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The overrepresentation of left-handers in interactive sports lead to suppose that they have some kind of advantage in those sports (Hagemann, 2009). Groothuis et al. (2013) suggested that left-handed athletes have a fighting superiority, higher level of aggressiveness, and tactical advantages over their right-handed counterparts. This study aimed to compare the patterns of offensive play between left- and right-handed top-level table tennis players, even considering the opponent’s handedness. Methods. 15 table tennis matches played by top-ranked players were analysed. Five matches were played by a right-handed (RH) vs. a left-handed (LH) player, while the other matches were played by both LH (n=5) or RH (n=5) opponents. Handedness was established according to which hand was used to hold the racket. Video recordings of the matches were anaysed at slow motion using the software Kinovea. The type of stroke used by the players (service, push, top spin, block, top counter top, smash, lob, drive and flick) was collected for each shot. The stroke type distributions of matches with all the combinations of opposition categories (RH vs. RH, LH vs. LH, RH vs. LH, and LH vs. RH) were compared. Results. In all match categories, the stroke used more often by the players was the top spin (RH vs. RH: 31.3%, RH vs. LH: 31.0%, LH vs. LH: 34.3%, LH vs. RH: 38.9%). After the first attack performed using a top spin, the players counterattacked by using themselves a top spin (RH vs. RH: 17.5%, RH vs. LH: 21.8%, LH vs. LH: 12.5%, LH vs. RH: 18.6%) or countered the shot passively using a block (RH vs. RH: 18.6%, RH vs. LH: 18.5%, LH vs. LH: 20.5%, LH vs. RH: 16.2%). Conclusions. The top spin was the most used stroke in the first attacking shot. In the matches between two RH opponents, counterattacking with a top spin was more common than in matches with other combinations of opponents’ handedness. Conversely, when a LH played against another LH, passive countershots were more frequent than in other match categories. Finally, when the opponents had different handedness, LH players attacked more often with a top spin, showing a particularly offenisive playing style and forcing their opponents to counterattack themselves with a top counter top.

In the recent sports science literature, it is possible to notice that research branches related to performance analysis are widely developing. The aim of this study was to analyze technical and tactical differences among male table tennis athletes of three categories: top-class world players (T), elite European juniors (J) and elite European cadets (C). 20 matches were randomly selected (T:10, J:5 and C:5). Selected performance indicators were: stroke type, footwork type, and shot outcome. Selected matches have been watched in slow motion (0.2X) by an experienced table tennis coach, who collected the indicators of interest. The data were analyzed with the Excel software using contingency tables. The strokes most used by T were top forehand (19 %), top counter top forehand (16 %) and block backhand (14 %). A similar distribution was observed for J: top forehand (21 %), top counter top forehand (15 %) and block backhand (15 %). Conversely, C showed the top forehand as the most used stroke (22 %), followed however by the push forehand (16 %). Concerning the footwork type, the most used one was the one step (T:32 %, J:28 % and C:31 %). Differences among groups were observed for the chassè (T: 24 %, J:15 % and C:15 %), and stroke without step (T:18 %, J:29 % and C:28 %). Strong associations were observed between stroke and footwork types, and between stroke types and shot outcome, with the top forehand and top counter top forehand being the most successful strokes in all the groups. By studying the relationships between strokes, footwork types and shot outcomes in table tennis athletes of three different categories, it is possible to detect differences in the play style among the three categories of players. This analysis can help to improve the technical and the tactical skills of players to obtain better competitive results.

Previous research showed a higher percentage of left-handed athletes in interactive and fast ball sports than in the general population. The aim of this study was to analyse the patterns of representation of left-handedness in top level competitors of the major racket sports. The hand used to hold the racket by the 100 world best male players (selected from 2012 rankings) in tennis (T), table tennis (TT), squash (S) and badminton (B) was recorded. The proportion of left-handers was calculated for each sport and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the probability for a player of holding the racket with the left hand given his position in the ranking. TT showed a higher percentage of left-handers (29%) than T (15 %), B (16%) and S (14%). Logistic regressions showed that, when going up in the ranking, the probability of using the left-hand to hold the racket tended to increase in TT, B and S, and to decrease in T. The higher proportion of left-handers observed in TT when compared to the other sports can be attributed to the fact that, among the analysed sports, TT is a sport in which the opponents stand with the shortest distance. Furthermore, the technical and tactical components of performance are more determinant than physical fitness in TT, and these characteristics, taken together, may favor left-handed players. The very low number of left-handers among the very best tennis players may be explained by the fact that the disadvantage of a reduced experience against left-handed opponents is nowadays compensated by the player’s professionalism. In conclusion, the present study confirmed that left-handed individuals are more represented in racket sports, and especially in TT, when compared with the general population. Finally, considering the specific position of each player in the ranking as determinant of left-handedness probability seems to be a promising approach to further analyse left-handedness in the best ranked players of different sports.

