1. Sustainable Utilization of GCP Sludge as a Reductant in the Reduction Roasting of Low-Grade Manganese Ore to Recover Mn and Fe Values
- Author
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Syed Mohammed Mustakim, Adeyemi Adesina, Shaswat Kumar Das, Subhabrata Mishra, and Malaya Kumar Jena
- Subjects
Pyrolusite ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Metals and Alloys ,Magnetic separation ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Chemistry ,Manganese ,engineering.material ,Hematite ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Industrial waste ,chemistry ,Control and Systems Engineering ,visual_art ,Smelting ,Materials Chemistry ,engineering ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Gangue ,Roasting - Abstract
Utilization of low-grade manganese ore adopting the carbothermic reduction roasting process is a proven method to produce high-grade manganese ore. To minimize industrial waste and protect the environment, gas cleaning plant sludge (GCPS), which is a solid waste from steel industries, was employed as a reductant to perform the reduction roasting process. The optimum conditions to carry out reduction roasting of the low-grade manganese ore were found to be: a roasting temperature of 950 °C, a residence time of 2 h, 40% GCPS as reductant, and magnetic separation at 5000 G for a manganese ore size of –10 mm. A low-grade manganese ore comprising Mn grade 31.27% and Fe grade 19.78% having a Mn/Fe ratio of 1.58 containing a high silica content of 26.48% was used for the carbothermic reduction roasting having mineral phases of pyrolusite (MnO2) and hematite (Fe2O3) as found from XRD. The gangue minerals were separated during the magnetic separation, and the upgraded product was obtained, which reached a maximum value of TMn 49.5% with RMn 76.55% and TFe 62.19% with RFe 42.51%. In the study, activated charcoal (AC) was also taken as a reductant for comparative analysis; the experimental results revealed that GPCS performed better than that of the AC, showing potential to be used as a reductant in metallurgical industries. However, the resulted Mn/Fe ratio was very low for the reduced sample; therefore, it can be used for smelting along with high-grade manganese ores as a feed.
- Published
- 2021
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