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Dental implants are thought to be implanted for life, but throughout their lifespan, they function in aggressive oral environment, resulting in corrosion of the material itself as well as possible inflammation of adjacent tissues. Therefore, materials and oral products for people with metallic intraoral appliances must be chosen carefully. The purpose of this study was to investigate the corrosion behavior of common titanium and cobalt-chromium alloys in interaction with various dry mouth products using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The study showed that different dry mouth products lead to different open circuit potentials, corrosion voltages, and currents. The corrosion potentials of Ti64 and CoCr ranged from -0.3 to 0 V and -0.67 to 0.7 V, respectively. In contrast to titanium, pitting corrosion was observed for the cobalt-chromium alloy, leading to the release of Co and Cr ions. Based on the results, it can be argued that the commercially available dry mouth remedies are more favorable for dental alloys in terms of corrosion compared to Fusayama Meyer's artificial saliva. Thus, to prevent undesirable interactions, the individual characteristics of not only the composition of each patient's tooth and jaw structure, but also the materials already used in their oral cavity and oral hygiene products, must be taken into account.

Objective: (a) To report the xerostomia prevalence and severity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). (b) To assess the saliva pH in patients with OSA., Design: Simultaneous cohort observational clinical study., Setting: In Sleep Medicine Centre at Lomonosov Moscow State University from March to June 2019., Participants: The study was conducted on 30 patients with OSA aged from 35 to 65 years., Main Outcomes Measures: The diagnosis of sleep apnoea was made after standard polysomnography using the Domino programme. The severity of OSA was indicated using the Apnoea-Hypopnea Index. Xerostomia was evaluated using Fox's test. Hyposalivation was evaluated by measurement of salivary flow rate. Determination of the saliva pH was carried out with a pH metre. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer multi-comparison test., Results: Twenty-two out of 30 (73.3%) patients were diagnosed with "dry mouth". Hyposalivation was observed in 6 out of 30 (20%). Dry mouth on awakening was observed in 60.0%, 72.7% and 88.9% of patients with mild, moderate and severe OSA, respectively. The average salivary flow rate was 0.28 mL/min, 0.24 mL/min and 0.14 mL/min, respectively. The average pH value in patients with mild, moderate and severe apnoea was 6.40 ± 0.017, 6.15 ± 0.27 and 5.87 ± 0.24, respectively., Conclusions: In patient with mild and moderate OSA, the saliva amount and rate are similar (P > .05). With the increase of OSA severity, both these parameters change (P < .001). The acidity of the saliva was correlated with the level of OSA, and it statistically increased with the increment of the OSA severity (P < .05-P < .001)., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: The aim of the study was to study the microflora of periodontal pockets and gingival fluid; determine the qualitative composition of periodontal pathogens by PCR; to determine the main associations of microorganisms, to determine the periodontal index in patients with cement caries, external pathological resorption and in patients from the comparison group., Material and Methods: The examination included 80 patients, including 28 patients with a diagnosis of cement caries, 25 patients with a diagnosis of external cervical root resorption, 27 patients in the comparison group without tooth root damage. Based on the results of microbiological studies in various clinical conditions of the oral cavity, in particular, in different forms of lesions of the periodontium and hard tissues of teeth, the predominant microbial representatives and their combinations were identified., Results: According to the study, it was revealed that all patients with cement caries and external pathological resorption have pathological processes arising in the periodontium. The study of the qualitative composition of the microflora showed that in patients with cement caries, the following associations of microorganisms are most often found: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Prevotella intermedia , Tannerella forsythia , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Candida albicans , Treponema denticola . Patients with external pathological resorption of microorganisms were found in patients with external pathological resorption of microorganisms: Prevotella intermedia , Treponema denticola , Candida albicans , Tannerella forsythia , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Epstein-Barr virus. These periodontal pathogenic microorganisms have a wide range of pathogenicity factors, which allows them to induce a prolonged inflammatory process., Conclusion: The study of the microflora of periodontal pockets and gingival sulcus in case of caries of cement and external pathological resorption is an important link in preventing the development and aggravation of pathological conditions of hard tissues of the tooth root and periodontal tissues.

The Aim of the Study: Was to assess the efficacy of Sensodyne toothpast for the improvement of dental hypersensitivity of various origin and the duration of the achieved effect., Materials and Methods: We examined 142 patients of which 95 people had tooth sensitivity. Of these, 4 groups were formed homogeneous by age and sex. Group 1 comprised 27 people (average age 34±3 years) with I grade dental abrasion. Group 2 comprised 23 people (average age 33±5 years) with II grade dental abrasion. Group 3 consisted of 23 people (average age 37±4 years) with grade 3 abrasion with gingival recession of varying severity. Group 4 (comparison) comprised 22 people (mean age 36±4 years) with tooth hypersensitivity who were offered a different toothpaste. The severity of hyperesthesia was assessed using the Schiff method., Results: The study revealed statistically significant decrease in dental sensitivity in all studied groups. The first positive results were noted by day 3. The maximum effect was achieved by day 30 regardless of the etiology of the primary pathology. The hypersensitivity decreased in group 1 from 1.69±0.59 to 0.48±0.20 (by 71.5%), in group 2 from 1.78±0.88 to 0.3±0.22 (by 83.1%), in group 3 from 1.94±0.6 to 0.35±0.17 (by 82%). The duration of the effect obtained was 60 days. In the comparison group, the symptom of hyperesthesia decreased by 51% after 30 days with gingival recession and increased abrasion of hard tissues when using another toothpaste. The achieved effect of reducing hyperesthesia was less stable. At day 60 it decreased by 30% from the maximum value., Conclusion: The study proved the high efficiency of the Sensodyne toothpaste as a home remedy for symptomatic treatment of hyperesthesia.