Nell’ambito della ricerca scientifica nel campo dello sport, la Performance Analysis si sta ritagliando un crescente spazio di interesse. Per Performance Analysis si intende l’analisi della prestazione agonistica sia dal punto di vista biomeccanico che dal punto di vista dell’analisi notazionale. In questa tesi è stata analizzata la prestazione agonistica nel tennistavolo attraverso lo strumento dell’analisi notazionale, partendo dallo studio degli indicatori di prestazione più importanti dal punto di vista tecnico-tattico e dalla loro selezione attraverso uno studio sull’attendibilità nella raccolta dati. L’attenzione è stata posta quindi su un aspetto tecnico originale, il collegamento spostamenti e colpi, ricordando che una buona tecnica di spostamento permette di muoversi rapidamente nella direzione della pallina per effettuare il colpo migliore. Infine, l’obbiettivo principale della tesi è stato quello di confrontare le tre categorie di atleti selezionate: alto livello mondiale maschile (M), alto livello junior europeo (J) ed alto livello mondiale femminile (F). La maggior parte delle azioni cominciano con un servizio corto al centro del tavolo, proseguono con una risposta in push (M) o in flik di rovescio (J). Il colpo che segue è principalmente il top spin di dritto dopo un passo pivot o un top di rovescio senza spostamento. Gli alteti M e J contrattaccano maggiormente con top c. top di dritto e le atlete F prediligono colpi meno spregiudicati, bloccando di rovescio e proseguendo con drive di rovescio. Attraverso lo studio della prestazione di atleti di categorie e generi diversi è possibile migliorare le scelte strategiche prima e durante gli incontri. Le analisi statistiche multivariate (modelli log-lineari) hanno permesso di validare con metodo scientifico sia le procedure già utilizzate in letteratura che quelle innovative messe a punto per la prima volta in occasione di questo studio., Performance analysis, including the biomechanical and notational analysis of performance in competitive sport, is a strongly developing discipline in the field of sports sciences. One purpose of this thesis was to investigate the competitive performance of top-level table tennis players using notational analysis. To this aim, the most relevant and reliable technical-tactical performance indicators were individuated through preliminary studies. Then, selected indicators were collected from actual games played in top international competitions and analyzed with appropriate software. A new and still unexplored technical element was especially considered, namely the relationship between the type of stroke and footwork technique. In fact, it was assumed that using a good footwork allows a player to perform a fast and effective movement towards the ball and thus perform the shot in the best way possible. Finally, the main aim of this thesis was to compare the technical/tactical performance in three categories of players: top-level male players, top-level junior players, and top-level female players. The results showed that the majority of rallies started with a short serve at the center of the table, and continued most of the times with a push in males, or a backhand flick in juniors. The following stroke was often a forehand topspin, associated to a pivot footwork, or a backhand topspin without a footwork. Males and juniors athletes often counterattacked with a forehand top counter topspin, whereas female players generally used less aggressive strokes, like backhand blocks or backhand drives. The analysis of performance in athletes of different gender and category may allow to improve the strategic choices of coaches and players both before and after matches. Log-linear models, used in this thesis for the multivariate analysis of categorical variables, have allowed to validate some procedures previously used in the literature and others specifically developed in the present work.

