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Background: Diabetes Mellitus Type II (DM-II) and periodontitis are interlinked chronic conditions with complex pathophysiological mechanisms. Micronutrient deficiencies have been implicated in both conditions, but the evaluation of their serum profile in individuals with DM-II and periodontitis remains underexplored. Understanding the micronutrient status in these populations could provide valuable insights into their nutritional needs and potential therapeutic interventions. Materials and Methods: Serum samples were collected from DM-II patients with periodontitis (n=50), healthy individuals with periodontitis (n=50), and healthy controls without periodontitis (n=50). Micronutrient analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify levels of vitamins (e.g., A, C, D, E), minerals (e.g., zinc, iron, magnesium), and antioxidants (e.g., selenium, glutathione). Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA and post-hoc tests to compare micronutrient levels among the groups. Results: In DM-II patients with periodontitis, serum levels of vitamin C were significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to both healthy individuals with periodontitis and healthy controls without periodontitis. Similarly, levels of vitamin D and zinc were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in DM-II patients with periodontitis compared to healthy controls without periodontitis. However, no significant differences were observed in the levels of other micronutrients among the groups. Conclusion: This study highlights distinct alterations in the serum micronutrient profile of DM-II patients with periodontitis, particularly lower levels of vitamin C, D, and zinc. These findings suggest the importance of nutritional interventions targeting these deficiencies in managing the comorbidity of DMII and periodontitis. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanistic links between micronutrient status and the pathogenesis of these chronic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A chronic inflammatory illness known as oral lichen planus (OLP) affects approximately 1–2% of adults, with middle‑aged women having a higher prevalence than men. One clinical endocrine condition that primary care doctors frequently see is hypothyroidism. Aim: To compare the prevalence of OLP among individuals with a previous diagnosis of hypothyroidism against those without hypothyroidism. Methods and Materials: A total of 1200 patients were included in this study. As per their medical reports, 600 patients included were found to have hypothyroidism. The rest 600 patients did not have hypothyroidism. All the patients underwent clinical examination and cases of OLP were identified according to the criteria of diagnosis of OLP. Results: Twenty (3.45%) study participants with hypothyroidism were found to have OLP. Eight (1.34%) study participants without hypothyroidism were found to have OLP of 2.37 (confidence interval: 0.91–6.23) and showed that the frequency of lichen planus in study participants with hypothyroidism was 2.37 times greater than that without hypothyroidism. Conclusion: Prevalence of lichen planus in persons with hypothyroidism was greater than that without hypothyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Genomic methylation being used as a sensitive indicator for identifying oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDS) and oral cancer could be a viable option. DNA methylation is a potential approach for “cancer therapeutics” and can help researchers truly understand the genomic mechanism that leads to cancer. Aim: Investigation of genetic markers for predicting oral cancer progression and patient outcomes. Methods and Materials: One hundred and twelve patients having oral premalignant lesions and malignant lesions were included in this study. Saliva samples were obtained for analysis of the expression of genetic markers, such as p16, DAP‑K, and MGMT. The Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., USA) would be used to assess genome‑wide DNA methylation according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Results: Methylation of all the genes, that is, p16, DAP‑K, and MGMT, was observed in 12.7% of oral cancer lesions. 41.94% of oral cancer lesions were found to have methylation of two genes. 13.23% cases were found to be associated with methylation of p16 and DAP‑K, 12.12% cases were found to have methylation in the p16 and MGMT, and 15.27% cases of oral cancer lesions showed methylation of DAP‑K and MGMT. Conclusion: Genetic markers, such as p53, DAP‑K, and MGMT, can be used for predicting oral cancer progression and patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental implants have been essential to the therapy of patients who are partially edentulous. Aim: Clinical evaluation of the long‑term survival and success rates of different types of implant‑supported prostheses. Materials and Methods: Patients who had a healthy edentulous ridge of three missing teeth in the posterior jaw in which two or three dental implants were placed having any of three