Minimally invasive (MI) concepts in restorative dentistry in the year 2020 request from the practitioner not only a scientifically supported rationale for carious tissue removal/excavation and defect-oriented, biological cavity preparation, but also a deep understanding of how to ensure a biomechanically stable and durable restoration in different clinical situations by applying different restorative options. Bio-interactive materials play an increasingly relevant role, as they not only replace diseased or lost tissue, but also optimise tissue mineral recovery (among other properties) when used in restorative and preventive dentistry. Indeed, this is of certain interest in MI restorative dentistry, especially in those cases where gap formation jeopardises the integrity of the margins along resin composite restorations, causing penetration of bacteria and eventually promoting the formation of secondary caries. Recently, the interest in whether ion-releasing materials may reduce such biofilm penetration into margin gaps and reduce such a risk for development and propagation of secondary caries is growing significantly among clinicians and scientists. The aim of this article was to explore mechanisms involved in the process that allow mineral deposition at the interface between such materials and dentine, and to describe how conventional 'bioactive' restorative materials currently available on the market may benefit treatments in MI dentistry.

The present study aimed to assess the influence of centrifugation and inoculation time on the number, distribution, and viability of intratubular bacteria and surface monospecies E. faecalis biofilm., Materials and Methods: Forty-four semicylindrical specimens cut from primary (n = 22) and permanent (n = 22) bovine teeth were randomly assigned to the experimental groups. Teeth of each type were inoculated with E. faecalis with and without centrifugation for 1 and 14 days. The number, localization, viability of bacteria and depth of their penetration were assessed with bacterial culturing of dentin shavings, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser electron microscopy (CLSM). Three-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test were used to assess the influence of different experimental setups on dentin infection., Results: Severe dentin infection was observed in permanent and deciduous teeth after centrifugation and 1-day incubation: bacteria reached the full length of dentinal tubules and colony-forming units were too numerous to count. The volume of green fluorescence didn't differ significantly in permanent teeth compared with deciduous (p = 1.0). After 1-day stationary inoculation, small number of cultivable bacteria and few viable bacteria in dentinal tubules were found in both groups. After 14-day stationary inoculation, the dentin infection according to CLSM was deeper in deciduous teeth compared with permanent (p = 0.006 and p = 0.019 for centrifugation and stationary inoculation, respectively)., Conclusion: The most even and dense dentin infection was observed in primary and permanent bovine teeth after centrifugation and 1-day inoculation, and in deciduous teeth after 14-day stationary inoculation., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interests., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: This study aimed at assessing the quantitative effect of calcium hydroxide, 2% chlorhexidine gel, and 1.5% chlorhexidine linked to xanthan gel specifically against intratubular bacteria., Methods and Materials: Fifty-two semi-cylindrical bovine dentin specimens were infected with Enterococcus (E.) faecalis by centrifugation with subsequent 7-days incubation. The surface of specimens was disinfected with 3% H 2 O 2 . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and the count of bacterial colony-forming units (CFU/mg) were used to assess dentin infection. A total of 40 specimens were incubated for 2 weeks with one of the intracanal medication applied (10 samples for each group): 1) calcium hydroxide, 2) 2% chlorhexidine gel, 3) 1.5% chlorhexidine linked to xanthan gel and 4) sterile saline. Final passive ultrasonic irrigation with 3% sodium hypochlorite was performed in half of the total specimens. The effect of intracanal medications and irrigation against intratubular bacteria was assessed by bacterial culturing of dentin shavings. Two-Way ANOVA model was applied followed by post-hoc Tukey's test for multiple pair-wise comparisons of mean CFU/mg values., Results: SEM, CLSM, and bacterial culturing confirmed the absence of the surface biofilm on the root canal wall and showed vital intratubular bacteria at the depth up to 700  m. Two-week application of 1.5% chlorhexidine with xanthan gel and 2% chlorhexidine gel significantly decreased intratubular bacterial counts compared with saline ( P =0.0003 and P =0.0005, respectively). Subsequent passive ultrasonic irrigation with 3% sodium hypochlorite significantly reduced the number of intratubular bacteria in all groups except for the group with 1.5% chlorhexidine-xanthan gel ( P =0.0054)., Conclusion: This modified ex vivo model study showed ultrasonically activated irrigation with sodium hypochlorite had greater effect on intratubular bacteria counts compared with 2-week application of intracanal medications., Competing Interests: ‘None declared’.

