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Objectives: Malassezia species are common, clinically relevant, and lipid‐dependent yeasts of humans. They are also the leading causes of the dandruff problem of humans, and the azoles are used primarily in their topical and systemic treatment. Resistance to azoles is an emerging problem among Malassezia sp., which indicates the need of new drug assessments that will be effective against dandruff and limit the use of azoles and other agents in treatment. Among them, the efficacy of various combinations of piroctone olamine and climbazole against Malassezia sp. is highly important. Here, we assessed the efficacies of various piroctone olamine and climbazole formulations against Malassezia sp. in comparison with ketoconazole. Methods: A total of nine formulations were included in the study, where each formulation was prepared from different concentrations of piroctone olamine and climbazole and both. All formulations contained the same ingredients as water, surfactants, hair conditioning agents, and preservatives. Malassezia furfur CBS1878, Malassezia globosa CBS7874, and Malassezia sympodialis CBS9570 were tested for antifungal susceptibility of each formulation by agar diffusion method. Sizes of the inhibition zones were compared with standard medical shampoo containing 2% ketoconazole, and the data were analyzed by Dunnett's multiple‐comparison test. Results: For all Malassezia sp. strains, climbazole 0.5% and piroctone olamine/climbazole (0.1%/0.1% and 0.1%/0.5%) combinations were found to have the same effect as the medical shampoo containing 2% ketoconazole. Piroctone olamine/climbazole 1.0%/0.1% formulation showed the same efficacy as 2% ketoconazole on M. furfur and M. sympodialis, while 0.1%/0.5% formulation to only M. furfur. For M. globosa, none of the formulations tested were as effective as ketoconazole. Conclusion: The species distribution of Malassezia sp. varies depending on the anatomical location on the host. According to the results of this study, climbazole and piroctone olamine combinations seem to be promising options against the dandruff problem with their high antifungal/anti dandruff efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pityriasis versicolor is characterized clinically by slightly scaly, hyper- or hypopigmented macules usually located on the chest, shoulders, back and arms. Rare cases of atypical locations of pityriasis versicolor have been described, such as groins, penis and perineum. We present three cases of pityriasis versicolor located exclusively on the submammary folds, pubis and inguinal folds (the latter in an 11-year-old girl), respectively. In consideration of both location and clinical presentation of pityriasis versicolor in these three patients, we think that the diagnosis of “erythrasmoid” pityriasis versicolor is acceptable. Differential diagnosis with erythrasma must be taken into consideration. Mycological and bacteriological examinations are therefore necessary in order to make a correct diagnosis and specific therapy.

Dandruff is a scalp disorder caused by a fungus (Malassezia sp.). Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) contains phenolic compounds which have antifungal activity. The purpose of this research is to know the active fraction of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) herbs that have an anti-dandruff activity against Malassezia sp. The study used a true experimental design for an anti-dandruff activity test. Fractionation of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) methanol extracts used column chromatography which stationary phase with silica gel 60 powder and mobile phase with chloroform: ethanol: acetyl acetate (8:2:0,1). In vitro anti-dandruff activity based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum antifungal concentration (MFC) against Malassezia sp. of human dandruff isolate. The average of MIC and MFC among groups fraction of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) methanol extracts compared used Friedman test (p≤ 0,05). Fractionation produces 12 fractions, and fraction number 7 of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) herbs have the best anti-dandruff activity against Malassezia sp. with MIC 125 µg/mL and MFC 250 µg/mL identified as a phenolic compound. Based on the results, a fraction of phenolic compounds from water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) herbs have anti-dandruff activity against Malassezia sp.

O presente relato trata-se de um caso de dermatite fúngica causada por Malassezia sp. em uma cadela de nove anos de idade, sem castração, da raça poodle. A cadela foi encaminhada para atendimento clínico com histórico de prurido frequente, lambedura em excesso, forte odor nos canais auditivos, hiperpigmentação na região perianal e perivulvar e pequenas lesões encontradas no corpo com leve alopecia. O tratamento tópico e sistêmico foi solicitado com o intuito de diminuir a colônia fúngica, tratar a otite e propiciar melhor qualidade de vida ao paciente.

