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In addition to winemaking techniques, wine's quality and typicity are linked to the place where the grapes are grown. Climate, soil and the cultivar are major drivers of the terroir's expression. Moreover, climate change is affecting the distribution of grapevine varieties in different wine-growing regions because changes in climatic conditions over the past years is affecting grape production. This study investigated the influence of some terroir parameters on the volatile composition of Cabernet Sauvignon wines. Eight wines from vineyards sited in Argentina, Spain and Portugal with altitudes between 2400 and 77 m above sea level (a.s.l.) with different soils and climatic conditions were selected. The results suggested that the vineyard's place significantly modified the volatile composition of Cabernet Sauvignon wines because all chemical groups of volatiles quantified were affected. Volatile acids, C6 compounds, aldehydes, esters and terpenes showed the highest concentrations at 2400 m a.s.l., where the highest thermal amplitude was observed. In Portugal, where the vineyard studies were sited at lower altitudes (77 m a.s.l.) and under warm climatic conditions, high concentrations of alcohols and lactones were observed. Alcohols also showed high concentrations in wines from vineyards sited at 413 and 155 m a.s.l. (Spain). Principal component analysis showed the positive correlation of Cabernet Sauvignon wines located at higher altitudes with terpenes. On the contrary, wines from grapes grown at lower altitude conditions exhibited a correlation with alcohols and lactones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of environmental constraints, beef cattle was for more than a century the only viable farming option in the extensive semiarid and subhumid lands of Argentina and the main source of nutrients for humans as well. However, a growing concern and criticism have risen today about its possible negative impact on the climate and the environment. These worries tend to affect current public opinions, national policies, and international trade. Based on 40 beef cattle farms scattered across different semiarid and subhumid regions of Argentina, here we evaluated the impact of extensive cattle production on carbon, water, and nutrient pollution. Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Land-Based Assessment (LBA) were the two approaches we used here to compare the environmental impact of beef production. While the environmental footprint (EF) resulting from LCA expresses the impact per unit of food, the environmental balance (EB), derived from LBA, aims at quantifying the impact per unit of land. As such, the EB considers both negative and positive impacts on the farm as an integrated system. Following standardized procedures, we evaluated EF and EB up to the farm gate, leaving aside delocalized post-farm impacts such as those of processing, packaging, and transportation that occur beyond the farm gate. In agreement with previous evidence, our results show that the EF tends to decrease as per-head production increases. Correlation coefficients and statistical significance were the following for carbon (R = −0.574; p < 0.01), water (R = −0.561; p < 0.01), and N (R = −0.704; p < 0.01) and Phosphorus (P) pollution (R = −0.802; p < 0.01) footprints. On the contrary, the EB seems to be highly sensitive, and as per-hectare beef production increases. Correlations were the following for carbon emissions (CE: R = 0.955; p < 0.01), water consumption (WC: R = 0.822; p < 0.01), nitrogen excretion (NE: R = 0.948; p < 0.01) and phosphorus excretion (PE: R = 0.945; p < 0.01). What our results suggest is that the notion of EF is useful to evaluate the environmental impact in intensive beef production systems, and the EB is suitable to assess the impact of the extensive ones. In practice, both approaches provide different perspectives on the environmental-impact problem and they should be complementary used. We concluded that the methodological rigidity of EF does not allow proper discrimination among farms in the extensive systems. On the contrary, the EB approach tended to be highly sensitive to detecting differences between individual farms and farmers, thus allowing the identification of successful options for extensive beef production in terms of public image, policy-making, and commercial opportunities. Supplementary Material Supplementary Material File [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grasslands and shrub areas of the Patagonian steppe are the most frequent habitat for the “Near Threatened” armadillo, known as pichi (Zaedyus pichiy). Dense exotic conifer plantations are replacing the steppe in Argentinean northern Patagonia. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of conifer afforestation on the occurrence and food availability in a Z. pichiy population in north-western Patagonia. Fifteen sites in the native steppe and 50 in exotic pine plantations were sampled. We recorded the number of signs of pichi’s presence and the diversity of invertebrates. Signs of Z. pichiy presence decreased in pine afforestation compared to the native steppe. Additionally, we found a decrease in the abundance, richness, diversity, and biomass of arthropods in pine plantations. Therefore, the presence of pine plantations in the steppe reduces the main food items of Z. pichiy and also eliminates the native steppe vegetation structure that provides preferred places to dig burrows. Pine monocultures do not provide a suitable habitat for Z. pichiy and may exacerbate the degradation of an already disturbed environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, a complete physicochemical characterization of pruning residues from red grape varieties Cabernet Sauvignon (CSPR) and Malbec (MPR) from Mendoza, Argentina is reported. In addition, the extraction of lignocellulosic material by using an environmentally friendly methodology is reported, yielding 13.33 wt% for CSPR and 8.08 wt% for MPR. According to laser diffraction analysis (LD), the particle‐size distribution is similar for both varieties. Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning‐electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM), and X‐rays diffraction (XRD) show the presence of lignin and cellulose in both samples. It may be concluded that vine shoots are an inexpensive and widely available source to obtain lignin and cellulose for multiple purposes, such as composites and blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroalcoholic extracts from Malbec and Torrontés wine pomaces (Vitis vinifera L.) originating from the high-altitude vineyards of Argentina's Calchaquí Valleys were characterized. Total phenolics, hydroxycinnamic acids, orthodiphenols, anthocyanins, non-flavonoid phenolics, total flavonoids, flavones/flavonols, flavanones/dihydroflavonols, and tannins were quantified through spectrophotometric methods, with the Malbec extract exhibiting higher concentrations in most of phytochemical groups when compared to Torrontés. HPLC-DAD identified more than 30 phenolic compounds in both extracts. Malbec displayed superior antiradical activity (ABTS cation, nitric oxide, and superoxide anion radicals), reduction power (iron, copper, and phosphomolybdenum), hypochlorite scavenging, and iron chelating ability compared to Torrontés. The cytotoxicity assessments revealed that Torrontés affected the viability of HT29-MTX and Caco-2 colon cancer cells by 70% and 50%, respectively, at the highest tested concentration (1 mg/mL). At the same time, both extracts did not demonstrate acute toxicity in Artemia salina or in red blood cell assays at 500 µg/mL. Both extracts inhibited the lipoxygenase enzyme (IC50: 154.7 and 784.7 µg/mL for Malbec and Torrontés), with Malbec also reducing the tyrosinase activity (IC50: 89.9 µg/mL), and neither inhibited the xanthine oxidase. The substantial phenolic content and diverse biological activities in the Calchaquí Valleys' pomaces underline their potentialities to be valorized for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malbec, Argentina's emblematic wine, is appreciated worldwide for its unique characteristics and distinctive organoleptic profile. As demand for Malbec wines increases locally in Argentina and international markets, there is a need to better understand the relationship between the price of these wines and their chemical and sensory characteristics. The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the sensory attributes and chemical parameters (in particular, phenolics) of Argentinean Malbec wines of different price segments. In order to observe the differences between each price range, the eight best-selling wines from the low, medium, and high price categories were analysed. Wine general analytical parameters and phenolics composition were determined and a descriptive analysis was performed with a trained panel. The results show that it was only possible to differentiate between the high- and low-price ranges. Both ranges exhibited variability, including different types of wines. Significant differences were identified in several parameters, such as O.D.280, titratable acidity, malic acid, volatile acidity, alcohol, glucose and total sugars. There were also significant differences in anthocyanins, LPP, SPP, TPP and tannins. The high-price range was characterised by higher alcohol content, greater polyphenol concentration and greater colour intensity. Sensorially, they were distinguished by the descriptors wood, astringency and colour. The low-price range was associated with low colour intensity and higher total sugar content. This is the first study to clearly establish the sensory differences among different price ranges of Argentine wines. Our study demonstrated that wine pricing is not determined in a subjective or arbitrary manner; rather, wines produced for a specific segment are intentionally designed to achieve the desired sensory and chemical characteristics.