Chronic maxillary atelectasis (CMA) is a progressive alteration in the volume of the maxillary sinuses that may result in facial asymmetry. CMA in asymptomatic patients is known as silent sinus syndrome (SSS) and is a rare entity, especially in pediatric patients. This study reports a case of SSS in a pediatric patient who received an early diagnosis through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). An asymptomatic 12-year-old female patient in orthodontic treatment presented with opacification of the left maxillary sinus on a panoramic radiograph. Clinically, the patient had discrete hypoglobus and enophthalmos. CBCT and nasal video-endoscopy revealed ostiomeatal obstruction with bone deformity, leading to diagnosis of SSS. Endonasal endoscopic maxillary sinusotomy was performed. Two years later, the patient remained asymptomatic, and a second CBCT exam confirmed a stable condition. This case highlights the role of optimal radiographic interpretation for early diagnosis of maxillofacial alterations in pediatric patients.

This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a novel silver-citrate root canal irrigation solution (BioAKT) on smear layer removal, sealer penetration after root canal instrumentation and antibacterial activity. Single-root teeth were endodontically treated, sealed with an epoxi-amine resin sealer and irrigated using: Group I: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); Group II: silver-citrate solution (BioAKT); Group III: phosphate buffer solution (PBS); Group IV: 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Smear layer removal and silver deposition at the coronal, middle and apical portion of each canal were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Sealer penetration into dentinal tubules at coronal, middle and apical portion was assessed through dye-assisted confocal microscopy (CSM). Both SEM and CSM micrographs were evaluated by two examiners (κ = 0.86), who were blind to the irrigation regimens; scores were given according to the degree of penetration of the sealer. Data analysis included Pearson's x 2 and Sidak's multiple comparisons. Dentin discs were polished and sterilized. Enterococcus faecalis biofilms were grown using a continuous-flow bioreactor under anaerobic conditions for 72 h. Specimens were irrigated with the tested solutions, and bacterial viability was assessed using a tetrazolium salt assay (MTT). Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA and Student's post-hoc t-test (p < 0.05). BioAKT and EDTA were the most efficient solutions both in removing the smear layer and allowing sealer penetration. However, at the apical portion BioAKT performed significantly better compared to EDTA both in smear layer removal and sealer penetration (p < 0.05). BioAKT and NaOCl showed comparable antibacterial effect (p = 0.53). In conclusion, BioAKT represents a suitable smear layer removal agent, which allows for reliable sealer penetration at the apical portion of the root canal system and offers significant antibacterial properties.

Basing on the analysis of 165 pregnant women with confirmed diagnosis of periodontal disease the structure of inflammatory periodontal diseases and periodontal status of pregnant women during gestation has been studied considering the influence of various factors on the dynamics of several periodontal and hygiene indices. The study proved a significant age-related deterioration of the periodontal status of pregnant women due to hormonal changes in the gestational period.

Objectives: To compare the accuracy of cone-beam CT ex vivo and in vivo for the detection of artificially created large and small vertical root fractures in extracted teeth restored with post-core., Methods: Individual metal cast post-cores were fixed in the root canals of 50 extracted single-rooted human teeth. In 30 teeth fractures were created by tapping posts with a hammer. The teeth were sterilised in autoclave and embedded into bite-plates made of silicon impression material. Cone-beam CT scanning was performed ex vivo and in vivo . For the in vivo scanning, teeth in sterile plastic bags were inserted into the mouths of volunteers. Then the teeth were sectioned with low-speed saw and the widths of the VRFs were measured microscopically. The teeth were distributed into 2 groups in accordance with the measured fractures' widths: large (wider than 180-250 µm) and small (80-150 µm). Five observers assessed the presence of vertical root fractures on axial CBCT slices. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and inter examiner agreement were calculated., Results: The accuracy of cone-beam CT in vitro for large and small vertical root fractures detection was 0.56 and 0.40 respectively ( p = 0.043). The sensitivity values were 0.53 and 0.27 for large and small vertical root fractures, respectively ( p = 0.043). The visualisation of fracture lines in vivo was impossible in 90 % of cases, because of low image quality. Inter examiner reliability analysis showed κ values ranging from 0.02 to 0.54., Conclusions: Fracture width affected the in vitro detectability of vertical root fractures by cone-beam CT in teeth with metal cast post-cores. The detectability of root fractures in vivo was decreased because of low image quality, making the assessment of sound tooth tissue impossible.