Abstract Background Dandruff is a chronic, recurring, and common scalp problem that is caused by several etiopathogeneses with complex mechanisms. Management of this condition is typically achieved via antifungal therapies. However, the precise roles played by microbiota in the development of the condition have not been elucidated. Despite their omnipresence on human scalp little is known about the co-occurrence/co-exclusion network of cutaneous microbiota. Results We characterized the scalp and hair surface bacterial and fungal communities of 95 dandruff-afflicted and healthy individuals residing in China. The degree distributions of co-occurrence/co-exclusion network in fungi-bacteria and bacteria-bacteria were higher in the healthy group (P

Introduction: Dandruff is a scalp symptom characterized by the presence of flakes on the skin and scalp hair, accompanied by dryness and itching. It can affect anyone and have an impact aesthetically potentially affecting the quality of life in socio-economically or psychologically. Until now, many studies have been conducted to understand the pathogenesis of dandruff, especially the effect of treatment on the elimination of Malassezia restricta and Malassezia globose, that play the most important role in the pathogenesis of dandruff. The increasing antimicrobial resistance exhibited by infectious microorganisms in dandruff has led to extensive research. This research focuses on the therapeutic potential of anti-dandruff herbs. The study aimed to investigate the potential of butterfly pea flower extract (Clitoria ternatea) shampoo as anti-Malassezia sp. Methods: A quasi-experimental study, 70 dandruff scalp patients were treated with Clitorea ternatea shampoo 20 %. Real-Time PCR method used to evaluate Malassezia sp DNA expression before and 4 weeks after use shampoo. Result: Mean Malassezia sp DNA expression before using shampoo Clitoria ternatea was 21.54 ct and Mean Malassezia sp DNA expression after using shampoo for 4 weeks (3 times a week) was 23.36 ct. The difference was statistically significant p=0.003 (t-dependent test). Discussion: Clitoria ternatea is known to contain various phytochemical compounds with anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, and potent antioxidant properties. These properties allow this plant to be used as a treatment for dandruff. The most common secondary metabolites found in butterfly pea flowers are flavonoid compounds. Kaempferol, Clitorin, Delphinin 3-0-ß-glycoside (anthocyanin), Myricetin 3-glycoside, Quercetin 3-glocoside, Kaempferol 3-glocoside are a class of flavonoids which have anti-fungal effects. Conclusion: Clitoria ternatea extract shampoo has anti Malassezia properties, as proven by the decrease in Malassezia DNA expression on the scalp of dandruff patient after use 4 weeks Clitoria ternatea extract shampoo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dandruff is a chronic, recurring, and common scalp problem that is caused by several etiopathogeneses with complex mechanisms. Management of this condition is typically achieved via antifungal therapies. However, the precise roles played by microbiota in the development of the condition have not been elucidated. Despite their omnipresence on human scalp little is known about the co-occurrence/co-exclusion network of cutaneous microbiota. Results: We characterized the scalp and hair surface bacterial and fungal communities of 95 dandruff-afflicted and healthy individuals residing in China. The degree distributions of co-occurrence/co-exclusion network in fungi-bacteria and bacteria-bacteria were higher in the healthy group (P < 0.0001), whereas the betweenness values are higher in the dandruff group (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the co-occurrence/co-exclusion network among fungi-fungi and fungi-bacteria showed that compared to the healthy group, the dandruff group had more positive links (P < 0.0001). In addition, we observed that Malassezia slooffiae, Malassezia japonica and Malassezia furfur, were more abundant in the dandruff group than in the healthy group. These microbiota were co-exclusion by either multiple bacterial genera or Malassezia sp. in healthy group. The lactic acid bacteria on the scalp and hair surface, especially the genera Lactobacillus and Lactococcus, exhibit a negative correlation with multiple bacterial genera on the scalp and hair surface. Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus lactis isolated on the healthy human scalp can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis in vitro. Conclusions: We showed that microbial networks on scalp and hair surface with dandruff were less integrated than their healthy counterparts, with lower node degree and more positive and stronger links which were deemed to be unstable and may be more susceptible to environmental fluctuations. Lactobacillus bacteria have extensive interactions with other bacteria or fungi in the scalp and hair surface micro-ecological network and can be used as targets for improving scalp health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malassezia folliculitis (MF) is a chronic infectious disease of pilosebaceous follicles caused by Malassezia sp. Clinical features of MF include erythematous papules and itchy perifollicular pustules, especially on the upper body, neck, upper arms, and face. The disease is usually reported on adolescents. Objective: To evaluate the profile of MF patients in four years (2014-2017) period in the Mycology Division of Dermatovenerology Outpatient Clinic of Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya. Methods: This study was a retrospective study to examine the medical records of MF patients in the Mycology Division of Dermatovenerology Outpatient Clinic General Academic Hospital Dr. Soetomo Surabaya from January 2014 to December 2017. Results: The number of new MF patient visits during 2014-2017 was 196 patients, and the average annual visit was 55 patients in 2014, 49 patients in 2015, 65 patients in 2016, and 27 patients in 2017. The majority of patients were males, were aged 15-24 years old. The chief complaint was reddish papules accompanied by moderate itching in the predilection area and most often found in the upper body. The Wood's lamp examination revealed greenish-yellow color, and 20% KOH examination showed spores. Most systemic therapies was ketoconazole and tretinoin 0.05% cream for topical therapy. Conclusions: There was a decrease in the number of MF patients. The diagnoses of MF were based on history taking, physical examination, 20% KOH, and Wood's lamp.

Background: Treatment of alopecia areata (AA) involves use of high potency topical corticosteroids under occlusion that, even very effective, can lead to several adverse effects. Objective: We report 10 cases of patients with AA that, after using high potency topical corticosteroids, have developed tinea versicolor of the neck area. Methods: Ten patients with AA, aged 18–38 years, were prescribed with clobetasone propionate 0.05% cream under occlusion every other day but, after 3–4 months of treatment, they returned to our facility complaining the appearance of multiple white or red-brown round or oval macules in the neck area. Results: Diagnosis of pityriasis versicolor was confirmed by direct microscopy examination of skin scrapings in 10% potassion hydroxide (KOH) solution. All patients received systemic antifungal therapy associated with the daily use of ketoconazole shampoo. Conclusion: Tinea versicolor of the neck should be included among a rare but possible side effect of prolonged application of high potency topical steroids on the scalp. These cases reinforce the importance of careful dermatologic examination and recommend preventive measures in patients with alopecia areata that are using these drugs.