El riego deficitario controlado (IDC) suministra deliberadamente, en diferentes etapas fenológicas del cultivo, una cantidad menor de agua que la requerida, para afectar el rendimiento y la calidad del fruto. En viticultura se utiliza IDC por sus efectos sobre las sustancias fenólicas en las bayas. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los estudios son de Mendoza y San Juan, y no contamos con información técnica para el NOA. Aquí evaluamos el efecto del IDC en el rendimiento y calidad enológica de las uvas Malbec y Torrontés Riojano. El experimento fue conducido en el Valle Antinaco - Los Colorados, provincia de La Rioja, Argentina, durante 2018-2019, en un viñedo comercial, con riego por goteo, conducción en parral y vides de 20 años. Se aplicó IDC al 50 % del requerimiento de agua, desde envero hasta la cosecha. El experimento se diseñó en bloques completamente al azar, con tres repeticiones. Se evaluaron el rendimiento de vides, parámetros morfométricos y químicos de las bayas y el mosto. Encontramos que en las uvas Malbec no hubo diferencias significativas para kilos y número de racimos por planta, excepto por el peso de racimos y bayas. En la Torrontés Riojano, el único parámetro que no respondió al IDC fue el número de racimos por planta. Los parámetros, bayas por racimo, volumen, peso promedio y diámetro mostraron diferencias significativas en las dos variedades, siendo mayores sin déficit hídrico. El análisis químico en hollejos y mosto no mostró alteraciones, a excepción de la acidez total en el mosto de uva Malbec. Señalamos que las antocianinas del cv. Torrontés Riojano con IDC aumentaron significativamente. La IDC afectó negativamente la mayoría de los parámetros morfométricos de las bayas. Aunque, los polifenoles presentes en el hollejo del cv. Torrontés Riojano y la acidez total del mosto de uva Malbec se vieron afectados

The impact of global warming on Argentine viticulture may result in a geographical shift, with wine-growing regions potentially moving towards the southwest, known as one of the windiest regions in the world. Deficit irrigation is a widely used strategy to control the shoot growth and improve fruit quality attributes, such as berry skin polyphenols. The present study aimed to assess the effects of different wind intensities and irrigation levels, as well as their interactions, on field-grown Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon. The experiment was conducted during two growing seasons with two wind treatments (sheltered and exposed) and two irrigation treatments (well-watered and moderate deficit irrigation) in a multifactorial design. Vegetative growth, stomatal conductance, shoot biomass partition, fruit yield components and berry skin phenolics were evaluated. Our study found that, generally, wind exposure reduced vegetative growth, and deficit irrigation increased the proportion of smaller berries within the bunches. Meanwhile, deficit irrigation and wind exposure additively increased the concentration of berry skin phenolics. Combined stressful conditions enhance biomass partition across the shoot to fruits in Malbec, increasing the weight of bunches and the number of berries. Our findings offer practical implications for vineyard managers in windy regions, providing actionable insights to optimize grapevine cultivation and enhance wine quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously unknown postharvest rots in Packham's Triumph pear were detected in a batch of long-term cold-stored fruit during 2022 in North Patagonia, Argentina. Rots were characterized according to their symptoms and the causal agent was isolated and identified through cultural and molecular methods. Pathogenicity tests were performed on different pear cultivars both at 20 °C and under storage conditions (0 °C − 95% RH). Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re-isolation of the pathogen. Our results indicated that Phacidiopycnis pyri was the causal agent of postharvest rot in the fruit examined. This would constitute the first report of P. pyri as a causal agent of postharvest decay in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of terroir, increasingly popular in scientific circles, remains a challenging field, particularly in terms of sensory analysis. This paper summarizes our own contribution to the field—an approach for tracing the typicity of wines by sensometrics, using the Malbec variety as a case study. This large-scale research fingerprinted 81 wines from 29 parcels from highly contrasting environments (varying climate, elevation, and soils), produced under standardized conditions in three consecutive vintages. Wines were evaluated through descriptive sensory analysis (DA) by a trained panel, and sensory descriptors were associated with different size geographic scales (zones, departments, and Geographic Indications (GIs)). The application of different sensometric tools allowed us to describe the typicity of wines and discriminate each region, proposing a novel methodology for the comprehensive evaluation of terroir from a sensory viewpoint. The vintage effect was very strong at the departmental and GI level, with aroma, taste and mouthfeel descriptors varying annually. However, certain origin descriptors remained consistent, providing insight into the typicity of Malbec. Considering the extension of the experimental study performed, this methodology provides a proof of concept for understanding both terroir and vintage effects from a sensorial perspective, offering wine producers and consumers a clear message backed by scientific evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wine industry is one of the most important industries globally, particularly for Portugal, making a significant contribution to the Portuguese Bioeconomy. The Douro Demarcated Region (DDR) stands out as one of the largest wine-producing areas in the country. Its centuries-old culture has fostered a rich diversity, developed through vegetative and genetic breeding. Within the wine market, the highest prices for grapes are attained only under optimal edaphoclimatic conditions and when phenotypic characteristics, such as berry size and color, flowering and seed number, align favorably. Viticulture is influenced by environmental factors, diseases, and pests, impacting its economic value, profitability, and, ultimately, the employment and economic conditions of those dependent on the crops. Genetic improvement of phenotypic traits offers a faster and more cost-effective means of achieving desirable characteristics, translating into enhanced productivity and wine quality. This work focuses on presenting information about Douro grapes (region, varieties, diseases/pest, and economic value) and explores grapevine genetic diversity, along with approaches to identify genes associated with various desired traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative relations between the sensory overall quality (OQJ) of commercial single grape variety Pinot Gris and Pinot Noir wines, defined using specific sensory attributes, and the most influencing chemical