prostheses, namely, three‑unit fixed dental prostheses (FPD) on two implants, three splinted crowns on three implants, and three splinted crowns on three implants were included. Results: The survival rate in all patients with dental implants having different types of prostheses was 94.9%. The survival rate in FPD, three splinted crowns, and three nonsplinted crowns was 100, 88.5, and 93.6% respectively. Conclusion: FPD loaded on two dental implants was found to have a greater long‑term survival rate and success rate with a lower frequency of peri‑implantitis and prosthodontic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Orthodontic treatment is commonly associated with an increased risk of dental caries and gingivitis due to the presence of fixed appliances, which can impede proper oral hygiene maintenance. Understanding the prevalence of caries and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment is crucial for implementing effective preventive measures. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted involving 200 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment at a dental clinic. Clinical records were reviewed to assess the prevalence of caries and gingivitis. Dental caries were evaluated using the DMFT (Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth) index, and gingivitis severity was assessed using the Gingival Index (GI). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Among the 200 patients, 65% exhibited caries, with an average DMFT score of 3.5 ± 1.2. Gingivitis was present in 80% of patients, with an average GI score of 2.7 ± 0.8. The most affected teeth by caries were the molars, while the highest gingival inflammation was observed in the interdental areas. Conclusion: Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment have a high prevalence of both caries and gingivitis. Proper oral hygiene education and regular dental check-ups are essential to prevent and manage these conditions effectively during orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral leukoplakia, a potentially precancerous lesion primarily attributed to tobacco use, poses a significant health concern worldwide. Identifying reliable prognostic markers for predicting the malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia is essential for early intervention and improved patient outcomes. This study explores the use of tissue p53 expression as a potential prognostic marker for assessing the risk of malignant transformation in individuals with tobacco-induced oral leukoplakia. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, tissue samples from 150 patients with tobacco-induced oral leukoplakia were collected and analyzed for p53 expression using immunohistochemistry. Clinical data, including age, gender, tobacco consumption history, and follow-up information, were also gathered. Patients were categorized into two groups based on p53 expression: high p53 and low p53. The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 5 years. Results: Among the 150 patients, 65 (43.3%) exhibited high p53 expression in their oral leukoplakia tissue samples, while the remaining 85 (56.7%) had low p53 expression. During the follow-up period, 20 out of 65 patients (30.8%) with high p53 expression experienced malignant transformation, whereas only 8 out of 85 patients (9.4%) with low p53 expression developed malignancies. The odds ratio for malignant transformation in the high p53 group compared to the low p53 group was 4.12 (95% CI: 1.79-9.47, p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that tissue p53 expression is a valuable prognostic marker for assessing the risk of malignant transformation in individuals with tobacco-induced oral leukoplakia. Patients with high p53 expression in their oral lesions are significantly more likely to experience malignant transformation compared to those with low p53 expression. These findings underscore the importance of regular monitoring and early intervention for individuals with high p53 expression to reduce the risk of oral cancer development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Third molar surgery is a common dental procedure often associated with significant postoperative pain. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of three commonly used analgesic agents, ketorolac, tramadol, and flupirtine, in managing postoperative pain following third molar surgery. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 150 patients who underwent third molar extraction. The patients were divided into three groups, with 50 patients in each group. Group A received ketorolac 10 mg orally every 6 hours, Group B received tramadol 50 mg orally every 6 hours, and Group C received flupirtine 100 mg orally every 8 hours for 72 hours post-surgery. Pain intensity was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS), and the total analgesic consumption was recorded. Adverse effects were monitored throughout the study period. Results: The mean pain scores at different time intervals (0-24 hours, 24-48 hours, and 48-72 hours) were significantly lower in the ketorolac group compared to the tramadol and flupirtine groups (p < 0.05). The total analgesic consumption in the ketorolac group was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in the tramadol and flupirtine groups. Adverse effects were mild and comparable among the three groups. Conclusion: Ketorolac demonstrated superior analgesic efficacy in the management of postoperative pain following third molar surgery when compared to tramadol and flupirtine. It also resulted in reduced analgesic consumption and had a similar safety profile. Therefore, ketorolac may be considered the preferred analgesic agent for patients undergoing third molar surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the incidence and severity of postoperative pain following root canal treatment in nonvital pulps with hand and rotary instrumentation techniques in Chhattisgarh population. Materials and Methods: Sixty asymptomatic single-canaled nonvital teeth were selected and were divided into two groups of 30 each. Group I: 30 single-canalled teeth were treated in a single visit and prepared with hand file system. Group II: 30 single-canaled teeth treated in a single visit and prepared with K3-rotary file system. Group I and II were divided into two subgroups of 15 each (Group IA, IB and Group IIA, IIB) which were irrigated with 2% chlorhexidine and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, respectively. The patients were recalled at 24, 48, and 72 h and at 1 week to record the incidence and severity of postoperative pain by using visual analog scale. Results: Results showed low incidence and severity of postoperative pain following a single-visit treatment with rotary instrumentation when compared to hand instrumentation technique. No statistical significant difference was observed between the groups at different time intervals, i.e., at 24, 48, and 72 h and at 1 week. The use of recent endodontic techniques and devices reduces the postoperative pain. Conclusions: Postoperative pain after root canal treatment ranged from mild to severe and it can happen even after high-standard root canal treatment. There is low incidence and severity of postoperative pain following a single-visit treatment with rotary instrumentation when compared to hand instrumentation technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the prevalence of pulp stones in patients with impacted canines. Materials and Methods: Total of 642 CBCT scans of patients with a mean age 41.2 ± 12.5 years were interpreted by two qualified observers for presence of pulp stones and impacted canines. In order to check the intraobserver variations, the same evaluators repeated measurements after 2 weeks. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 21.0 (Chicago, USA) by applying chi-square. The reliability of measurements was evaluated by kappa statistics. Results: Out of total 642 subjects pulp stones were observed in 380 (59.19%) patients. Out of 380 patients having pulp stones, impacted teeth were seen in 13 (3.42%) patients. Among these 13 impacted canines, 7 (1.84%) teeth were having pulp stones and 6 (1.57%) teeth were not seen with any pulp stones. Conclusion: The present study showed that the prevalence of pulp stones in impacted teeth was 1.84% and this finding indicates that pulp stones are not uncommon in impacted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Aloe vera is well known for its medicinal properties which lead to its application in treating various diseases. Its use in treating oral lesions has not been much documented in literature. Aim: Although, systematic reviews on aloe vera and its extracts have been done earlier, but in relation to oral diseases this is the first systematic review. The aim of the present systematic review was to compile evidence based studies on the effectiveness of Aloe vera in treatment of various oral diseases. Materials and Methods: Computerized literature searches were performed to identify all published articles in the subject. The following databases were used: PUBMED [MEDLINE], SCOPUS, COCHRANE DATABASE, EMBASE and SCIENCE DIRECT using specific keywords. The search was limited to articles published in English or with an English Abstract. All articles (or abstracts if available as abstracts) were read in full. Data were extracted in a predefined fashion. Assessment was done using Jadad score. Results: Fifteen studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Population of sample study ranged from 20 patients to 110 patients with clinically diagnosed oral mucosal lesions. Out of 15 studies, five were on patients with oral lichen planus, two on patients with oral submucous fibrosis, other studies were carried on patients with burning mouth syndrome, radiation induced mucositis, candida associated denture stomatitis, xerostomic patients and four were on minor recurrent apthous stomatitis. Most studies showed statistically significant result demonstrating the effectiveness of Aloe vera in treatment of oral diseases. Conclusion: Although there are promising results but in future, more controlled clinical trials are required to prove the effectiveness of Aloe vera for management of