Dermatopathies and otopathies are recurrent cases in veterinary clinic caused by different microorganisms. The aim of the present study is to analyze reports of cytological and parasitological skin and ear examinations performed at the Clinical Laboratory of the Veterinary Teaching Clinic of Federal University of Juiz de Fora in order to determine the prevalence of bacteria, fungi and mites in the collected samples. Reports of tests carried out from January 2018 to December 2019 were analyzed. Dog otopathies comprised 42 (50%) cases caused by Malassezia sp., 11 (13.1%) cases caused by bacteria and 29 (34.5%) cases caused by mixed infections; whereas cats otopathies encompassed 7 (28%) infections caused by Malassezia sp., 3 (12%) infections caused by bacteria, 6 (24%) mixed infections and 3 (12%) infections caused by mite species Otodectes cynotis. Dog dermatopathies comprised 1 (2.6%) case caused by Malassezia sp., 17 (43.6%) cases caused by bacteria, 7 (17.9%) mixed infections and 3 (7.7%) infections caused by mite species Demodex canis; whereas cat dermatopathies comprised 2 (15.4%) changes caused by bacteria, 3 (23.1%) mixed infections, 2 (15.4%) infections caused by Sporothrix sp., 1 (7.6%) caused by dermatophyte and 3 (23.1%) by yeast. Results have shown that Malassezia sp. was the most prevalent etiological agent in ear diseases diagnosed in both dogs and cats. On the other hand, bacteria were the most prevalent agents in dog skin disorders, whereas mixed infections and fungal agents recorded similar prevalence in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As otites representam cerca de 8% a 15% dos casos atendidos em clínicas veterinárias do Brasil. Muitos agentes como a levedura Malassezia pachydermatis e bactérias dos gêneros Staphylococcus, Streptococcus e Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Escherichia coli podem estar envolvidos com o surgimento e a manutenção dos quadros clínicos. O diagnóstico e tratamento inadequados contribuem para o surgimento de resistência microbiana e favorecem recidivas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os agentes etiológicos mais prevalentes nos casos de otite externa canina, assim como os principais antibióticos com maior e menor eficácia para o tratamento da mesma. Foram utilizados 117 laudos de animais entre 2 meses e 17 anos positivos para otite externa obtidos na Clínica Veterinária UNINGÁ entre os anos de 2016 e 2017. Com relação à idade e o sexo dos animais, observou-se predomínio de otite em cães fêmeas (66%) com idade de 0 a 3 anos (43,6%), sendo possível observar um declínio em animais considerados adultos (3,1 a 6 anos), e um aumento considerável em cães idosos. Em 87 (74,4%) laudos, dois ou mais agentes foram isolados simultaneamente, caracterizando infecções mistas, enquanto em 30 (25,6%) foram detectadas infecções singulares. Os agentes etiológicos mais comumente encontrados foram a bactéria Staphylococcus sp. (63,3%), e a levedura Malassezia sp. (16,6%), microrganismos comensais da pele e patógenos oportunistas. Em relação aos antibióticos testados, os mais eficazes foram a Tobramicina (84,7%), Gentamicina (75,4%), Neomicina (66,2%), Cloranfenicol (61,1%), Ciprofloxacina (58,1%), Enrofloxacina (54,3%) e Amoxicilina (53,8%). Enquanto os antibióticos que demonstraram menor eficiência foram a Clindamicina (69,2%), Cefalexina (64,3%) e Tetraciclina (58,3%). A porcentagem de eficiência antibiótica foi calculada com base na quantidade de vezes que determinado fármaco foi testado. Por ser uma afecção multifatorial de etiologia complexa, o diagnóstico precoce de casos de otite externa e a realização do teste de antibiograma é de extrema importância para o sucesso do tratamento. A posse responsável e cuidados rotineiros simples por parte do proprietário também auxiliam na prevenção da doença, principalmente nos cães que possuem fatores predisponentes, tais como conformação da orelha e excesso de pelo, afim de evitar a proliferação de microrganismos oportunistas.