components were investigated in commercial wines from different international origins. Multiple factor analysis (MFA) was applied to achieve a comprehensive map of the quality of the samples while multivariate regression models were applied to each varietal wine to determine the sensory attributes influencing OQJ the most and to understand how the combinations of the volatile compounds influenced the olfactory sensory attributes. For Pinot Gris wine, OQJ was positively correlated with sensory attributes, like "floral" aroma, "stone-fruit" flavor, "yellow" color, "caramelized" aroma, and "tropical fruit" aroma according to an Italian panel. For Pinot Noir wine, "licorice" aroma, "cloves" aroma, "fresh wood" aroma, "red fruit" flavor, "cherry" aroma, and "spicy" flavor were positively correlated with OQJ by the same panel. Important predictors for the wine quality of Pinot Gris could be characterized, but not for Pinot Noir. Additionally, sensory tests were also carried out by different panel compositions (German and Italian). Both the German and the Italian panels preferred (based on OQJ) a Pinot Gris wine from New Zealand (Gisborne), but for different perceived characteristics (fruity and aromatic notes by the Italian panel and acidity by the German panel). For Pinot Noir, different panel compositions influenced the OQJ of the wines, as the wines from Chile (with more spicy, red fruit and woody notes) were preferred by the Italian panel, while the German panels preferred the wines from Argentina (with light, subtle woody and red fruit notes). The profile of cyclic and non-cyclic proanthocyanidins was also evaluated in the two varietal wines. No clear effect of the origin was observed, but the wines from Italy (Sicily/Puglia) were separated from the rest and were characterized by percentage ratio chemical indexes (%C-4) and (%C-5) for both varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The different perceptions of food and agriculture stakeholders about the future is a key input to design future-oriented public policies and to build a shared vision of the future. By applying the futures triangle to the results of a qualitative study concerning the future of food and agriculture innovation system in Argentine, five archetypes of images of the future were inferred. The archetypes reflect a distinct combination between the weight of history, the pushes of the present and the pulls of the future, corresponding to the perception of the future of nine distinct stakeholders of the food and agriculture system in Argentine. The archetypes are named: stuck in the present, the future is not ours, the future never comes, the future is being built and the future is ours. The analysis show that the stakeholders can envision the future of the world's agriculture with a certain degree of creativity. However, they find it difficult to imagine the future of the Argentine agricultural industry in new ways: they repeat the old ideas or notions they have about it. All those visions lead to a demand for changes that are more connected to the present than to the future. This foresight study offers a first approach to explore the different views regarding the future of food and agriculture and it reveals how such views influence the type and characteristics of the new stakeholders demands to the public agriculture sector in Argentina to the year 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste associated with human activities can benefit opportunistic species at the individual and population levels but could also expose them to pathogens or toxins. We provide information on unreported foraging habits of White‐faced ibis (Plegadis chihi) and Black‐faced ibis (Theristicus melanopis) in the Chubut River Valley, an urban and agricultural landscape in eastern Patagonia, Argentina. Both species were recorded during monthly counts made between February and June 2021 at anthropogenic food sources along the lower river valley, although almost exclusively at those sites offering waste from livestock production. This is the first record of both species foraging at this type of food source of human origin. White‐faced and Black‐faced ibises were present in numbers that varied between 2 and 679 individuals and between 1 and 18 individuals, respectively, depending on the site and month. Both species were recorded walking over carcasses and viscera and probing into these remains or on the soft soil surrounding the ponds where liquids generated by rendering processes were disposed. Given the current growth in livestock production in the area, further monitoring and assessment at other months of the year are needed to adequately interpret the species trophic ecology and the potential conflicts with human populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in climate are influencing the quality of wine grapes worldwide. The impact of extreme climate events over short periods is increasingly recognised as a serious risk to grape quality and yield quantity. In this study, the mitigation effects of a pulsed water spray treatment on vine canopy during heatwave (HW) events were evaluated in relation to vine condition during the growing season and grape quality. In the UNCuyo experimental vineyard, vines of the three cultivars Malbec (ML), Bonarda (BO) and Syrah (SY) were treated with an overhead pulsed water spray. Heatwaves were defined as days with a minimum temperature of 21 °C and a maximum temperature of 35 °C. Two heat waves were identified during the growing season. Samples were collected at weekly intervals from veraison to harvest. On five sample dates, Leaf and Stem Water Potential (LWP, SWP), Stomatal Conductance (gs), Leaf Temperature (LT), Berry Temperature (BT), Chlorophyll Content (CC), Fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and Performance Index (PI) were recorded at several time points during the day to evaluate the physiological responses of the vine. Berries were collected on each sample date and at harvest. Berry weight, soluble solid content and pH were recorded. In the treated vines (Trt), LWP, SWP, Fv/Fm, PI and gs were significantly higher and LT was lower than in the control vines (Ctl) during the second heatwave, which was longer and more intense than the first one. One week after the more severe heatwave, LWP, SWP and gs remained significantly higher in Trt than in Ctl, displaying reduced physiological stress in Trt. At harvest, the anthocyanin profile, total polyphenol index (TPI), fruit yield, number of bunches and their average weight, berry weight, soluble solid content and pH were also recorded. Bunch weight was significantly higher in Trt for all cultivars. No differences were found in total anthocyanin concentration. These findings indicate that the vines subjected to targeted overhead water treatment during heatwaves underwent less physiological stress and yielded higher grape production, without increasing the risk of potential fungus diseases, in the Mendoza climate. Consequently, this practice could serve as a valuable strategy for mitigating the adverse effects of heatwaves.

