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English School (ES) is defined as a set of ideas, concepts and propositions that postulates about mutually constitutive relations between purposive agents and social structures. It is possible to develop ES into a more distinctive IR approach through mutual criticism.

English School (ES) theorists, Alex J. Bellamy and Matt McDonald, have portrayed human security as a reflection of solidarists trends. Elements from three streams of thought, pluralism, solidarism and cosmopolitanism, are to be incorporated in the ES perspective on security needs.

The major economic powers of the Western world have viewed globalization in terms of economic cooperation and interaction, free trade, movement of capital, and economic interdependence. Globalization also separates developed countries from underdeveloped and it further threatens non-Western cultures and identities. Some have suggested that it is a form of colonisation and Westernization that can be traced backed many centuries., The major powers of the Western world have developed and maintain the processes of globalization in order to sustain leading nation advantages. By defining the much used term globalization precisely, [...]

The United Nations is often viewed as an entity that infringes upon its members sovereignty. But state sovereignty has not always been respected by international society. International society has continually reinterpreted state sovereignty. The United Nations was created as part of a continual reinterpreting of state sovereignty., Recently, some analysts have accused the United Nations of eroding the sovereignty of its members. However, these critics often ignore the fact that the creation of the United Nations was [...]

The outbreak of COVID-19 in early 2020 provided cover for some states to take strict and hostile measures against refugees and asylum seekers, thereby privileging self-regarding over other-regarding or cosmopolitan-oriented policies. The hostile measures, which have included detentions, pushbacks and other refugee deterrence actions not only appeared to shake the refugee system, but they increased the vulnerability of asylum seekers and refugees who continued to be exposed to torture, drownings at sea, trafficking and sexual violence. This development, which included a fine-tuning of some measures that had been hatched before the emergence of COVID-19, appeared to set back efforts to nurture the bonds of global human solidarity and expand moral and ethical boundaries beyond state borders. However, the international refugee regime continues and is supported by many states and other international actors that seek to emphasise cosmopolitan and other-regarding policies. The resilience of the refugee system underlines the fact that international society has a practical and moral basis to challenge exclusionist policies towards asylum seekers and refugees, prevent future harm that might result from asylum deterrence policies and develop more humane forms of international refugee governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sudan's improving relations with Iran are a source of concern to both the country's neighbors and the West. The country's Islamization had progressed to the point that all government decisions were being made according to Islamic law by the late 1980s. Iran's involvement arose due to the country's regional ambitions, particularly its interest in impacting the Middle Eastern peace negotiations and in promoting Islamic fundamentalism abroad. The fact that the Sudan and Iran belong to different Islamic traditions may impede a closer connection between them.

Daniel arap Moi has been Kenya's dictator since 1978, but his tenure has been marked by corruption and disregard for civil rights. The pro-democracy movement has, however, not buckled under Moi's harassment and the first multi-party election since independence will take place by Feb 1993. Tribalism is key to Kenyan politics and this might worsen under a multiparty system. Effective power-sharing between the legislature, the executive and the provincial administration has also never been developed. There is no guarantee that the policies of Moi's opponents would be any better.

On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society, Andrew Hurrell (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 336 pp., $45 paper. This is one of the finest books [...]

The humanitarian mission which impelled the original UN intervention in Somalia has to some degree been completed, and the second UN Operation in Somalia (UNISOM II) hopes to bring about economic reconstruction and political reconciliation. Factors complicating this goal include clan leader resistance to reconciliation, disagreements among cooperating states and UNISOM's command structure. UNISOM has also tried to show enough force to compel the various factions to observe agreements. Views that this show of force has gone far enough beyond the stated UNISOM mission to qualify as a military offensive have also complicated matters.

Reviewed by Samuel M. Makinda Occasionally, a book is so controversial that it creates headlines even before it is published. Such was the case with The Great Betrayal, the memoirs [...]

Rosemary Foot, Rights Beyond Borders: The Global Community and the Struggle over Human Rights in China (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 296 pp. Michael J. Perry, The Idea of Human [...]

Tim Dunne, Inventing International Society: A History of the English School (London: Macmillan, 1998), 207 pp., 45 [pounds sterling], ISBN 0 333 64345 3 (hbk); 16.99 [pounds sterling], ISBN 0 [...]