Aim: To compare the in vivo accuracy of CBCT for the detection of fracture lines versus the diagnosis of vertical root fractures (VRFs) according to characteristic patterns of associated bone resorption., Methodology: Eighty-eight patients with symptoms typical of VRFs in root filled teeth, who underwent a CBCT examination and later had the teeth extracted, were divided into two groups: the fracture group (n = 65) and the control group (n = 23). Five blinded observers assessed the CBCT images in two sessions. During the first session, they were asked to state the diagnosis according to the CBCT and clinical data. During the second session after 2 weeks, they assessed only axial slices and were asked to detect a fracture line. The mean CBCT specificity, sensitivity, accuracy values and area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve were calculated and compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test., Results: The average sensitivity of CBCT for the diagnosis of VRFs was 0.84 ± 0.2. The accuracy and AUC values were 0.81 ± 0.08 and 0.84 ± 0.17, respectively. The sensitivity, accuracy and AUC values for the detection of VRFs were significantly lower: 0.17 ± 0.24 (P = 0.042), 0.54 ± 0.07 (P = 0.043), and 0.52 ± 0.09 (P = 0.043), respectively. The specificity of CBCT for the detection and diagnosis of VRFs did not differ significantly (P = 0.50)., Conclusion: Cone-beam computed tomography was helpful in VRF diagnosis even when it was not possible to visualize the fracture line., (© 2019 International Endodontic Journal. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aim: To assess the efficacy of additional oral hygiene products in patients with gingival recession., Material and Methods: 30 patients aged from 18 to 35 years with gingival recession participated in the study. The patients were distributed into 2 groups 15 patients in each depending on the use of brushes. The patients in the first group used manual toothbrush Curaprox CS 5460 together with single-tufted brush Curaprox CS 1006 as an additional means of oral hygiene. The patients in the second (control) group used only manual toothbrush Curaprox CS 5460., Results: No significant differences in the values of Silness-Löe and Navy-Rustogi indixes between groups were found at initial examination (p=0.713). However, the values of these hygienic indexes were significantly lower in the first group compared to the control group after 1 week and 1 month of the study (p<0.001). It was shown that oral hygiene in patients with gingival recession was significantly better in case of use of single-tufted brush., Conclusion: Maximal efficacy of oral hygiene in patients with gingival grade 1 recession can be achieved by using manual toothbrush Curaprox CS 5460 together with single-tufted brush Curaprox CS 1006.

The aim of the study is to determine the optimal properties of toothpaste for patients receiving occlusal splint therapy. The study comprised 50 people with full dentition (21 male and 29 female) divided into two groups. The main group included 25 individuals receiving occlusal splint therapy while 25 people who did not use splints were recruited as controls. Each group was further divided into two subgroups according to toothpaste used for regular oral hygiene. Examinations were performed after 14, 30 and 90 days using hygienic indices of NCI-C and Turesky and PMA gingival index. The combined effect of toothpaste was estimated by the change in the volume and acidity of saliva. The results suggest a better level of hygiene in the group I, which used toothpaste with sodium bicarbonate and silica.

Purpose: Based on the datas available in the modern literature, to conduct a study on the effect of dental diseases on the course of pregnancy and outcome; mainly, the impact of periodontal disease on the low birth weight of the newborn and premature birth., Material and Methods: This article is based on the study of materials from foreign and domestic studies found in the databases Pubmed and Elibrary. Literature data were used for the last 15 years., Results: The majority of pregnant women who are not receiving due dental examination and suffering with those or other diseases of the oral cavity have an unfavorable outcome of pregnancy, including premature births and low weight of the premature newborn. The role of the chronic effect of oral microorganisms Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Fusobacterium nudeatum, as well as local increase in prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), in the implementation of the inflammatory reaction leading to a decrease in the weight of the fetus by 15-18%., Conclusion: Due to the conducted research it was established that periodontal diseases and other infectious diseases of the oral cavity negatively affect the course of pregnancy and its outcome. The main problems were the lack of women's health education in terms of preparing for pregnancy and sanitation of foci of infection in the oral cavity both before pregnancy and at the time, as well as poor access to the dentist and not receiving proper prevention and, if necessary, treatment of oral diseases.

The purpose of our study was to assess the efficiency of toothpaste 'Intensive strengthening of supersensitive teeth with nano-GAP' INNOVA and the suspension 'Liquid Enamel' INNOVA on the sensitivity of teeth with gingival recession. We examined 40 people aged 20-25 years. Each group consisted of 20 people: 10 women, 10 men. The first group (observations) used the paste and the suspension for 14 days, and the second group (comparisons) cleaned teeth only with a brush without a paste. Schiff aerial test was performed to assess the rate of hypersensitivity. As a result of the study, it was found that the combination of paste and liquid suspension with nano-hydroxyapatite for 14 days effectively reduced the hypersensitivity of the teeth with gingival recession that was shown by a statistically significant decrease in the Schiff index in the observation group. Thus, this combination is the method of choice in the treatment of hyperesthesia and can be used as an alternative substitute therapy.