oral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To report a case of temporomandibular joint ankylosis with classic features diagnosed by conventional and advanced imaging modalities Material and Methods: A 20-year-old male patient reported with restricted mouth opening since birth. On extraoral examination, the face was symmetrical with retrognathic mandible, incompetent lips, no TMJ movement and the mouth opening was completely restricted. On intraoral examination, protrusive maxillary incisors and anterior open bite, posterior cross bite on both sides, mobility was present in all teeth. Results: Panoramic, TMJ view and CT images revealed loss of joint space due to boney fusion with large mass in both TMJ. On the basis of these findings, the case was diagnosed as bilateral bony ankylosis. Conclusion: This case report highlights the need for utilization of conventional and advanced imaging modalities as an effective diagnostic aid in the early diagnosis and the management of TMJ ankylosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Both the mechanical cleansing effect and the irrigants' capacity to disintegrate tissue are necessary for irrigation to be successful. Strong antibacterial but not poisonous to the periapical tissues and increased pulp tissue dissolution irrigant are all desirable qualities in an irrigant., Aim: To assess and compare the antibacterial properties and pulp tissue dissolving activity of various irrigation solutions., Methods and Materials: A total of 240 human mandibular permanent premolar teeth that were extracted recently for periodontal or orthodontic reasons were used in this investigation. Following irrigation, blood agar plates were used to conduct colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of the microorganism breeding colonies. Next, log CFU was computed. Before evaluating the ability of the five distinct irrigants utilized in this investigation to dissolve the frozen pulp tissues, the tissues were first smashed into smaller pieces using a mallet., Results: The bacterial count after irrigation in category 1 (normal saline), category 2 (aqueous ozone), category 3 (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)), category 4 (chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX)), category 5 (super-oxidized water), and category 6 (sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)) was 6.08 ± 0.87 log CFU mL -1 , 0.92 ± 0.89 log CFU mL -1 , 4.15 ± 0.20 log CFU mL -1 , 3.34 ± 0.46 log CFU mL -1 , 0.21 ± 0.52 log CFU mL -1 , and 0.00 ± 0.00 log CFU mL -1 , respectively., Conclusion: NaOCl has maximum antimicrobial reduction and pulp tissue dissolution property., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Background: Applying automated laser ablation procedures with pulsed, electronically administered diode laser equipment, and large-area masking results in highly aligned, uniform microstructures on these surfaces., Aim: Clinical evaluation of role of laser in soft tissue surgical guide for implant placement., Methods and Materials: This study included 30 patients with dental implants in their oral cavity. These patients were divided into two categories. Category 1: Control where laser was not used for soft tissue guide. Category 2: Laser group where laser was used for soft tissue guide. There was the evaluation of bleeding index, plaque index, probing depth, and crestal bone loss in each patient at 3-month follow-up, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up by the same clinician., Results: There was decline in values of bleeding index, plaque index, and probing depth in both control group and laser group at 3-month follow-up, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up. However, the decline in values was more pronounced in laser group. There was more increase in crestal bone loss as time progressed in control group while the increase in crestal bone loss in laser group was minimal as time progressed., Conclusion: Laser can be applied successfully in soft tissue surgical guide for implant placement as it gives better results regarding soft tissue health and crestal bone loss., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Background: Virtual surgical planning (VSG), also known as computer-assisted reconstruction, has started to become the norm for more complex patients in many centers in recent times., Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the VSG in maxillofacial reconstruction surgery., Methods and Materials: This study included 20 patients who underwent surgery for maxillofacial reconstruction. The study participants were divided into two main categories: Category 1: Conventional surgical planning (CSG). Category 2: VSG. The surgical planning in both categories, including the evaluation of volume of defect, length, width, and height of graft, to be placed., Results: The gap between defect to be reconstructed and graft placed was greater in CSG as compared to VSG. The distance of graft from actual location was lesser in VSG as compared to CSG. The findings were significant statistically. Frequency of success was 93.21% and 97.47%, respectively. The frequency of success was greater in VSG