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Background and Objectives: Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) has been shown to be superior to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) postextubation in preterm neonates. However, studies have not permitted high CPAP pressures or rescue with other modes. We hypothesized that if CPAP pressures >8 cmH2O and rescue with other modes were permitted, CPAP would be noninferior to NIPPV., Methods: We conducted a pragmatic, comparative-effectiveness, noninferiority study utilizing network-based real-world data from 22 Canadian NICUs. Centers self-selected CPAP or NIPPV as their standard postextubation mode for preterm neonates <29 weeks' gestation. The primary outcome was failure of the initial mode ≤72 hours. Secondary outcomes included failure ≤7 days, and reintubation ≤72 hours and ≤7 days. Groups were compared using a noninferiority adjusted risk-difference (aRD) margin of 0.05, and margin of no difference., Results: A total of 843 infants extubated to CPAP and 974 extubated to NIPPV were included. CPAP was not noninferior (and inferior) to NIPPV for failure of the initial mode ≤72 hours (33.0% vs 26.3%; aRD 0.07 [0.03 to 0.12], Pnoninferiority(NI) = .86), and ≤7 days (40.7% vs 35.8%; aRD 0.09 [0.05 to 0.13], PNI = 0.97). However, CPAP was noninferior (and equivalent) to NIPPV for reintubation ≤72 hours (13.2% vs 16.1%; aRD 0.01 [-0.05 to 0.02], PNI < .01), and noninferior (and superior) for reintubation ≤7 days (16.4% vs 22.8%; aRD -0.04 [-0.07 to -0.001], PNI < .01)., Conclusions: CPAP was not noninferior to NIPPV for failure ≤72 hours postextubation; however, it was noninferior to NIPPV for reintubation ≤72 hours and ≤7 days. This suggests CPAP may be a reasonable initial postextubation mode if alternate rescue strategies are available., (Copyright © 2024 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

Objective: To assess the neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm neonates who received inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in the first week of age for hypoxaemic respiratory failure (HRF)., Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we included neonates born at <29 weeks gestational age (GA) between January 2010 and December 2018 who had a neurodevelopmental assessment at 18-24 months corrected age (CA) at one of the Canadian Neonatal Follow-Up Network clinics. The primary outcome was neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). We performed propensity score-matched analysis to compare the outcomes of those who received and did not receive iNO., Results: Of the 5612 eligible neonates, 460 (8.2%) received iNO in the first week of age. Maternal age, receipt of antenatal corticosteroids, GA and birth weight were lower in the iNO group compared with the no-iNO group. Neonates in the iNO group had higher illness severity scores and higher rates of preterm prolonged rupture of membranes and were small for GA. Severe brain injury, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and mortality were higher in the iNO group. Of the 4889 survivors, 3754 (77%) neonates had follow-up data at 18-24 months CA. After propensity score matching, surviving infants who received rescue iNO were not associated with higher odds of NDI (adjusted OR 1.34; 95% CI 0.85 to 2.12)., Conclusions: In preterm neonates <29 weeks GA with HRF, rescue iNO use was not associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes among survivors who were assessed at 18-24 months CA., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: To describe the distribution of peak bilirubin levels among infants born before 29 weeks of gestation in the first 14 days of life and to study the association between quartiles of peak bilirubin levels at different gestational ages and neurodevelopmental outcomes., Study Design: Multicenter, retrospective, nationwide cohort study of neonatal intensive care units in the Canadian Neonatal Network and Canadian Neonatal Follow-Up Network, including neonates born preterm at 22 0/7 to 28 6/7  weeks of gestation born between 2010 and 2018. Peak bilirubin levels were recorded during the first 14 days of age. Main outcome was significant neurodevelopmental impairment, defined as cerebral palsy with Gross Motor Function Classification System ≥3, or Bayley III-IV scores of <70 in any domain, or visual impairment, or bilateral hearing loss requiring hearing aids., Results: Among 12 554 included newborns, median gestational age was 26 weeks (IQR 25-28) and birth weight was 920 g (IQR 750-1105 g). The median peak bilirubin values increased as gestational age increased (112 mmol/L [6.5 mg/dL] at 22 weeks and 156 mmol/L [9.1 mg/dL] at 28 weeks). Significant neurodevelopmental impairment was identified in 1116 of 6638 (16.8%) of children. Multivariable analyses identified an association between peak bilirubin in the highest quartile and neurodevelopmental impairment (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.01-1.60) and receipt of hearing aid/cochlear implant (aOR 3.97, 95%CI: 2.01-7.82) compared with the lowest quartile., Conclusion: In this multicenter cohort study, peak bilirubin levels in neonates of <29 weeks of gestation increased with gestational age. Peak bilirubin values in the highest gestational age-specific quartile were associated with significant neurodevelopmental and hearing impairments., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is the gold-standard treatment for moderate and severe neonatal encephalopathy (NE). Care during TH has implications for long-term outcomes. Outcome