The Purpose of the Study: determination of the optimal parameters of the action of various types of current, which have the most pronounced irritating effect on the receptor apparatus of the tooth pulp. The study involved 102 volunteers aged 19 to 72 years (53 females and 49 males). The study was conducted on 217 teeth: 86 molars, 25 premolars, 19 canines and 98 incisors. 137 (63%) teeth were intact, in 48 (22%) teeth caries were found, in 32 (15%) teeth there was pulpitis or teeth were depulpated. Electroexcitability of the teeth was determined with the help of various types of electric current: an impulse variable, an impulse constant and a sinusoidal variable. The optimal current for carrying out an electroodontodiagnosis proved to be sinusoidal variable current with a frequency of 50 Hz. This current does not cause polarization of tissues, it is easy to dose, it causes a clear, but not painful sensation, gives the smallest spread of the indicators during repeated studies. The obtained results allowed formulating requirements for electroodontodiagnosis devices.

Aim: Comparison of different interdental aids efficiency in patients with healthy periodontium., Methods: A non-randomized controlled split-mouth study was carried out in 25 young adults with healthy periodontium. The mouth was divided into 4 quadrants. All the participants used manual toothbrush. Additional hygienic aids included SPS prime (Curaprox) interdental in quadrant 1 brushes, dental floss (Curaprox) in quadrant 2, unituft toothbrush (Curaprox) in quadrant 3, no interdental aids were used in quadrant 4. The oral hygiene efficiency was assessed after 4 weeks with Silness-Loe Plaque Index (PI) and Rustogi et al. Modified Navy Plaque Index (RMNPI)., Results: After 4 weeks the mean value of PI decreased from 1.2±0.27 to 0.7±0.28, the mean value of RMNPI decreased from 0.7±0.11 to 0.5±0.16. At the primary examination, there was no statistically significant difference of PI and RMNPI values between the quadrants. After 4 weeks, ANOVA test demonstrated significant difference between the quadrants. The minimal PI and RMNPI values were determined in quadrant 1 (0.4±0.16 and 0.3±0.11, respectively). The maximal PI and RMNPI values were determined in quadrant 4 (1.0±0.21 and 0.6±0.14, respectively). There was no significant difference between quadrants 2 and 3., Conclusion: In limitations of this study, the maximal oral hygiene efficiency was achieved with use of manual toothbrush combined with interdental brush.

The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of penetration of Escherichia coli bacteria into the dentinal tubules of the samples and determine the antimicrobial efficacy after 5 and 20 min exposition of 3% H 2 O 2 (groups I and II) and 1 and 5 min exposition of 3% NaOCl (groups III and IV) for surface disinfection of bovine teeth. The samples were subjected to inoculation with E. coli suspension. The quality of disinfection was assessed with the three methods. The surface disinfection of samples proved to be effective only in groups II and IV. In the cultures of all dissolutions of dentinal chips suspensions in groups I, III and V there was a growth of E. coli in the form of a continuous pitch. In the group II a growth of Escherichia coli was revealed only in the initial dissolution in the quantity 1,8x10 1 CFU/ml, whereas in the group IV the growth was nil. Quantitative estimation of bacterial penetration using the method of maximum dissolutions revealed similar quantity of bacteria as in the group II as well as in the calculation of CFU. The application of 3% solution of H 2 O 2 with the exposition of 20 minutes secures the qualitative surface disinfection of teeth without destruction of bacteria inside dental tubules and that allows to discover viable bacteria inside dentinal tubules.

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of toothpastes containing hydroxyapatite and fluoride on enamel caries resistance and remineralization rate. Study groups comprised 160 patients divided in 2 groups of 80 patients: 40 - at the age of 15-17 and 40 at the age of 18-25 who have been using toothpastes with hydroxyapatite and fluoride during 1 year. The plaque determination was carried out with the use of OHI-S and Turesky indexes. Litmus test pieces were used to determine oral fluid pH. The clinical determination of enamel remineralization rate, dynamics of acid resistance of enamel were carried out. Oral hygiene at baseline examination was poor in both groups. After oral hygiene training, there was a tendency towards indexes decrease more pronounced in the 18-25 age group regardless of the composition of the toothpastes used. Mean baseline oral fluid pH in the observation group was 6.5±0.4, in the comparison group - 6.8±0.4. By the end of the trial there was a tendency towards the increase of the oral fluid pH, which were 7.3±0.3 and 7.7±0.3, respectively. The enamel acid resistance of the patients of the observation group was significantly higher (p>0.05) compared with the group of patients using fluoride toothpaste, as well as the proportion of patients in whom the enamel recovery occurred within 24 hours (47.5% vs. 22.5%, respectively).

The purpose of our study was to identify false xerostomies in students of different nationalities studying at the Faculty of Dentistry of the Sechenov University and to assess the effectiveness of Splat Oral Care Foam 2 in 1 against xerostomia stress-induced. Based on the results of Fox test 40 people were selected who used Splat Oral Care Foam 2 in 1 for three weeks. The participants were divided in 4 groups of 10 depending on the nationality. Oral hygiene was assessed by OHI-S and Silness-Loe indices and saliva was collected by the method of M.M. Pozharitskaya to determine salivation rate. It was found that the use of Splat Oral Care Foam 2 in 1 significantly improves the level of oral hygiene and positively affects the rate of salivation, thereby improving the quality of life.