This article discusses the potential for sustainable development practices in grape processing. Grape processing by-products, such as pomace, seeds, and skins, are rich in valuable phenolic compounds and constitute a significant portion of agricultural waste. The article emphasizes the importance of leveraging advanced extraction technologies and sustainable management practices to transform this waste into valuable products, promoting environmental sustainability and providing socioeconomic benefits. The grape processing industry, particularly for wine production, is significant in several regions globally. The article also highlights the importance of aligning processing practices with the principles of sustainable development and the circular economy, addressing environmental considerations and waste management. [Extracted from the article]

Since the agriculture sector, such as Italian grapevine production, exert a pressure on the environment to some extent, this research aims to evaluate the environmental impacts and estimate the societal costs of four current grapevine production systems (i.e., vine grapes cultivated to produce common or quality wine using organic and non-organic agricultural practices), based on the Italian Farm Accountancy Network Data. For these purposes, the Life Cycle Analysis and Shadow Price techniques have been used. The results revealed that the levels of environmental impacts differed considerably between every cultivation system. Hence, the agricultural land occupation indicator induced the highest external costs, followed by climate change, terrestrial acidification, and freshwater eutrophication among the four grapevine cultivation systems. Accordingly, the assessment offers valuable insights into organic and non-organic viticulture practices to produce consistent and high-quality wine, as well as helping farmers make informed decisions that may improve environmental and societal impacts, leading to cost-effective management of their vineyards. We conclude that organic vineyard farming represents a promising sustainable viticulture production but is also important in exploring consumer perceptions and behavior towards this kind of grapevine production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study is focused on evaluation of competitive advantage of the wine sector as main driver of economic development of rural areas in Bulgaria. The rural development and specialization of viticulture in Bulgarian rural areas are evaluated in chronological aspect. The Porter's model of determinants of competitive advantage is used as main methodological tool in the current study. The basic factors, which are situated as determinants of competitiveness of rural regions are those that boost the regional development of viticulture and wine industry in rural regions of the country. The specific between industry links, which are the basis for sustainable development and competitiveness, are derived and the comparative advantages are assessed by deriving a comparative index of export advantages, a comparative index of import advantages and an index of relative trade advantages. A comprehensive analysis of the constraints and opportunities for competitive development of viticulture and wine industry in the rural areas has been made. Using the approach of focus groups of experts the main determinants for rural development of the sectors is outlined. The analysis of the competitiveness of the wine sector is considered by taking into account the impact of the processes of specialization, concentration and integration of industries in the sector. As a result of these processes in the sector, specific inter-industry relations are determined, which are the basis for sustainable development of competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ionosphere can be perturbed by solar and geomagnetic activity, earthquakes, thunderstorms, etc. In particular, electromagnetic pulses produced by thunderstorms can generate wave structures in the ionospheric plasma, which are known as atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs), which can be detected by measuring the total electron content (TEC). We studied ionospheric variations resulting from thunderstorms on 10 November 2018, between 00:00 and 08:00 UTC, in the central region of Argentina, site of the RELAMPAGO–CACTI Project (Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, and Mesoscale/Microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations; Clouds, Aerosols, and Complex Terrain Interactions). Atmospheric electrical activity data were provided by the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN) and the TEC was computed from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements provided by the Argentinian Continuous Satellite Monitoring Network (RAMSAC by its Spanish acronym). We found AGWs with periods less than or equal to 100 min and peak-to-peak Differential Vertical Total Electron Content (DVTEC) amplitude values up to 1.35 TECU (1 total electron content unit = 10 16 electrons/m 2 ). We observed that AGWs show the highest peak-to-peak amplitudes during intense thunderstorm periods. On a day without thunderstorms, the peak-to-peak amplitudes were approximately 2.91 times lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Barrel ageing is a critical process in wine industry since it produces substantial changes in the chemical composition of wines. The transfer of polyphenols from wood to wine would be influenced by various factors including wood characteristics and storage conditions. The role of the wine matrix in the extraction/modification of polyphenols during wine ageing has been scarcely studied. The objective of this study was to characterise and compare the phenolic composition of six varietal wines (Carménère, Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Petit Verdot, Sangiovese and Tempranillo) during ageing in a single type of oak barrel aiming to learn about the role of the variety on the ageing process. Wine sampling was performed at 3‐month intervals for 1 year. Polyphenol profiles were analysed using spectrophotometric and HPLC‐DAD methods. The study showed that the effect of oak wood ageing on the phenolic composition of wines is highly influenced by the grape variety. Thus, different polyphenol‐associated chemical parameters of oak‐aged wines would be affected by chemical properties of the varietal wines that are present prior to barrel ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the spatial and temporal variability of environmental factors on viticulture are particularly important in mountainous wine regions due to their complex geomorphology. A typical example is Valtellina, an Italian valley in the middle of the Alpine chain known for its wine production. The aim of this work was to assess the effects of the current climatic conditions on Alpine viticultural production by evaluating the relationship between sugar accumulation, acid degradation, and environmental factors. To achieve this objective, a 21-year time series of ripening curves from 15 vineyards (cv Nebbiolo) along the Valtellina wine-growing belt was collected. The ripening curves were then analysed in conjunction with meteorological data to assess the influence of geographical and climatic characteristics, as well as other limiting environmental factors, on grape ripening. Valtellina is currently characterised by a stable warm phase, with yearly precipitation slightly higher than in the past. In this context, the timing of ripening and the level of total acidity are correlated with altitude, temperature, and summer thermal excess. Precipitation shows good correlations with all the maturity indices, so higher precipitation leads to late ripening and higher total acidity. Considering the oenological goal of local wineries, the results suggest that the Alpine area of Valtellina is currently facing favourable