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Today, the off-grid Integrated Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) is considered to be an ambitious source of electrical power due to its technological, economic, and environmental benefits. Opti...

Worldwide grid-independent hybrid renewable energy system is an alternative option for powering the un-electrified villages where grid extension is not feasible. In this perspective, a techno-econo...

A significant Indian population lives in villages and some live in remote areas disconnected from the grid connectivity. Extension of grid connection to provide power supply to these villages is not feasible, but stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system may be a feasible option. In this perspective, dispatch strategy based performance analysis has been carried out to provide power supply using the hybrid renewable energy system for a remote rural area in the state of Karnataka (India). The effect of load following, cycle charging and combined dispatch strategies on Lead Acid and Lithium-Ion batteries with Photovoltaic/Hydro/Battery and Photovoltaic/Wind/Hydro/Diesel Generator/Battery configurations has been studied using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER Pro®). The feasible Cost of Energy and Net Present Cost obtained for the proposed hybrid system are found in the range of 0.1 $/kWh – 0.162 $/kWh, $4,65,790 – $7,16,658 under the proposed dispatch strategies. The Cost of Energy and Net Present Cost of Lithium-Ion battery based system are found to be 30% and 35% lesser than Lead Acid battery based system. Using Lithium-Ion batteries, the Cost of Energy is reduced by 34%, 25% and 37% under Load Following, Cycle Charging and Combined Dispatch strategies. From the results obtained, it is found that under Combined Dispatch strategy, Lithium-Ion battery based hybrid renewable energy system delivers the most optimal operational costs. The study is also extended to perform sensitivity analysis on varying input parameters such as discount rate, Photovoltaic cost, battery cost, fuel cost, wind speed and design flow rate. Variation of discount rate and fuel cost affect the Cost of Energy and Net Present Cost significantly.

Green belt land is an open space around bigger cities. The main purpose of the green belt is to protect the land from urban sprawl, and maintain the designated area for forestry, agriculture as well as to provide habitat to wildlife. Green belt offers a number of benefits for population. Areas that are designated as green belt must not be built upon, however, that does not mean that no buildings can be erected in green belt. GREENBELT is a policy and land use designation used in land use/land cover planning. Green belt policy may not work well in all areas and has been a subject of criticism; however, its advantages by far outweigh its disadvantages. The Green belt land covers about 2% of total geographical area in Gulbarga city of Karnataka state. They do not solve the problem related to low forest cover in the Gulbarga District but they significantly improve air quality and help combat a number of environmental problems. During the data collection (43%) of respondents both knew that Green Belts surround city, and valued Green Belts as places to enjoy quiet recreation It is confirmed that Green Belt policy has been highly effective in eco-friendship relation. Green Belts have a role to play in achieving positive land use objectives. The concept of Green Belt also has strong support amongst the general public, even if they do not always understand the full details of the planning policy. These areas could take on an even greater significance in the face of climate.

The avifauna of Gulbarga city was studied for a period of one year. Gulbarga city has got one reservoirs in the heart of the city, the Shree Sharnabasveshwar Lake. The city has well protected by greenery, Gulbarga University Campus, Kapnoor (Industrial area). During the study of three different transects lines, 30 plants species and 42 birds species were observed, in which 35 are resident species, 6 winter migrant and 1 summer migrant respectively. Highest population of Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) and Blue Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) was recorded in this study. The visitors include White-necked stork (Ciconia episcopus), Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava) which are found in the study area. According to status of birds maximum (average) numbers of birds were found in highly urbanized area when compared to industrial area, but species wise variation was high in low urbanized compared to that of highly urbanized area.