Effect on cariogenic flora is the key toremineralizing therapy efficacy in treatment of initial caries (at the white spot stage). Ozone in dentistry is used as a highly effective antibacterial agent. Treatment of white spot lesions with the ozone-air mixture leads to significant increase of efficacy in non-invasive treatment of initial caries., Objective: clinical and microbiological assessment of antibacterial efficacy of ozone therapy in treatment of caries at the white spot stage., Material and Methods: The trial recruited 86 patients for non-invasive treatment of caries at the white spot stage which included the complex of professional oral hygiene, medicamental treatment of white spot lesions with hydrogen peroxide 3% and chlorhexidinedigluconate 0,2%, treatment with the ozone-air mixture and application of hydroxyapatite Са2+. Material for microbiological study was received before the treatment, after the complex of professional oral hygiene and medicamental treatment of white spot lesions conducted as well as after the treatment with the ozone-air mixture., Results: Before the treatment up to 16 kinds of microorganisms on the surface of white spot lesion were detected with the following shares: S. mutans (19.9%), S. salivarius (15.1%), S. epidermidis (8.7%), S. mitis (6.5%), Lactobacillus (6.5%) and different kinds of staphylococci (10.8%). After the complex of professional oral hygiene and medicamental treatment conducted decrease in number of cariogenic microorganisms was indicated as follows: S. mutans - from 1·105 to 1·104, S. salivarius - from 1·107 to 1·106, S. epidermidis - from 1·105 to 1·104, S. mitis - from 1·104 to 1·103, Lactobacillus - from 1·104 tо 1·103. After the treatment of tooth enamel with the ozone-air mixture increase in microorganisms was not observed. The efficacy of ozone on cariogenic microorganisms exceeds significantly the efficacy of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 0,2% chlorhexidinedigluconate., Conclusion: It is strongly advisable to include ozone in protocol of non-invasive treatment of initial dental caries.

The paper presents some aspects of professional growth, continuous education and working conditions of female dentists having impact on treatment quality and dental service state in general. Questionnaire survey was carried out in 124 dentists, both male and female, aged 22 to 60 years. The study revealed gender asymmetry influencing their competitive ability, physical and emotional well-being.

The aim of the study was to reveal correlation of dental morphology and bioelectric activity of masticatory muscles. The study included 76 young adults (47.4% females and 52.6% males) divided in 3 groups according to dental morphology features: intact teeth (26 patients), dental decay in fissures with intact cusps (25 patients), pronounced dental decay with varying degree of crown destruction (25 patients). Electromyography (EMG) was used to document the bioelectric activity (BEA) of temporal and masticatory muscles. The study showed high level of correlation of destructive teeth changes with BEA of masticatory muscles. Intragroup correlation proved direct link of BEA to the number of decayed teeth. EMG activity differed significantly between groups 2 and 3. There was no statistically significant difference between groups 3 and 1 mostly because of high variability of BEA in group 3. Relative activity of temporal and masticatory muscles increased in groups 2 and 3 by 2 and 4% and 38 and 19%, correspondingly. There was no significant impact of gender or emotional status on masticatory muscles BEA.

The article describes in detail and examines the prospects of such methods as electroodontodiagnosis, diathermocoagulation and apex-phoresis. It proves the necessity of development and standardization of devices for the mentioned treatment modalities that will improve the effectiveness an quality of caries complications treatment.

Aims: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for the detection of artificially induced vertical root fractures (VRFs) of different widths in vitro and in vivo., Methodology: Vertical root fractures were induced in 25 extracted nonendodontically treated single-rooted human teeth (maxillary first premolars, maxillary canines and mandibular incisors). Twenty teeth without VRFs served as a control group. CBCT scanning (3D Accuitomo 170) was performed in vitro and in vivo. For the in vivo scanning, teeth were autoclaved, embedded into bite plates, placed in sterile plastic bags and then inserted into the mouths of volunteers. Teeth with VRFs were sectioned into axial slices and examined using a stereomicroscope to measure the widths of the VRFs. Five observers assessed the presence of VRFs using axial CBCT. Values for sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and interexaminer agreement were calculated., Results: The accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of CBCT were significantly higher in vitro than in vivo for VRFs with widths 50-150 μm (P < 0.05). The sensitivity and accuracy of CBCT were significantly higher for the detection of VRFs with widths greater than 150 μm in vivo and in vitro (P < 0.05). The accuracy of CBCT in vivo was 0.29 and 0.8 for fracture widths ranging from 50 to 150 μm and wider than 150 μm, respectively. No significant differences in CBCT specificity were found between VRF widths both in vitro and in vivo. The interexaminer reliability of the raters revealed a kappa value of 0.72, demonstrating substantial agreement., Conclusion: The detectability of VRFs by CBCT in vitro and in vivo was dependent upon fracture width. The accuracy of CBCT in detecting VRFs of 50-300 μm width in vivo was significantly lower compared to the in vitro accuracy., (© 2015 International Endodontic Journal. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The review sought to describe the main risk factors for vertical root fracture predisposition in teeth after root canal treatment: altered mechanical characteristics of dentine due to loss of moisture and use of aggressive irrigation agents, insufficient amount of remaining dentine tissue after mechanical preparation of root canals, damage to the remaining tooth structure due to the effects of posts of different materials. According to the reviewed studies it is difficult to reveal the main factor predisposing to vertical root fractures. It is likely that in each case there is an interaction of several factors.