environmental conditions, with early development and increased levels of sugar while maintaining good levels of acidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floods generate both risks and benefits. In Langhorne Creek, South Australia, a historically-embedded system of shared floodwater management exists among farmers, who rely on semi-regular flood inundations as part of the region's hydrosocial terroir – a dynamic conjunction of water, landscape, social relations and agricultural practice. Unruly floods coexist with a heavily regulated and precisely measured system of modern water management for viticultural irrigation across the region. Since the mid-twentieth century, groundwater extraction and new pipeline schemes have linked Langhorne Creek to the Murray Darling Basin water management system, which has displaced flooding as the primary source of irrigation water. The associated modernist shift towards the rationalization of water as a measurable resource has acted to sideline flood irrigation. Yet, floods maintain important viticultural, ecological and social roles in Langhorne Creek, adding to the flexibility and resilience of the region in response to water management challenges. The system involves technological and infrastructural components, such as flood gates and channels, but also relies upon the cooperation and coordination of community members. Local vignerons suggest that flood irrigation is environmentally as well as economically beneficial, rejuvenating riparian wetlands along watercourses. A more formal acknowledgement of the specific regional experiences of water management in a wine region like Langhorne Creek helps to fill a gap between emplaced and hydrosocial understandings of flood irrigation and broader assumptions about flooding as wasteful and inefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Ceratitis capitata, commonly known as the Mediterranean fruit fly or medfly, is one of the most damaging invasive insect pests for fruit production and trade worldwide. Augmentative biological control (ABC) using parasitoids, insects whose larvae develop as parasites that eventually kill their hosts, is an eco-friendly strategy for medfly suppression and is used in several countries. This strategy relies on periodic releases of large numbers of mass reared parasitoids in an area where naturally occurring parasitoids are too few to control the target pest. ABC has been incorporated for 10 years into medfly suppression strategies in the irrigated fruit production valleys of San Juan province, northwestern Argentina, by the San Juan Fruit Fly Control and Eradication Program. In this study, we report the results of mass releases of the Southeast Asia-native parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata in a fruit farm from early summer (December) to mid-autumn (May) over two successive years. The effect of the released parasitoids on the suppression of the medfly population was evaluated based on captures of adult flies in food-baited traps, and the resultant levels of parasitism of fly larvae were assessed based on adult flies in sentinel fruit traps. Our results showed a substantial decrease in the medfly population on the parasitoid release farm. Therefore, ABC can be an effective tool for medfly control in San Juan. Biological control through the augmentative release of parasitoids is an important complementary tool that may be incorporated into other strategies for the eradication/eco-friendly control of pest fruit flies. However, not much information is available on the effectiveness of fruit fly parasitoids as biocontrol agents in semi-arid and temperate fruit-growing regions. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of augmentative releases of the larval parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) on Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (medfly) populations over two fruit seasons (2013 and 2014) on a 10 ha irrigated fruit farm in San Juan province, central–western Argentina. The parasitoids were mass reared on irradiated medfly larvae of the Vienna-8 temperature-sensitive lethal genetic sexing strain. About 1692 (±108) parasitoids/ha were released per each of the 13 periods throughout each fruit season. Another similar farm was chosen as a control of non-parasitoid release. The numbers of captured adult flies in food-baited traps and of recovered fly puparia from sentinel fruits were considered the main variables to analyze the effect of parasitoid release on fly population suppression using a generalized least squares model. The results showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the medfly population on the parasitoid release farm when compared to the Control farm, demonstrating the effectiveness of augmentative biological control using this exotic parasitoid. Thus, D. longicaudata could be used in combination with other medfly suppression strategies in the fruit production valleys of San Juan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape pomace is a commonly discarded by-product characterized by high extractable (EPP) and non-extractable (NEPP) polyphenol contents which exhibits anti-obesogenic effects. However, the relevance of each fraction needs to be elucidated. In this work, we examined the effects of three pomaces with different concentrations of EPPs and NEPPs on metabolic alterations associated with obesity. The NEPP:EPP ratio of the grape pomaces was 1.48 for Malbec, 1.10 for Garnacha, and 5.76 for Syrah grape varieties. Rats fed a high-fat high-fructose diet supplemented with Malbec grape pomace (HFFD + MAL) Syrah grape pomace (HFFD + SYR) or Garnacha grape pomace (HFFD + GAR) showed significantly less weight gain: 20%, 15%, and 12% less, respectively, compared to HFFD controls. The adiposity index was also significantly decreased by 20% in the HFFD + MAL and HFFD + SYR groups, and by 13% in the HFFD + GAR group. Serum triglycerides were significantly decreased by 46% in the HFFD + MAL group and by 31% in the HFFD + GAR group, compared to the HFFD group, but not in the HFFD + SYR group. All pomace supplementations regulated postprandial glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test. Therefore, grape pomaces containing both EPPs and NEPPs exert beneficial effects on body weight and glucose homeostasis, while EPPs seem to control triglyceride levels more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin terroir provides distinctive characteristics for wines, in relation to soil, climate, oenological practices, etc. Hence, the characterization of each wine region by multiple aspects would allow differentiation of its wines. Several approaches at different scales have studied terroir microbiological fingerprints: from global microbiome analysis up to intraspecific Saccharomyces biodiversity. Mature grapes are the primary source of yeasts, and S. cerevisiae is a key wine fermentative species. Malbec is the emblematic Argentinean variety and is mainly cultivated in the "Zona Alta del Rio Mendoza" (ZARM). In this work, the diversity of S. cerevisiae grape populations was studied at three vintages in two Malbec vineyards of the ZARM, to evaluate their annual diversity and behavior in different vintages. Rarefaction of classical ecological indices was applied for a statistically adequate biodiversity analysis. A total of 654 S. cerevisiae isolates were differentiated by Interdelta-PCR. Each yeast grape population showed a unique composition of S. cerevisiae strains; however, a narrow genetic relationship was found in each vineyard. A slight increase in the initial diversity and a stabilization in the diversity of S. cerevisiae populations were confirmed. These results add to the discussion about the contribution of yeasts to the terroir microbiological concept, and its limitations and stability over the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Approximately two-thirds of Argentine adults