as compared to CSG., Conclusion: Virtual surgical planning is more effective in maxillofacial reconstruction surgery., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Background: One emerging and important research method for biomechanical assessments in biological investigations is the finite element analysis (FEA). It is the best technique for simulating intricate structures and examining their mechanical characteristics., Aim: This study was conducted to compare the V-shaped design and square thread design regarding their influence on the stress and strain distribution using the finite element method., Methods and Materials: Forty dental implants with two different designs were used. These designs were V-shaped design and square design. Utilizing Creo 2.0, cortical bone, cancellous bone, and implants were modeled. FEM analysis was performed on forty model assemblies., Results: It was observed that mean load 1 values for squared thread design were lesser as compared to V-shaped thread design at coronal one-third middle one-third and apical one-third in the cancellous bone as well as implant surface., Conclusion: The design of implant is an important factor influencing the stress and strain distribution using the finite element method with a square design showing reduced concentration., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Background: Genetic polymorphisms are common and contribute significantly to human illnesses., Aim: This study was carried out to evaluate the importance of genetic variations in the genes expressing cancer-metabolizing enzymes (CYP1A1 and GSTM1) in individuals experiencing oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF)., Methods and Materials: Based on the clinical and histological characteristics of OSMF, 40 patients were chosen for the study; 10 of these patients had considerable polymorphism and malignant transformation; therefore, they were placed in a different group. After receiving written agreement, 30 normal subject patients were also picked for the study. For both normal and OSMF patients, tissue samples and 2 ml of peripheral venous blood were drawn from the arm vein and placed in a heparinized test tube. Electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel was used to verify genomic DNA., Results: The GSTM1 polymorphism, CYP1A1 polymorphism was 10.41% and 15.27% in normal subjects. The GSTM1 polymorphsm, CYP1A1 polymorphism was 16.21% and 8.14% in early OSMF. The GSTM1 polymorphsm, CYP1A1 polymorphism was 20.31% and 28.56% in moderate OSMF. The GSTM1 polymorphsm, CYP1A1 polymorphism was 8.12% and 12.54% in moderate OSMF. Finally, GSTM1 polymorphism was 60.47% in OSMF+ CA, while CYP1A1 polymorphism was 40.21%. The GSTM1 gene polymorphism and CYP1A1 gene polymorphism were maximum in OSMF+ CA category., Conclusion: There is a significant role of genetic variations in the genes expressing cancer-metabolizing enzymes (CYP1A1) and GSTM1 in individuals experiencing OSMF., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Light Amplified Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is nowadays widely studied regarding their use in endodontics and restorative dentistry. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate the antibacterial activity of three types of LASERs namely CO2 LASER.Er, Cr:YSGG LASER and Diode LASER in disinfection of root canals. 70 patients (105 single rooted teeth) were included in the study. There was application of 2% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2780 nm Er,Cr:YSGG LASER, 900 nm Diode LASER and CO2 LASER. Microbial samples were collected from root canals both before and after the interventions through paper points. These parameters were evaluated in microbiology laboratory to obtain Log10 Colony Forming Units (CFUs). There was significant reduction in CFUs of microorganisms inside root canal in all three LASERs evaluated and NaOCl. The reduction in CFUs in LASERs was comparable to NaOCl. Then secondly we applied each LASER in combination with NaOCl. It was observed that reduction in CFU was greater when combination of LASER with NaOCl was applied as compared when applied alone. It can be inferred that LASER when applied with NaOCl can have significant role in disinfection of root canals., (© 2024 Biomedical Informatics.)

The salivary concentrations of alpha L fucosidase (AFU) and salic acid (SA) in oral submucous fibrosis patients and compare it with healthy controls is of interest to dentists. 40 patients of OSMF and 40 healthy controls were included. Estimation of AFU and SA in saliva and serum was carried out in every patient. The serum level of AFU was 37.4±26.8 in OSMF patients and saliva level of AFU was 35.4±14.5. The serum level of AFU was 19.2±4.3 in control group and saliva level of AFU was 35.4±14.5 in control group. The serum level of SA was 20.32±2.71 in OSMF patients and saliva level of SA was 18.21±2.40. The serum level of SA was 4.89 ±1.17 in control group and saliva level of SA was 3.13 ±1.04 in control group. Estimation of concentration of SA and AFU in saliva can be effective biomarker in diagnosis of OSMF., (© 2024 Biomedical Informatics.)