Unlabelled: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of external root anatomy, time of irrigation and the rate of mechanical enlargement of root canals on root fracture resistance. Thirty six bovine teeth were decoronated and divided into 2 groups: with round and oval forms of axial root slices. The root canals were mechanically enlarged according to standard protocol and prepared for post placement. Individual cast posts were made for each tooth, the diameter of posts comprised 1/2 or 1/3 of the root diameter in different subgroups. After mechanical enlargement, the canals were irrigated with 3% sodium hypochlorite for 10 or 60 minutes in different subgroups. The teeth with posts were subjected to static vertical load by universal testing machine with the speed of 1 mm per minute. The load that had led to fracture initiation was noted. Analysis of variances was used to assess the statistical significance of the, Results: No statistically significant differences were found between the groups with different protocols of mechanical preparation and irrigation. Teeth with round axial root slice were significantly less susceptible to fractures than ones with oval shape of axial root slice taking into consideration the protocols of mechanical preparation and irrigation.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of toothpaste «Apadent Total Care» containing nanocalciumhydroxyapatite and its influence on caries resistance of tooth enamel and teeth sensitivity. The study involved 30 people: 15 patients aged 17-25 years and 15 aged 35-44 years. Study participants used «Apadent Total Care» toothpaste with nanocalciumhydroxyapatite. To evaluate the effectiveness of toothpastes clinical assessment of enamel remineralization rate was carried out, as well as the dynamics of enamel acid resistance and teeth sensitivity (Shiff index). Clinical evaluation of tooth enamel before the procedure and after 3 months of use of toothpaste with nanohydroxyapatite showed the improvement of all indices. Time for complete remineralisation of enamel in both groups did not exceed 3 days. Acid resistance of tooth enamel increased by 1.65 in group I and 1,75 in group II. The Schiff index after 3 months of using «Apadent» toothpaste also decreased in both groups.

The analysis of scientific literature on the peculiarities of the dental status of organized groups and professional associations. After reviewing the literature, it becomes clear that the studies carried out in organized groups and professional societies are very relevant today, because the prevalence of dental diseases among them remains high, fueled by a number of factors: habitat, diet, lifestyle, occupational hazards, particularly hygienic oral care. Nowadays there is no information about the features of the dental status among the clergy, whose professional activity is connected with direct close contact with people. This profession covers a large number of our population. The research of certain groups is of special interest, since a number of different factors affect dental health.

Unlabelled: The aim of the study was the development of approaches to improve the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in dental practice on the basis of determining the sensitivity of pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotics of different groups., Material and Methods: The study included determination of the sensitivity of the microbial complexes from wound exudate of periodontal pocket and apical abscess to macrolides, quinolones, penicillins, lincosamides and 5-nitroimidazole. A survey of dentists and dental clinics patients to identify the cause and frequency of use of antibiotics and to identify possible adverse reactions was also conducted., Results: Dentists prefer macrolide antibiotics, protected penicillins, and fluoroquinolone combined with 5-nitroimidazole. All patients have taken antibiotics themselves at least once a year. Microbial complexes in patients with acute and exacerbated apical periodontitis in 79% of cases are susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, to azithromycin - 52%, lincomycin - 36%, 5-nitroimidazole - 68%, ciprofloxacin - 73.7%. In patients with apical abscess high rates of resistance of microbial complexes to all types of antibiotics was revealed (33% for lincomycin 76,1% for ciprofloxacin, 28,6% for 5-nitroimidazole). Patients with moderate to severe periodontitis in 90.5% are sensitive to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and azithromycin, in 62.4% to lincomycin. Sensitivity to ciprofloxacin was detected in 85.7% of patients, in 14.3% - moderate resistance.

The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility and precision of vertical root fracture diagnostics by cone beam CT (CBCT). Vertical root fractures were simulated in 25 sound teeth extracted because of orthodontic and periodontal reasons and examined by CBCT. The roots were then sectioned in corresponding planes and fractures were assessed microscopically. CBCT sensitivity and precision was significantly higher for visualization of vertical fractures >150 µm when compares to fractures <50 µm with no difference in specificity. CBCT is an effective tool for vertical root fractures detection.