Over the last few years, scientific research in sport has focused in detail on a branch of performance analysis, namely notational analysis. Notational analysis allows the collection of interesting data about matches and also provides good feedback information to improve technical and tactical aspects. However, the analysts have to select the most important performance indicators and first of all, tehy must evaluate the reliability of the data. The aim of this study is to evaluate the intra and inter-observer reliability of some of the most important performance indicators in table tennis. Inter-observer reliability: 10 highly experienced coaches (third national level, high level) have analysed the first set of men's table tennis and noted: player footwork/step, stroke modality and impact point of the ball on the table (6 areas). Intra and inter-observer reliability have been evaluated by Krippendorff's Alpha, calculated through the statistical software R. Krippendorff's Alpha could range from 1 (perfect reliability) to -1 (total disagreement). A good reliability is attained for Alpha= 0.8. Concerning the inter-observer reliability, the values of Alpha were 0.894 for different kinds of stroke, and 0.469 for efficacy (3 levels: +, 0 and -). The intra-observer reliability analysis showed the following values: Alpha= 0.092 for strokes, Alpha=0.99 for different kinds of step and Alpha = 0.997 for impact point fo the ball on the table. The only performance indicators without good reliability were connected with the evaluation of the efficacy of intermediate strokes. The other indicators, assessed by inter and intra-operator comparisons, showed very good reliability. These results allow us to state that the selected performance indicators can be taken into account in table tennis notational analysis.

In the recent scientific literature in the field of sport sciences, research branches on performance analysis are widely developing. Hughes and Bartlett (2002) stated that sport biomechanists and notational analysts are concerned with the analysis and improvement of sport performance. They analyzed the structure of sports, distinguishing: technical, tactical and biomechanical indicators. The aim of this study is to summarize the most important table tennis performance indicators proposed in the literature. The authors commonly divide the performance indicators in different categories: Player: gender, nationality, height, weight, use fo right or left hand, grip (pen holder/classic), style of play (allround, defensive, etc.), best ranking and current rangking, etc. Technique: strokes (service, push, top, top counter top, block, flick, drive, smash, lob, forehand or backhand) and steps (one step, chassè, slide, crossover and pivot). Tactic: impact position of the ball on the table (six areas), type of error, efficacy, time-out, play time (inter-serve times, rally time and inter-point time) and action outcome. Equipment, playing conditions and facilities: table, ball, net, floor, size of the gym, training hall, lightning, transports (jet lag), etc. Performance indicators provide a good tool from a technical and tactical point of view for coaches and performance analysts, to improve training and agonistic results. It is possible to have a full and correct analysis of the data by using a statistical software. However, a lot of problems cannot easily be solved by using statistics, as sport is the complex result of interactiong human behaviours.

Nell’ambito della ricerca scientifica nel campo dello sport, la Performance Analysis si sta ritagliando un crescente spazio di interesse. Per Performance Analysis si intende l’analisi della prestazione agonistica sia dal punto di vista biomeccanico che dal punto di vista dell’analisi notazionale. In questa tesi è stata analizzata la prestazione agonistica nel tennistavolo attraverso lo strumento dell’analisi notazionale, partendo dallo studio degli indicatori di prestazione più importanti dal punto di vista tecnico-tattico e dalla loro selezione attraverso uno studio sull’attendibilità nella raccolta dati. L’attenzione è stata posta quindi su un aspetto tecnico originale, il collegamento spostamenti e colpi, ricordando che una buona tecnica di spostamento permette di muoversi rapidamente nella direzione della pallina per effettuare il colpo migliore. Infine, l’obbiettivo principale della tesi è stato quello di confrontare le tre categorie di atleti selezionate: alto livello mondiale maschile (M), alto livello junior europeo (J) ed alto livello mondiale femminile (F). La maggior parte delle azioni cominciano con un servizio corto al centro del tavolo, proseguono con una risposta in push (M) o in flik di rovescio (J). Il colpo che segue è principalmente il top spin di dritto dopo un passo pivot o un top di rovescio senza spostamento. Gli alteti M e J contrattaccano maggiormente con top c. top di dritto e le atlete F prediligono colpi meno spregiudicati, bloccando di rovescio e proseguendo con drive di rovescio. Attraverso lo studio della prestazione di atleti di categorie e generi diversi è possibile migliorare le scelte strategiche prima e durante gli incontri. Le analisi statistiche multivariate (modelli log-lineari) hanno permesso di validare con metodo scientifico sia le procedure già utilizzate in letteratura che quelle innovative messe a punto per la prima volta in occasione di questo studio., Performance analysis, including the biomechanical and notational analysis of performance in competitive sport, is a strongly developing discipline in the field of sports sciences. One purpose of this thesis was to investigate the competitive performance of top-level table tennis players using notational analysis. To this aim, the most relevant and reliable technical-tactical performance indicators were individuated through preliminary studies. Then, selected indicators were collected from actual games played in top international competitions and analyzed with appropriate software. A new and still unexplored technical element was especially considered, namely the relationship between the type of stroke and footwork technique. In fact, it was assumed that using a good footwork allows a player to perform a fast and effective movement towards the ball and thus perform the shot in the best way possible. Finally, the main aim of this thesis was to compare the technical/tactical performance in three categories of players: top-level male players, top-level junior players, and top-level female players. The results showed that the majority of rallies started with a short serve at the center of the table, and continued most of the times with a push in males, or a backhand flick in juniors. The following stroke was often a forehand topspin, associated to a pivot footwork, or a backhand topspin without a footwork. Males and juniors athletes often counterattacked with a forehand top counter topspin, whereas female players generally used less aggressive strokes, like backhand blocks or backhand drives. The analysis of performance in athletes of different gender and category may allow to improve the strategic choices of coaches and players both before and after matches. Log-linear models, used in this thesis for the multivariate analysis of categorical variables, have allowed to validate some procedures previously used in the literature and others specifically developed in the present work.