are overweight or obese, and 11% have diabetes. Over the last two decades, all population groups have increased their consumption of ultra-processed foods and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). We aimed to estimate the disease burden—deaths, events, and costs to the health system—attributed to SSB consumption in Argentina. Methods: We used a comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the health and economic impacts that would be avoided in a scenario without sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption. We calculated the direct effects on diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and BMI, and then estimated the effects of BMI on disease incidence. Finally, we applied the population attributable factor to calculate the health and economic burden avoided in Argentina in 2020. Results: Our model estimated that about 4,425 deaths, 110,000 healthy life years lost to premature death and disability, more than 520,000 cases of overweight and obesity in adults, and 774,000 in children and adolescents would be attributed to SSB Consumption in Argentina. This disease burden corresponds to 23% of type-2 diabetes cases and other significant proportions of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The overweight and obesity costs attributable to SSB totaled approximately $47 million in adults and $15 million in children and adolescents. Conclusion: A significant number of disease cases, deaths, and health care costs could be attributed to SSB consumption in Argentina. Implementing measures to reduce the sugar content in beverages is a pending debt for the country and could lead to measurable improvements in population health, especially among children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Andes are the culmination of shortening and crustal thickening that commenced during Late Cretaceous time. First-order questions regarding the tectonic evolution of the central Andes include the magnitude and timing of shortening, and controls on the along-strike variability in observed styles of shortening and deformation. Along-strike differences in the time of surface uplift have spawned two contrasting hypotheses: (1) uplift is related to dynamic and isostatic processes accompanying lithospheric removal and is decoupled in space and time from crustal thickening and shortening, and (2) uplift is directly coupled with shortening and crustal thickening. Although considerable work has been done in Bolivia to address these hypotheses, work in northern Argentina has not yet produced a transorogenic balanced structural cross section from which the total amount and kinematic history of shortening can be evaluated. To help understand the evolution of the thrust belt in northernmost Argentina, we present a regional, retrodeformable cross section at 23°-24°S across the Puna and Eastern Cordillera. New apatite fission-track thermochronological data integrated with other geochronological, sedimentological, and structural data constrain incremental retrodeformation of the cross section between ca. 45 and 6.5 Ma. Regional shortening was facilitated by at least 12 major thrust systems, linked to a regional mid-crustal décollement. Deformation generally propagated eastward through time and involved two major episodes of eastward advance of the orogenic front, separated by periods of internal out-of-sequence shortening and kinematic stagnation of the orogenic front. A new minimum estimate of ~271 km of total shortening from the Cordillera de Domeyko to the eastern orogenic front explains crustal thickening at northern Puna latitudes. Together with previously published paleoaltimetry data, our new structural and thermochronologic data indicate that regional uplift in the northern Argentine Puna and Eastern Cordillera was synchronous with, and thus directly linked to, crustal shortening and thickening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Argentina, current food and land-use systems are drivers of greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, nutrient outflows, chemical pollution and water stress, while they fail to produce sustainable livelihoods for farmers and herders. Argentina must transition toward more sustainable food and land-use systems to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the objectives of the Paris Agreement. Here, we present mid-century food and land-use system pathways to achieve biodiversity, freshwater use, food production and greenhouse gas emission targets, co-developed with the government, research and civil society stakeholders. We used a multi-model approach, integrating outputs from a food system and land-use accounting tool (FABLE calculator), a land-use allocation model (Dinamica EGO) and a spatially explicit conservation prioritization approach (NatureMap) to construct a carbon neutral, actionable food system and land-use scenario that could also lead to the achievement of biodiversity, freshwater use, food production and carbon storage targets by 2050. Such integrated approaches are rare, despite their high value for helping cross-sectoral experts and policymakers cut through complexity to find pathways to achieve multiple sustainability objectives in tandem. This paper presents a nationally designed transferable methodology to: (1) construct a carbon neutral pathway toward 2050, (2) create spatially explicit land-use projections, (3) detect and assess trade-offs between sustainability goals, (4) modify this pathway to foster co-benefits and (5) work toward concurrent attainment of multiple SDGs. Preliminary results suggest Argentina is well suited to meet multiple SDGs, provided businesses, civil society and government agree to several key commitments, including completely halting deforestation, promoting afforestation and reforestation, and increasing agricultural productivity to spare natural lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims. Cofermentation and blending are traditional winemaking practices. This study reports their comparative chemical and sensory outcomes. Methods and Results. Malbec and Merlot were made into monovarietal wines, cofermented (COF), blended postalcoholic (PAF), and postmalolactic fermentation (PMLF), at a 50/50 proportion. Wines were followed up to 3 years of bottle aging. Tannins were 50% higher in monovarietal Merlot wines, which improved production of large polymeric pigments in Merlot-based cofermented and blended wines. Addition of Malbec favored production of small polymeric pigments. After 3 years of bottle aging, polymeric pigments were higher in cofermented and blended wines. PMLF blended wines showed 15% improved copigmentation and 25% increase in wine colour. The perception of wine length was positively correlated with red fruit aroma (R2 = 0.94 and p = 0.006) and negatively correlated with earthy aroma (R2 = 0.91 and p = 0.012). Conclusions. Blending postalcoholic fermentation highlighted more of the individual character of each monovarietal wine in the final blend. Cofermentation and postmalolactic fermentation blending tended to equalize the sensory profile of the resulting wines but also showed higher complexity of aromas than monovarietal wines. Significance of the Study. Cofermentation and blending are both suitable winemaking practices for increasing the polymeric pigment content and the sensory complexity of the resulting wines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of pesticides is a necessary practice in the modern era. Therefore, it is impossible to ignore the pesticide market, which has developed into one of the most lucrative in the world. Nowadays, humans are subjected to many potential risks, and significant amounts of toxic compounds enter their bodies through food, drink, and the air itself. Identification and quantification of these hazardous compounds is crucial for the sustainable development of an increasing world population which