For patients with coronary heart disease oral hygiene and treatment of oral mucosa inflammatory changes and periodontal disease are of vital importance. Dental status assessment in 110 patients hospitalized in cardiology department revealed that they all suffered from periodontal disease, diseases of teeth and oral mucosa. In 100% of cases it was necessary to improve oral hygiene. Inclusion in everyday hygienic oral care of toothpaste and mouthwash Bluem reduced the severity of inflammatory changes and improved the hygienic condition of the oral cavity.

The research includes an investigation of the tap water in different districts of Moscow. It was found out that Moscow tap water contains little fluoride, the difference between districts and okrugs is of no consequence. There is no centralized water fluoridization in Moscow therefore the authors suggest using bottled potable water with sufficient fluoride level. The fluoride concentration in one hundred of the most popular and wide-spread bottled potable water labels was examined. High in fluoride and low in fluoride labels were identified as well as the labels with the optimal fluoride content. Some practical guidelines for selection of bottled potable water depending on the quantity of liquid consummation were elaborated.

Antiplaque/antigingivitis effect of an alcohol-free mouthrinse Parodontocid were evaluated by randomized parallel group clinical trial. Sixty patients with gingivitis were clinically examined to determine PHP, RMNPI and PMA indexes. After professional dental prophylaxis, subjects were randomly assigned in two groups to 10 days oral hygiene program. Group 1 patients used only toothbrush and prophylactic toothpaste while in group 2 persons used Parodontocid in conjunction with normal brushing and flossing.Parodontocid significantly reduced plaque and gingivitis compared to negative control.

There are a number of reasons that lead to inadequate salivation or complete cessation of salivation. Among others, one of the main can be systemic diseases like Sjögren's syndrome, and the use of medication and radiation therapy. When affected by Xerostomia, oral mucosa requires constant moisturizing. Medicaments stimulating saliva secretion and moisturizers for oral mucosa alleviate symptoms in most of the cases. LABORATORIOS KIN S.A. is a Spanish company offering a mouth moisturizing products' line, among others, KIN HIDRAT toothpaste and KIN HIDRAT spray with a formulation close to natural saliva.

420 foreign first year students of Peoples' Friendship University of Russia from different regions of the world were examined for oral health status. The main dental indexes were analyzed and recommendations for dental diseases prevention and treatment were given for each region group. For students from Africa the leading direction is caries prevention. Students from Middle East and Latin America need in caries treatment and endodontic treatment. The main problem of students from Asia is periodontal diseases.

In this article the results of laboratory studies that evaluated the marginal adaptation of restorative materials after the preparation of the cavity with different tools in vitro were presented.

Defects near gingiva--a common pathology of dental hard tissue, which adversely affects the health of marginal periodontium. Subgingival tooth cavity is the retention factor for parodontopatogenic microorganisms. Chronic inflammation in the marginal periodontium in response to microbial invasion may lead to local periodontitis (periodontal pocket/gingival recession). Treatment of defects near gingiva should include the removal of the main etiological factors of disease: supraocclusion, bad habits, normalization of individual oral hygiene. Substitution therapy is the defect filling. The most suitable filling material on physicochemical and mechanical properties of composite recognized. Treatment of gingival defects is carried out after surgical correction of gingiva. Optimal conditions are achieved using the sealing hemostatic and retraction paste.

Research is aimed at studying the efficacy and characteristics of various finishing strips. The data on the finishing strips line were classified and analyzed. The efficacy assessment was based on clinical study and scanning electronic microscopy. Various types of finishing strips were identified to have different efficacy degree which affects the clinical and functional guides.

The new oral hygienic foam Splat Oral Care Foam 2 in 1 was clinically tested. Oral hygiene improvement by regular using of oral foam was defined. Saliva pH normalization by using of oral foam after meal was detected. Oral Care Foam 2 in 1 improves efficiency of gingivitis treatment and reduces terms of adaptation to fixed and removable dentures.

A new method of color quality control based on spectrophotometry has been developed for dental restoration. A comparative analysis of quality of subjective color control by trained and non-trained observers has been made. Based on comparative analysis of the results of subjective color-control and spectrophotometry the maximum amount of allowed color difference has been set (dE=2.8).

A clinical stomatological and social research of 432 young people at the age of 16-25 years was wade in establishments for higher and specialized secondary education in Moscow. It was found out that unbalanced food dominated by soft carbohydrates, frequent eating of sweets as well as low medical culture, lack of sanitary and hygienic knowledge and skills, negligence of preventive control contribute greatly to progression of caries and paradontal diseases. Bad habits and unheavy somatic affections do not have time early in life to exhibit their bad influence on teeth but they can violate the paradont.

As a result of clinical epidemiological survey of 432 Moscow students and of evaluation of medical records of annual dental examination, the high-level of various pathologies of dentitions and low efficiency of annual examination were found out in 232 students. It was traced back that main faults of dental examination of students were: poor coverage by medical examinations; occasional nature of examinations; incomplete revelation of pathologies; lack of remedial measures and educative activities.