Introduction and Aim of the study: Table tennis literature displays many efforts about the study of both the development of the game technique and the match and notational analysis. However those works were principally based on the observation and survey of some of the most important aspects: the strokes, the direction of the movements and the efficacy (won, lose, mistakes, etc.). This study aims to elaborate another kind of analysis including the footwork technique (different kind of steps). The most important thing, considering the best player technique, is the best execution of the movement and steps, for reaching in the shortest time the right position, and playing the best stroke. Methods: 1. Environment: 29th Olympic Games in China - Man’s table tennis singles final 2. Population: the n°1 (W. H.) and the n°2 (M. L.) in the world ranking 3. Data collected: footwork technique (different kind of steps), strokes and efficacy. 4. Analysis: it has been analysed the contingency table about Footwork/Strokes and Footwork/Efficacy. Results: The two considered players use mainly the One step (30% and 29%) to return the services, W.H. uses very often the Turn step (17%) to hit the ball with Topspin or Counter topspin. On the other side M.L. prefers to use a more balanced footwork technique, using a combination of Chassè and Turn step (14% and 14%). W.H. uses more frequently the topspin (14%)and the Counter topspin (15%), M.L. prefers the Counter topspin (17%) followed by Topspin (13%). It is possible to notice that the players do not use one step (13%-11%) during the game phases and W.H. does not use one step in particular to hit the ball with a forehand Topspin (10%). The players use in particular the One step in a neutral way (without efficacy, 63% and 72%), W.H. uses the Turn step with good results (25%) but also in a negative way (21%). During the match M.L. is able to use with more positive results every different kind of steps. He shows negative performances using the Chassè (25%) and the Crossover (23%).

A pilot study to compare footwork techniques used in Table Tennis Ivan Malagoli Lanzoni, Roberto Lobietti, Franco Merni Faculty of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Bologna, Italy INTRODUCTION Footwork and steps (one step, side to side, slide step, turn step, cross step, and combinations of these steps) are fundamental in table tennis. Players should use the best technique for guarantying the shortest time to arrive in the right position, that gives the possibility to play the best shot. This study aims to define the different footwork techniques used by table tennis players. To compare different footwork techniques for giving useful suggestions to coaches and implementing better training for players, from a technical and physical point of view. METHODS 1. Analysis of male players 4 matches from the 2006 Italian Championships and 4 matches from 2006 World Team Table Tennis Championships (videos recorded from television). 2. To record the 5 different types of steps defined and the 16 types of shots (drive and back) was used a 16 x 5 table. To carry out this analysis it has always been taken into account the last step before the shot or before the attempt to hit the ball. 3. The analysis of the frequencies of the different types of steps were performed and percentages calculated. 4. The non-parametric Chi Square test were performed to identify significant differences (α=0.01) in the use of footwork techniques by the 8 players considered. RESULTS The results allow a qualitative description of the various step movements. The most frequent step is the one step with a frequency of 33.5%; the second one is the chassè with a frequency of 20,8%; they are followed by the Stroke without step 16.3%; the Turn step15.4 %; the Crossover 8.8% and the Slide step 5.3%. Chi Square analysis, by comparing the use of different types of steps by the players at low level, shows significant differences between them (χ² (15) = 50.09, p