poses high climatic and political constraints on agricultural production systems. The maximum residue limits for pesticides have been regulated by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and European Union to protect human health. In this review, we have summarized and explained the analytical methods for pesticide extraction and determination. Also, sustainable viticulture practices like organic vineyards, tillage, biopesticides, nanobiopesticides, and precision viticulture are briefly discussed. These new techniques allow wine growers to be more profitable and efficient, while contributing to the reduction of pests and increasing the quality of wines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lacticaseibacillus paracasei UNQLpc 10 strain was isolated from a Malbec wine produced in North Patagonia, Argentina, and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The aim of this work was to obtain the fully assembled genome of the UNQLpc 10 strain, analyze its structure, and evaluate the possible functions of the predicted genes with regard to its oenological potential as a malolactic starter. UNQLpc10 is the first whole assembled genome of an oenological strain of Lcb. paracasei reported in databases. This information is of great interest inexpanding the knowledge of diversity of oenological lactic acid bacteria and in searching for new candidate species/strains to design starter cultures. The in silico genome-wide analysis of UNQLpc 10 confirms the existence of genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of several metabolites of oenological interest, and proteins related to stress responses. Furthermore, when UNQLpc 10 was incubated in synthetic wine, it exhibited a very good survival and L-malic acid consumption ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to characterize chemical composition of Malbec and Cabernet Franc red wines from two different regions of La Pampa's province, which stands out as one of the youngest wine-producing regions in Argentina and has remained unexplored until now. These wines were produced from grapes of two consecutive vintages (2021 and 2022), and were harvested at two different ripeness levels. Global phenolic parameters, colour characterization and multi-elemental profile were evaluated. Multivariate statistical approaches were successfully implemented to investigate the vintage and ripeness effects on chemical profile of red wines and characterize them based on regional variations. Our results showed that vintage and ripeness affected both phenolic and multi-elemental profiles, and such chemical variables allowed the wines differentiation according to region. The results of this first study could form the basis for future research into optimizing the region's winemaking potential. [Display omitted] • Red wines from different wine-producing regions from La Pampa's province were studied. • The wine chemical profile over two vintages and two ripeness levels was evaluated. • The vintage significantly influenced the phenolic and mineral composition of red wine. • Overripening enhanced wine polymeric pigment and color but raised ethanol. • Phenolic and mineral profiles revealed significant differences between regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur dioxide (SO 2) has a long history of use as a preservative in wine production to prevent oxidation and microbial spoilage. However, sulfite sensitivities exist in some consumers that range from mild breathing irregularities to more severe allergic symptoms that can include anaphylactic reactions. These adverse effects have inspired the wine industry to develop alternative approaches to either lower or replace the use of sulfites. This study focused on assessing the efficacy of employing continuous Pulsed Light (PL) in conjunction with reducing SO 2 applications to inactivate spoilage microorganisms and ensure optimal red wine preservation. Applying PL at an intensity of 4 J/cm2 to wine in combination with a 25 mg/L SO 2 treatment generated a 12% and 22% reduction, respectively, in both the number of viable yeast and LAB cells, respectively, while having no substantial effects on color, changes in acidity, total phenolic, and anthocyanin contents after four months of aging. We conclude that PL processing of wine can help reduce the amount of SO 2 needed to inactivate wine spoilage microorganisms and prevent loss of wine quality due to chemical oxidation. This combination of markedly reducing SO 2 concentration use along with introducing non-thermal PL processing can be done effectively and simply to ensure a safer and stable final wine product for sulfite-sensitive consumers. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes online library research guides covering wine research, enology, and viticulture in order to determine those resources librarians promote and recommend to users. The analysis, conducted in April 2022, includes the number and specific titles of databases, periodicals, books, websites, organizations and associations, and multimedia content found in the guides. Librarians involved in collection development can use these suggested resources when acquiring new materials. In addition, reference and instruction librarians can use the data to assist library users and recommend possible resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the fluoride concentration and pH of tea derived from Camellia sinensis produced and commercialized in Argentina. Forty-eight varieties of tea (black (n = 16), green (n = 21), red (n = 7), and white (n = 4)) commercialized in the form of leaves or tea bags were acquired. One bag or 2.0 ± 0.05 g of each product was infused for 5 min in 200 mL of distilled boiled water. The F− concentration was determined using an ion-selective electrode and pH was measured using a pH meter. The found fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 9.7 µg/mL and the pH ranged from 2.7 to 5.1. A higher fluoride concentration was observed in the leaves group (2.75 ± 2.65 µg/mL) compared to tea bags (1.10 ± 0.82 µg/mL) (p < 0.05). Regarding the type of tea, green and black tea were richer in F− than red and white tea. Fluoride and pH appeared not to be correlated (Pearson test). All the studied tea samples presented fluoride concentrations greater than the threshold recommended for drinking water. The pH proved to be low, which could be a risk for erosive tooth wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hexi Corridor is an excellent region for high-quality wines in China, but the characteristic and style of red wine from this region is unclear. To elucidate the regional style of red wines from Hexi Corridor, the aroma properties of red wines made from 16 different varieties/clones of grapes were comprehensively analyzed using HS-SPME-GC-MS, sensory evaluation, odor activity value method, and partial least squares regression analyses. We identified 52 aroma compounds and found that floral and black berry provided a good reference for shaping red wine style and selecting related varieties in Hexi Corridor region. Ethyl caproate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, ethyl 9-decenoate, and hexyl alcohol, which were the characteristic aroma substances of Hexi Corridor red wines, had positive effects on the floral aroma of Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir, and Malbec wines. Hexyl alcohol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol also contributed to the black berry and spice aromas, while isobutyl acetate opposed the expression of these aromas of Malbec and Cabernet Franc wines. These results showed that the sensory characteristics of floral and black berry are of vital significance in shaping the red wine style of Hexi Corridor, among which ethyl caproate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, ethyl 9-decenoate, and hexyl alcohol are important contributors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background. Wine