Herbal remedies have demonstrated remarkable effects as anti-diabetic, anticancer, antimicrobials, immunological modulatory agent in liver problems, respiratory illnesses, and as beauty agents. The need for more affordable, readily accessible, and alternative medicines has led to a rise in the recognition of herbal drugs. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of photosensitized curcumin fibers, Aloevera, Amla Juice and Pancha Tulsi in disinfecting guttapercha (GP) cones. It was observed that all experimental disinfectants were found to have greater antimicrobial action than the positive control in which no disinfectant was used. The order of antimicrobial action among different experimental disinfectants against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis in disinfection of GP cones was in following order PanchaTulsi>Curcumin fibers >Amla juice > Aloe vera. It was concluded that all herbal disinfectants were found to have antimicrobial effectiveness in disinfection of GP cones with Panchtulsi having maximum disinfectant ability followed by photosensitized curcumin fibres., (© 2024 Biomedical Informatics.)

Aim: The research project focuses on the creation and assessment of an innovative computer vision system designed to identify dental irregularities in individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment., Materials and Methods: To establish the computer vision system, a comprehensive dataset of dental images was collected, encompassing various orthodontic cases. The system's algorithm was trained to recognize patterns indicative of common dental anomalies, such as malocclusions, spacing issues, and misalignments. Rigorous testing and refinement of the algorithm were conducted to enhance its accuracy and reliability., Results: The validation of the system was carried out using the dental records and images of the 40 patients. The computer vision system's performance was evaluated against assessments made by experienced orthodontists. The results demonstrated a commendable level of concurrence between the system's automated detections and the orthodontists' evaluations, suggesting its potential as a valuable diagnostic tool., Conclusion: In conclusion, the development and validation of this novel computer vision system exhibit promising outcomes in its ability to automatically detect dental anomalies in orthodontic patients., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Mini-screws, also known as temporary anchorage devices (TADs), offer enhanced control and versatility in orthodontic treatment by providing stable anchorage points. This clinical study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of mini-screw-supported molar intrusion in orthodontic practice. For this clinical study, a cohort of 40 orthodontic patients with various malocclusions requiring molar intrusion as part of their treatment plan was recruited. The age range of the participants spanned from 14 to 35 years, representing a diverse patient population. The intervention involved the implementation of mini-screw-supported molar intrusion on one side of the maxillary arch in each patient. To achieve this, temporary mini-screws were strategically placed, and a combination of orthodontic forces and mini-screw anchorage was employed to intrude the molars. The primary outcome measure for this study was the amount of molar intrusion achieved, which was quantified in millimeters from the initial evaluation to the final visit. Additionally, the duration of treatment required to achieve the desired molar intrusion was recorded in months. The results of this clinical study demonstrated that mini-screw-supported molar intrusion was an effective and safe orthodontic technique. On average, a significant mean molar intrusion amount of 4.8 mm (standard deviation [SD] ± 0.6) was achieved with the mini-screw-supported approach. Furthermore, the treatment duration required to attain the desired molar intrusion was relatively short, with a mean of 6.2 months (SD ± 1.1). In conclusion, this clinical study provides evidence that mini-screw-supported molar intrusion is an effective and safe approach in orthodontic practice. It offers orthodontists the advantage of enhanced control and predictability in molar intrusion procedures., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Management of zygomatic complex fractures using closed reduction, two point open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF), closed reduction with three point ORIF and two point ORIF is of interest to dentist. 150 patients with zygomatic bone fractures between the ages of 14-60 years were included in the study. At final assessment, the percentage of stable condition was greater in closed reduction + two point ORIF and closed reduction + three point ORIF when compared to two point ORIF alone and three point ORIF alone and closed reduction alone. It was observed that stable condition was lowest in closed reduction alone. It was also observed that stable condition was lower in closed reduction + two point ORIF as compared to closed reduction + three point ORIF. It was also further noticed that stable condition was lower in two point ORIF alone as compared to three point ORIF alone. The treatment approach involving closed reduction and three point ORIF had better outcomes for management of zygomatic complex fractures., (© 2023 Biomedical Informatics.)