Footwork and steps (one step, side to side, slide step, “turn” step, cross step, and combinations of these steps are fundamental in table tennis. Players should use the best technique for guarantying the shortest time to arrive in the right position, that gives possibility to play the best shot. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to define the different footwork techniques used by table tennis players. To compare different footwork techniques for giving useful suggestions to coaches and implementing better training for players, from a technical and physical point of view. METHODS 1. Analysis of 2 matches of 4 male players from 2006 World Team Table Tennis Championships (videos recorded from television). The players were at the moment of competition the n° 1, 2, 3 and 50 of the world ranking. The matches analysed were between the n° 1 vs n° 50 and n° 2 vs n° 3. 2. To record the 5 different types of steps defined and the 16 types of shot (8 of drive and 8 of back) was used a 16 x 5 table. The last step before the shot or the attempt to hit the ball was selected for this analysis. 3. The analysis of the frequencies of the use of different types of step were performed and percentage calculated 4. The non-parametric Chi Square test were performed to identify significant differences (α=0.01) between in the use of footwork techniques by the 4 players. RESULTS The results allow a qualitative description of the various step movements. The one step resulted as the preferred type of movement used in the 43% of the time; the “turn” step was used the 24%; the “chasse” 17%; the slide 9% and the cross 7%. Chi Square analyses comparing the use of different types of steps by the players shows significant differences (χ² (15) = 35.35, p

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the recovery response of one resistance training session (1TRS) vs. two resistance training sessions (2TRS) performed in 1 day, on upper body performance, muscle morphology and muscle soreness in trained men. Methods: Twenty-four resistance trained men were randomly assigned into a 1TRS group (N =12; age=25.0±2.4 years; body mass=87.6±14.0 kg; height=177.1±4.9 cm) or into a 2TRS group (N =10; age=24.4±1.6 years; body mass=81.1±5.6 kg; height=176.6±6.7 cm). 1TRS performed one training session involving eight sets of 10 reps at 70% of 1RM at the bench press, while 2TRS group divided the same training volume in two workouts, with a recovery time of 4hr. Performance [bench press throw power (BTP) and isometric bench press (IBP)] and muscle thickness of pectoralis major (PECMT) were assessed at baseline (BL), 15-min, 24-hr and 48-hr post-exercise. Results: Training intensity was significantly higher in 2TRS compared to 1TRS (p

Bartolomei, S, Nigro, F, Malagoli Lanzoni, I, Masina, F, Di Michele, R, and Hoffman, JR. A comparison between total body and split routine resistance training programs in trained men. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the effects of total body (TB) versus split routine (SR) resistance training workouts on maximal strength and muscle hypertrophy in trained men. Twenty-one resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to either a TB (TB: age = 24.1 ± 4.4 years; body mass = 78.7 ± 11.3 kg; body height = 177.0 ± 3.9 cm) or the SR group (SR: age = 24.9 ± 4.2 years; body mass = 79.2 ± 9.5 kg; body height = 175.2 ± 6.0 cm). Both groups performed a 10-week resistance training program. Isokinetic bench press at 75 and 25 cm·s (ISOK75 and ISOK25, respectively), isometric bench press (ISOBP), isometric squat (ISOSQ), and one repetition maximum BP and SQ assessments were performed before and after training. Muscle thickness of the pectoralis major (PECMT), superior part of trapezius (TRAPMT), and vastus lateralis (VLMT) muscles was also evaluated at the same timepoints using ultrasonography. Improvements were observed in both groups for all strength assessments and muscle thicknesses. Only changes in ISOK25 were significantly (p = 0.015) greater in TB than in SR, while significantly greater (p = 0.037) changes in VLMT were detected in SR compared with TB. Results indicated that a TB training paradigm may be more appropriate for maximal strength improvement, while an SR training protocol may be more optimal in stimulating muscle growth in experienced, resistance-trained men. ABSTRACT: Bartolomei, S, Nigro, F, Malagoli Lanzoni, I, Masina, F, Di Michele, R, and Hoffman, JR. A comparison between total body and split routine resistance training programs in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1520-1526, 2021-The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the effects of total body (TB) versus split routine (SR) resistance training workouts on maximal strength and muscle hypertrophy in trained men. Twenty-one resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to either a TB (TB: age = 24.1 ± 4.4 years; body mass = 78.7 ± 11.3 kg; body height = 177.0 ± 3.9 cm) or the SR group (SR: age = 24.9 ± 4.2 years; body mass = 79.2 ± 9.5 kg; body height = 175.2 ± 6.0 cm). Both groups performed a 10-week resistance training program. Isokinetic bench press at 75 and 25 cm·s-1 (ISOK75 and ISOK25, respectively), isometric bench press (ISOBP), isometric squat (ISOSQ), and one repetition maximum BP and SQ assessments were performed before and after training. Muscle thickness of the pectoralis major (PECMT), superior part of trapezius (TRAPMT), and vastus lateralis (VLMT) muscles was also evaluated at the same timepoints using ultrasonography. Improvements were observed in both groups for all strength assessments and muscle thicknesses. Only changes in ISOK25 were significantly (p = 0.015) greater in TB than in SR, while significantly greater (p = 0.037) changes in VLMT were detected in SR compared with TB. Results indicated that a TB training paradigm may be more appropriate for maximal strength improvement, while an SR training protocol may be more optimal in stimulating muscle growth in experienced, resistance-trained men.