variability exists among neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Canada, but care variations are not understood well. This study examines variations in care practices for neonates with NE treated with TH in NICUs across Canada., Methods: A non-anonymous, web-based questionnaire was emailed to tertiary NICUs in Canada providing TH for NE to assess care practices during the first days of life and neurodevelopmental follow-up., Results: Ninety-two percent (24/26) responded. Centres followed national guidelines regarding the use of the modified Sarnat score to assess the initial severity of NE, the need to initiate TH within the first 6 h of birth, and the importance of follow-up. However, other practices varied, including ventilation mode, definition/treatment of hypotension, routine echocardiography, use of sedation, use of electroencephalogram (EEG), MRI timing, placental analysis, and follow-up duration., Conclusions: NICUs across Canada follow available national guidelines, but variations exist in practices for managing NE during TH. Development and implementation of a consensus-based care bundle for neonates during TH may reduce practice variability and improve outcomes., Impact: This survey describes the current HIE care practices and variation among tertiary centres in Canada. Variations exist in the care of neonates with NE treated with TH in NICUs across Canada. This paper Identifies areas of variation that are not discussed in detail in the national guidelines and will help to set up quality improvement initiatives. Elucidating the variation in care practices calls for the creation and implementation of a national, consensus-based care bundle, with the objective to improve the outcomes of these critically ill neonates., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc.)

Background: Umbilical cord arterial and venous blood gas values reflect the acid-base balance status of a newborn at birth. Derangement in these values has been linked to poor neonatal outcomes in term and late preterm neonates; however, the utility of these values in preterm neonates of <29 weeks' gestation is unclear., Objective: This study aimed to determine the associations of umbilical cord arterial and venous blood gas values with neonatal mortality and severe neurologic injury in extremely preterm neonates and to identify the cutoff values associated with 2.5-fold increases or decreases in the posttest probabilities of outcomes., Study Design: This was a retrospective cohort study of neonates who were born at 23+0 to 28+6 weeks' gestation between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2019, and who were admitted to neonatal units in Canada., Exposure: Various cut-offs of umbilical cord blood gas values and lactate values were studied., Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes were mortality before discharge from the neonatal unit and severe neurologic injury defined as grade 3 or 4 periventricular or intraventricular hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia. The outcome rates were calculated for various cutoff values of umbilical cord blood gas parameters and were adjusted for birthweight, gestational age, sex, and multiple births. Likelihood ratios were calculated to derive posttest probabilities., Results: A total of 1040 and 1217 neonates had analyzable umbilical cord arterial and venous blood gas values, respectively. In the cohort, the mean (standard deviation) gestational age was 26.5 (1.5) weeks, the mean birthweight was 936 (215) g, the prevalence of mortality was 10% (105/1040), and the prevalence of severe neurologic injury was 9% (92/1016). An umbilical cord arterial pH of ≤7.1 and base excess of ≤-12 mmol/L were associated with >2.5-fold higher posttest probability of mortality, and an umbilical cord arterial or venous lactate value of <3 was associated with a 2.5-fold lower posttest probability of mortality. An umbilical cord arterial lactate value of <3 was associated with a lower posttest probability of severe neurological injury., Conclusion: In preterm neonates of <29 weeks' gestation, low umbilical cord arterial pH and high umbilical cord arterial base excess values were associated with a clinically important increase in the posttest probability of mortality, whereas low umbilical cord arterial or venous lactate values were associated with a decrease in the posttest probability of mortality., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To assess the association between time of birth and mortality among preterm infants., Study Design: Population-based study of infants born 22-36 weeks gestation (GA) in Canada from 2010 to 2015 (n = 173 789). Multivariable logistic regression models assessed associations between timing of birth and mortality., Result: Among infants 22-27 weeks GA, evening birth was associated with higher mortality than daytime birth (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.14, 95% CI 1.01-1.29). Among infants 28-32 weeks GA and 33-36 weeks GA, night birth was associated with lower mortality than daytime birth (AOR 0.75, 95% CI 0.59-0.95; AOR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62-0.99, respectively). Sensitivity analysis excluding infants with major congenital anomaly revealed that associations between hour of birth and mortality among infants born 28-32 and 33-36 weeks GA decreased or were not statistically significant., Conclusion: Higher mortality among extremely preterm infants during off-peak hours may suggest variations in available resources based on time of day., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.)