Background: Treatment of alopecia areata (AA) involves use of high potency topical corticosteroids under occlusion that, even very effective, can lead to several adverse effects. Objective: We report 10 cases of patients with AA that, after using high potency topical corticosteroids, have developed tinea versicolor of the neck area. Methods: Ten patients with AA, aged 18–38 years, were prescribed with clobetasone propionate 0.05% cream under occlusion every other day but, after 3–4 months of treatment, they returned to our facility complaining the appearance of multiple white or red-brown round or oval macules in the neck area. Results: Diagnosis of pityriasis versicolor was confirmed by direct microscopy examination of skin scrapings in 10% potassion hydroxide (KOH) solution. All patients received systemic antifungal therapy associated with the daily use of ketoconazole shampoo. Conclusion: Tinea versicolor of the neck should be included among a rare but possible side effect of prolonged application of high potency topical steroids on the scalp. These cases reinforce the importance of careful dermatologic examination and recommend preventive measures in patients with alopecia areata that are using these drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo. Evaluar clínica y microbiológicamente la implicación de Malassezia sp como agente etiológico de otitis externas en caninos. Materiales y métodos. Se obtuvieron 166 muestras de hisopados óticos de caninos con sintomatología y hallazgos clínicos compatibles con otitis externa durante el periodo comprendido entre julio – diciembre 2008. A partir de las muestras se realizaron cultivos bacteriológicos y micológicos e identificación de género mediante perfiles bioquímicos para cada unos de los microorganismos aislados. Los datos clínicos asociados a la patología fueron consignados en una base de datos y posteriormente analizados en el programa estadístico SPSS 17 Resultados. A partir de la 166 muestras obtenidas, 59% (98) de ellas fueron positivas para el cultivo bacteriológico con predominio de Staphylococcus sp 37% (61) y 73% (121) positivas para Malassezia. De las 121 levaduras aisladas 32.2% fue Malassezia pachydermatis. El análisis estadístico no evidenció diferencias significativas con respecto a las relaciones entre variables (género, edad, raza, tipo de oreja y respuesta inflamatoria por citología) y el aislamiento de Malassezia sp. El nivel de significancia establecido para la prueba fue de 0.05%. Conclusiones. No se observaron asociaciones estadísticas entre las variables género, edad, raza frente a la otitis externa por Malassezia sp. Malassezia sp fue aislada en un 73% de los casos con otitis externa, con participación de diferentes agentes bacterianos especialmente Staphylococcus sp.

Copyright of Journal of Medical Mycology / Journal de Mycologie Médicale is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Medical Mycology / Journal de Mycologie Médicale is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The frequency, body distribution and population size of Malassezialike yeasts were determined from 30 dogs with apparently healthy skin. Cutaneous swab samples obtained from nine sites of the body were associated with the breed, length of hair, sex and age of the animals. Of the thirty dogs, eleven (36.67%) were considered positive for Malassezia-like infections. No differences were noted in the frequency of infection between breeds, length of hair, sex and age (P>0.05). Of the fourteen positive cases based on body distribution, 5 (35.71%) and 4 (28.57%) were obtained from the right and left ears, respectively, 3 (21.43%) from the facial area, 1 (7.14%) from the medial surface of the arm and 1 (7.14%) from the medial surface of the thigh. Population size of Malassezia-like yeast cells ranged from 0 to 273 with no differences (P>0.05) among breeds, sex and age of dogs. The highest population counts were noted in the right ear followed by the left ear, then face, medial surface of the arm and thigh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To evaluate clinically and microbiologically implication of Malassezia sp as an etiologic agent of external otitis in canines. Materials and methods. 166 samples otic swabs in canines with symptoms and clinical findings consistent with external otitis were obtained during the period between July and December 2008. Bacteriological and mycological cultures were carried out from the samples, identification using biochemical profiles for each of the isolated microorganisms were done. Clinical data associated with the disease was entered into a database and then analyzed with the SPSS 17 statistical program. Results. From the 166 samples 98, (59%) of them were positive for bacterial culture with a predominance of Staphylococcus sp 37% (61) and 121 (73%) were positive for Malassezia. Of the 121 yeast isolates, 32.2% were Malassezia pachydermatis. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference regarding the relationship between variables (gender, age, race, type of ear or inflammatory response by cytology) and the Isolation of Malassezia sp. The significance level for the test was set on 0.05%. Conclusions. There were no statistical associations between the gender, age, or race variables and external otitis by Malassezia sp. Malassezia sp was isolated in 73% of patients with external otitis, involving different bacterial agents especially Staphylococcus sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Malassezia folliculitis commonly affects the adolescents and the young adults. We describe an unusual case of Malassezia folliculitis which is particular in age of patient and scare evolution of lesions. The patient was a three-month-old immuno-competent boy. On clinical examination, 1- to 2-mm superficial follicular pustules were observed on his face, neck and upper trunk. Direct microscopy of pustule scrapings and hair follicles showed numerous Malassezia yeast cells. Based on the clinical and mycological data, the diagnosis of Malassezia folliculitis was made. The possible predisposing factors in our patient were heat and sweating, caused by the excessive heat of the summer season in Tunisia. Treatment with topical ketoconazole promoted cure with depressed varioliform scars. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic recurrent erythemato-squamous condition that affects seborrheic areas causing flaking, erythema, and pruritus. Etiology is multifactorial and the role of Malassezia sp.remains controversial. We present a series of 12 patients with trichoscopic and direct microscopic exams . We analyzed the presence of the already known SD trichoscopic signs and its correlation to the amount of Malassezia sp. in the scalp. We describe three novel signs: the "dandelion" vascular conglomerate, the "cherry blossom" vascular pattern, and the intrafollicular oily material; of which the "dandelion" vascular conglomerate was the only trichoscopic sign to correlate with Malassezia colonization. This study correlates trichoscopic signs in SD and the quantity of Malassezia sp. We describe three new signs that can be useful to determine indirectly the fungal colonization of the scalp in SD., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Objectives: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the distribution pattern and population size of Malassezia species in dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD) and the inhibitory efficacy of Zataria multiflora, Thymus kotschyanus, Mentha spicata, Artemisia sieberi, Rosmarinus officinalis and Heracleum persicum essential oils against pathogenic Malassezia isolates., Methods: The samples were collected from 5 different anatomical sites of 33 atopic dogs and cultured onto modified Dixon agar (MDA) and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) media. The essential oil extraction was performed by steam distillation using Clevenger system. Anti-Malassezia efficacy of medicinal essential oils and standard drugs was evaluated using broth microdilution method., Results: A total of 103 yeast colonies were isolated from dogs with AD. Eight different Malassezia species were identified as follows: Malassezia pachydermatis (81.4%), M. globosa (7.8%), M. restricta (3.9%), M. sloofiae (2.9%), M. furfur (1%), M. nana (1%), M. obtusa (1%) and M. sympodialis (1%). The most and least infected sites were: anal (21.2%) and ear (10.6%) respectively. M. pachydermatis was the most frequent Malassezia species isolated from both skin and mucosa of dogs with AD. Antifungal susceptibility test revealed the inhibitory efficacy of essential oils on pathogenic Malassezia isolates with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC(90)) values ranging from 30 to 850 μg/mL. Among the tested oils, Z. multiflora and T. kotschyanus exhibited the highest inhibitory effects (P<0.05)., Conclusion: The essential oils of Z. multiflora and T. kotschyanus showed strong antifungal activity against pathogenic Malassezia species tested., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Pityriasis versicolor is a common superficial mycotic disease of the skin which is caused by different species of Malassezia genus. The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of the aetiology of pityriasis versicolor (PV) with a mycological study made according to the new species and additionally, the success of the different sampling techniques, duration and recurrence history of the disease, distribution of infecting strains according to the affected body sites were also investigated. In total, 146 patients with pityriasis versicolor were included in this study. Fungal elements could only be visualized by potassium hydroxide examination in 36.4% of the samples. Specimens obtained by scraping skin surface by a sterile scalpel and/or sterile sticky plaster (OpSite) were inoculated in plates containing modified Dixon's medium. Out of 146 samples, 109 (74.7%) yielded a growth which was considered to be Malassezia spp. in culture. Species level identification of suspicious Malassezia yeasts was made according to their macroscopic and microscopic features, and their physiological characteristics. Among the identified species, Malassezia globosa (65.1%) was the most commonly isolated species, followed by Malassezia obtusa (17.4%). However, four Malassezia isolates could not be identified at species level with conventional methods. While most of the patients suffered their first episode of pityriasis versicolor (76%), back of the trunk was the mostly affected body site (39%). In conclusion, Malassezia globosa was found to be the predominant species in pityriasis versicolor patients in our region, and culture of the specimen is necessary for the epidemiologic purposes., (Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)