The impact of 5.25 percent NaOCL on the resistance offered by TruNatomy, Hero Gold and ProtaperGold against cyclic fracture as against the treatment of NiTi rotary files with distilled water is of interest to dentists. Inside the stainless steel blocks, man-made canals were created for the purpose of testing the cyclic fatigue. 60 endodontic files were taken as study specimens. It was observed that values of number of cycles to fracture in NaOCl among three file systems were in the order of TruNatomy (1053.50 ± 134.81)>Hero Gold (652.66 ± 58.66) > ProtaperGold (494.50 ± 47.69). The TruNatomy file system reflected greatest cyclic fatigue resistance. It was also found that cyclic fatigue resistance in NiTi rotary files studied here is not hampered by 5.25% NaOCl., (© 2023 Biomedical Informatics.)

Four surgical treatment modalities namely cryosurgery, scalpel and blade surgery, diode LASER surgery and CO2 LASER surgery in the management of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) in terms of healing outcomes post operatively and recurrence is evaluated. The study included sixty outpatients whose biopsies revealed OPMDs (oral lichen planus, homogeneous leukoplakia, non-homogenous leukoplakia and erythroplakia). There is decrease in post-operative pain and oedema in all four treatment categories at one week follow up and two week follow up. It was observed that pain was low in cryosurgery treatment category at day of surgery as well as at one week of follow up as compared to diode LASER and CO2 LASER. Observations from the study highlights that all four surgical modalities used in this study were effective for treatment of OPMDs, and the overall summation of the results of the study showed that cryotherapy seems to offer better clinically significant results than laser therapy., (© 2023 Biomedical Informatics.)

Evaluation of immuno-histochemical (IHC) markers like p53, p63, PDPN, C-erb-B2, CK19, and VEGF in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCCs) is of interest to dentists. Sixty formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks from the Department of Oral Pathology, New Horizon Dental College and Research, Institute, Sakri, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India. The conventional IHC method was used to assess the expression of p53, p63, PDPN, C- erb-B2, CK19 and VEGF using the different antibodies. Data shows that P53, p63 had high values of labeling index (LI) of staining while PDPN, C-erb-B2 had low values of LI of staining. The values of LI of staining for CK19, and VEGF were in between the two types of IHCs. Combining the analysis of multiple IHC markers for OSCC can yield precise cancer diagnosis results., (© 2023 Biomedical Informatics.)

Three aesthetic indices namely aesthetic component of index of orthodontic treatment needs (IOTN -AC), dental aesthetic index (DAI) and dental aesthetics screening index (DESI) were compared in orthodontic treatment. 242 participants (160 female and 82 male) who were interested in orthodontic treatment participated. The individuals' ages ranged from 16-25 years. Three aesthetic indices namely IOTN -AC, DAI and DESI were evaluated for each participant. The overall accuracy of DAI, AC-IOTN and DESI in assessment of dental aesthetics in orthodontic treatment was 62%, 68% and 64% respectively. The Negative predictive value (NPV) was higher than Positive predictive value (PPV) for all indices. The sensitivity was greater than specificity for all indices. It was observed that values of sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were high for AC-IOTN. The findings were significant statistically (p<0.05)., (© 2023 Biomedical Informatics.)