Objective: To provide comprehensive, contemporary information on the actuarial survival of infants born at 22-25 weeks of gestation in Canada., Study Design: In a retrospective cohort study, we included data from preterm infants of 22-25 weeks of gestation admitted to neonatal intensive care units participating in the Canadian Neonatal Network between 2010 and 2017. Infants with major congenital anomalies were excluded. We calculated gestational age using in vitro fertilization date, antenatal ultrasound dating, last menstrual period, obstetrical estimate, or neonatal estimate (in that order). Infants were followed until either discharge or death. Each day of gestational age was considered a category except for births at 22 weeks, where the first 4 days were grouped into one category and the last 3 days were grouped into another category. For each day of life, an actuarial survival rate was obtained by calculating how many infants survived to discharge out of those who had survived up to that day., Results: Of 4335 included infants, 85, 679, 1504, and 2067 were born at 22, 23, 24, and 25 weeks of gestation, respectively. Survival increased from 32% at 22 weeks to 83% at 25 4-6/7  weeks. Graphs of actuarial survival developed for the first 6 weeks after birth in male and female children indicated a steep increase in survival during the first 7-10 days postnatally., Conclusions: Survival increased steadily with postnatal survival and was dependent on gestational age in days and sex of the child., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Acute otitis media (AOM) in the neonatal period can be difficult to diagnose. This infection can be isolated and localized, or it may be associated with serious bacterial infections or other illnesses. The objectives of this study were to determine the clinical presentation, etiology, susceptibility pattern, and frequency of bacteremia, meningitis and other serious bacterial infections associated with the first episode of AOM in young infants., Methods: From July 2002 to August 2004, infants less than 12 weeks of age with confirmed AOM underwent tympanocentesis with culture of the middle ear fluid. Sepsis work-up was performed in all infants, and they were admitted to the pediatric department. Parenteral antibiotic therapy with a combination of ampicillin and gentamicin was initiated., Results: Sixty-eight infants were diagnosed with AOM. The median age was 43+/-17 days, 17 infants (25%) were less than 4 weeks of age. Fever was present in 45 (66%) of the patients. Meningitis or bacteremia was not diagnosed in any of the cases. Concomitant urinary tract infection was diagnosed in six (8.8%) cases and broncholitis in seven (10.4%). Forty-seven bacterial pathogens were isolated from the middle-ear fluid. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the leading pathogen with 18 isolates (38%), followed by non-typable Haemophilus influenzae with nine (19%). Fourteen of the S. pneumoniae (78%) isolates were susceptible to penicillin and the other four (22%) were intermediately resistant. Three (33%) of the nine H. influenzae isolates were beta-lactamase producers., Conclusions: In our study, AOM in infants less than 3 months of age is a localized infection and it is not associated with severe bacterial infections. S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae are the leading pathogens. In our region, most of S. pneumoniae strains are still susceptible to penicillin. Although only small number of patients were under 4 weeks of age, the results of the present study raise the question of whether the current policy of a full sepsis work-up in neonates with AOM is relevant.