs has not yet been reported. Herein, we prepared water-soluble poly[3-[[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]thio]-1-propyl isocyanate-ran-hexyl isocyanate] (P(DETPIC-ran-HIC)) to investigate the ability of polyisocyanates to inhibit hydrate formation. In the tetrahydrofuran (THF) clathrate hydrate crystal growth inhibition tests, P(DETPIC-ran-HIC) showed better performance than the polyamide, poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP).
- Published
- 2021
50. Investigation of Solvent Synergists for Improved Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Performance of Poly(N-isopropyl methacrylamide)
- Author
-
Malcolm A. Kelland and Lilian H. S. Ree
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Ethanol ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Isopropyl alcohol ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Solvent ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fuel Technology ,020401 chemical engineering ,chemistry ,Methacrylamide ,Carboxylate ,0204 chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Hydrate ,Isopropyl ,Alkyl ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
The synergistic effect of a range of solvents on the kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI) performance of poly(N-isopropyl methacrylamide) (PNIPMAm) has been investigated in slow (ca. 1 °C/h) constant cooling high-pressure (76 bar) rocking cell experiments using a structure II forming synthetic natural gas mixture. We have tested the synergistic effects of several monoglycol ethers and compared them to those of corresponding diglycol ethers and alcohols. Compounds containing lactate, carboxylate, ammonium, and pyrrolidone headgroups have also been investigated as synergists. In general the monoglycol ethers were found to function best as synergists with PNIPMAm, and the performance improved going from n-butyl to isobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl alkyl substituents. The best performing synergist in this study was found to be 2-(cyclohexyloxy)ethanol (CHexGE). Addition of 5000 ppm CHexGE to 2500 ppm PNIPMAm-II (made in isopropyl alcohol and precipitated out, Mn = 8100 g/mol) dropped To from 6.8 °C for pure po...
- Published
- 2019
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