The most frequent instrument used to begin tightening screws is a manually regulated screwdriver. Regarding manually regulated screwdrivers, predicted margins of error vary between fifteen percent to forty eight percent. Mechanical Torque restricting devices can consistently produce the requisite torques. As a result, devices like wrenches are needed to achieve the desirable values of torque. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the torque difference between handheld drivers and torque wrench and thereby its effect on the internal threads of implant surface.120 blocks was prepared from an autopolymerizing type of acrylic material each with a dimension of 1 inch. The centre of each block was affixed with analogue of dental impalnts with dimensions of 3.5 mm width and 13 mm length. With 60 specimens each, these models were split into two categories: hand torque specimens category and torque wrench specimens category. A stereomicroscope was used to look at the implant analog's internal threading architecture at a magnification of 100. At the bottom and top, four threads were spaced apart by a certain amount. Biowizard software was used for the assessment, and the results were recorded. Threads on the internal surface of dental implants were produced once more following torquing the implant's impression, and the stereomicroscope was used to quantify the separation between the 4 threads. Statistics were used to correlate the readings. All study participants' hand torque as well as torque wrench measurements were documented and statistical analysis was performed on them. When there was statistical analysis of the measurements then it was observed that mean values of torque in specimens included category of manual torque application was found out to be 33.6 ± 6.510 Ncm. On the other hand the mean values of torque in specimens included in category of torque application by torque wrench were found out to be 33.57 ± 3.472 Ncm. The outcome showed operator heterogeneity for both categories and operator variance when using a manual driver to generate torque. One independent - sample t test was used to contrast the mean data between the two categories, and P< 0.05 was chosen to determine whether the intergroup difference was meaningful. Because the torque values obtained with hand tightening were uneven, it may be concluded that different levels of hand torquing skill caused the torque to fluctuate. The torque wrench device displayed the desired torque data in the range that the manufacturer had advised. However, utilising manual drivers and a mechanical torque instrument did not cause any modifications to thread on the internal surface, and it rarely underwent significant deformation during the preliminary tightening torque readings. Thus, given that manually hand regulated drivers create a range of torques, it may be inferred that the employment of mechanical torque restricting instruments should be required., (© 2023 Biomedical Informatics.)

Background: Although lip prints have been used as an evidence for human identification in forensic science, there exists a doubt about its role in gender determination., Aims: The present study was designed for documenting common patterns, as well as their variation in the study population, with objective of evaluating uniqueness of the lip print pattern among the study population, as well as to evaluate the possibility of gender determination., Study Design: Two hundred and thirty five lip prints were collected from volunteers among out patients of Darshan Dental College and Hospital, as well as community dental care camps of rural areas around Udaipur., Materials and Methods: Lip prints were recorded with transparent overlay and transferred on to a bond paper. It was then photographed using a Canon EOS 55OD 16 mega pixel digital camera. Software Picasa 3.6 and Microsoft Picture Manager were used to digitally enhance the quality and magnify the image bearing the groove pattern. Lip prints were later analyzed., Statistical Analysis: Pearson chi square test was adopted for statistical analysis and probability (P value) was calculated., Conclusion: In our study, none of the lip prints were identical, thus confirming the role of lip prints in individual identification. Dots, reticular and complex patterns were significant in gender determination.

Introduction: There has been a strong relationship between the growth rate of bone and teeth, which can be utilized for the purpose of age identification of an individual., Aims and Objective: The present study was designed to determine the relationship between the dental age, the age from dental panoramic radiography, skeletal age, and chronological age., Materials and Methods: The study included 270 individuals, averaging between 17 years and 25 years of age from out-patient department of New Horizon Dental College and Hospital, Sakri, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India, for third molar surgery. Panoramic and hand wrist radiographs were taken, the films were digitally processed for visualization of the wisdom teeth. The confirmations of ages were repeated again at an interval of 4 weeks by a radiologist. The extracted wisdom teeth were placed in 10% formalin and were examined by one dental surgeon to estimate the age on the basis of root formation. Student's t-test was adopted for statistical analysis and probability (P value) was calculated., Conclusion: Estimating the age of an individual was accurate by examining extracted third molar. Age estimation through panoramic radiography was highly accurate in upper right quadrant (mean = 0.72 and P = 0.077).