The agile footwork is a basic but important skill, how to efficiently grasp and improve its performance has always interested coaches and athletes, beginners particularly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in kinetics and kinematics of the cross step between professional athletes and novice athletes using the Oxford foot model. Twenty-two male participants (professional athletes, 11; novice athletes, 11) with dominant right feet participated in the table tennis cross step test. A Vicon motion analysis system and a Novel Pedar insole plantar pressure measurement system were used to record kinematic and kinetic data, respectively. Professional athletes showed significantly smaller forefoot plantarflexion and abduction, but larger hallux dorsiflexion at the cross step ending. In addition, they also showed significantly larger forefoot dorsiflexion and adduction but smaller forefoot eversion as well as rearfoot inversion than novice athletes at the forward-end of the step. In the entire motion, professional athletes performed significantly smaller joints range of motion, especially the hindfoot with respect to tibia angles. Concerning plantar relative load, professional athletes were significantly greater than that of novice athletes in the other toes, lateral forefoot and rear foot. Professional athletes possessed higher footwork agility and greater foot motor technique. The findings on the internal mechanisms of the cross step could help coaches and novice athletes understand the mechanical efficiencies in stroke finishing leading to improvements in performance.

Bartolomei, S, Nigro, F, Ruggeri, S, Malagoli Lanzoni, I, Ciacci, S, Merni, F, Sadres, E, Hoffman, JR, and Semprini, G. Comparison between bench press throw and ballistic push-up tests to assess upper-body power in trained individuals. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1503-1510, 2018-The purpose of this study was to validate the ballistic push-up (BPU) test performed with hands on a force plate as a method to measure upper-body power. Twenty-eight experienced resistance-trained men (age = 25.4 ± 5.2 years; body mass = 78.5 ± 9.0 kg; body height = 179.6 ± 7.8 cm) performed, 2 days apart, a bench press 1 repetition maximum (1RM) test and upper-body power tests. Mean power (MP) and peak power (PP) were assessed using the bench press throw (BT) test and the BPU test performed in randomized order. The area under the force/power curve (AUC) obtained at BT was also calculated. Power expressed at BPU was estimated using a time-based prediction equation. Mean force and the participant's body weight were used to predict the bench press 1RM. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to examine relationships between the power assessment methods and between the predicted 1RM bench and the actual value. Large correlations (0.79; p < 0.001) were found between AUC and MP expressed at BPU. Large correlations were also detected between MP and PP expressed at BT and BPU (0.75; p < 0.001 and 0.74; p < 0.001, respectively). Very large correlations (0.87; p < 0.001) were found between the 1RM bench and the 1RM predicted by the BPU. Results of this study indicate that BPU represents a valid and reliable method to estimate the upper-body power in resistance-trained individuals.