yeasts are a heterogeneous microbial group with high enzymatic potential that makes them a useful tool in winemaking. With a better understanding of their oenological properties, selection procedures can be optimised to obtain more efficient strains. The present study aims to isolate and select yeasts from wine grape surface by studying their production of enzymes that hydrolyse plant cell wall polymers and by linking them to different technological parameters and antioxidant activity of wines. Experimental approach. Yeasts that are able to produce carbohydrolases and related enzymes of oenological importance were firstly selected on plates and subsequently identified. Then, a secondary selection of yeasts was carried out according to technological effects of their extracellular enzyme extracts on short macerations. In this way, the colour extraction, total polyphenol content, clarification, filterability and antioxidant activity were studied. This approach makes it possible to correlate the microorganism capacity to produce cell wall-depolymerizing enzymes with their technological effects. Results and conclusions. From 366 isolates, 96 strains (26.2 %) showed at least one of the polysaccharidase activities and 55 strains (57.3 %) of them exhibited activities of multiple enzymes that degrade plant cell wall polymers. Sixteen strains were selected and identified as Aureobasidium, Candida, Debaryomyces, Hanseniaspora, Metschnikowia, Pichia, Saccharomyces and Torulaspora. Pectinolytic enzymes had the highest hydrolytic activity. Aureobasidium pullulans had a broader enzyme blend and higher activity, dominated by pectinases and followed by xylanases and cellulases. Moreover, the Torulaspora delbrueckii m7-2 strain produced high amounts of polysaccharidase and this was strain-dependent. Strains that produced enzyme extracts with a wide range of activities that were also the highest, also had the best chromatic and technological properties. Cluster analysis confirmed that A. pullulans R-22, m11-2, m86-1 and m86-2 and T. delbrueckii m7-2 could be correlated with a better effect on filterability, clarification and extraction of bioactive compounds, encouraging future studies regarding their application in winemaking. Novelty and scientific contribution. The study of yeast multi-enzymatic systems impacting the grape maceration process enables a proper selection criterion for wine yeasts to improve colour extraction, technological parameters and antioxidant activity of Malbec wine. This work shows that A. pullulans and T. delbruekii have a high enzymatic potential for oenological purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many commercial vineyards of Malbec, the most cultivated grapevine in Argentina, show unstable yield because of variations in bud fruitfulness and the occurrence of “shatter”, characterised by poor fruit set and fruitlet abscission. Shatter can be due to plant material, growing conditions and meteorological events. Among the parameters that determine fruit set efficiency and vine yield, the availability of carbohydrates (CH) plays an essential role. We previously showed that controlling CH partitioning by removing part of the phloem tissue through an annular incision at the base of the fruit shoots (shoot girdling) reduced shatter in Malbec. The objective of this research was to evaluate the partitioning of CH for the different sink organs of the aerial part of the plant when an interruption of phloem flux from leaves to storage organs is imposed by a girdle. Shoot and trunk girdling trials were conducted during the 2018 and 2019 growing seasons, respectively. At flowering, girdling was performed on different plant lots either at the base of the shoot (Base G), above the distal cluster of the shoot (Top G), to the trunk (Trunk G) or no girdling (Control). Most of the yield components were increased by Base G and Trunk G with no significant impact on vegetative growth or fruit quality. Total shoot biomass was not affected in Base G, while a 39 % reduction was observed in Top G, as compared to Control. The partitioning pattern within the shoot was modified by shoot girdling, and Base G favoured the accumulation of CH towards clusters at the expense of lateral shoots. Shoot girdling increased node diameter, bud fruitfulness and inflorescence dry weight of the shoot. Trunk-girdled vines showed an increase in fruit set and total yield at harvest, with no significant impact on vegetative growth. The restriction of CH flow to the trunk and roots by Base G and Trunk G at flowering increased yield components at harvest without affecting vegetative growth or grape quality. These results reinforce our hypothesis that the root system of the vines under study constitutes a strong sink during the flowering period that competes for CH.

El mercado actual exige, en gran parte, la disponibilidad de vinos estructurados con coloraciones intensas, razón por la cual los enólogos evalúan constantemente diversas variantes tecnológicas tendientes a satisfacer los requerimientos del consumidor. En respuesta a esta necesidad, se estudió la incidencia de la técnica de sangrado (T1, 10%; T2, 20%; T3, 30%) sobre la composición fenólica de vinos cv. Malbec de Mendoza en dos vendimias consecutivas. En 2010 se observó que solo T3 aumentó significativamente el contenido de antocianos en los vinos terminados respecto del control, sin apreciarse un efecto sobre el resto de los parámetros fenólicos evaluados. En cuanto a los compuestos individuales determinados por HPLC- DAD/ESI-MS, los tres tratamientos favorecieron la extracción de los distintos derivados antociánicos y flavonoles, siendo T3 el más significativo. En 2011 se observó una tendencia similar además de un efecto significativo en la intensidad colorante, fenoles totales, proantocianidinas, ácidos hidroxibenzoicos, flavanoles, flavonoles y dihidroflavonoles. Por el contrario, el test triangular mostró la imposibilidad de diferenciar los vinos estudiados a través de un panel entrenado de jueces. Al comparar ambas temporadas, se pudo evidenciar la influencia del factor "año" sobre la composición de los vinos elaborados con y sin aplicación del sangrado. En conclusión, esta práctica enológica puede ser una herramienta útil para aumentar la calidad polifenólica del Malbec y mejorar la capacidad de envejecimiento en la producción de vinos de guarda.

Background: The Ziziphus mistol fruit (vulgar name mistol) is used in northwestern Argentina in traditional food and beverage preparations and popular medicines for liver and respiratory disorders. Aims: The aim of this research was to evaluate the hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory activity in pulp powders and sub-products (skin and seeds) of mistol fruit, along with their toxicity. Methods: Powders from mistol seeds, pulp, and skin were obtained. Antioxidant capacity and inhibitory activity against key enzymes involved in metabolic syndrome were determined by in vitro assays. Results: The mistol powders obtained from the different fruit parts reduced glucose bioaccessibility. Before and after simulated gastroduodenal digestion, the polyphenol-enriched extracts (PEE) obtained from mistol powders increased glucose uptake by yeast cells and inhibited the pivotal enzymes of the inflammatory pathway (cyclooxygenase-2, lipooxygenase-1, and phospholipase A2). The analyzed mistol powders did not show acute toxicity or genotoxicity in model organisms and cell cultures. Conclusions: These results evince the potentiality of both the pulp from Z. mistol fruits and residual biomass (seeds and skin) to obtain biofunctional powders to use as supplements for metabolic disorders associated with chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information related to the XIII. International Symposium on Grapevine Breeding and Genetics set to be held from July 10-15, 2022 in Landau, Germany.