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Each vinyl plastisol processor has different requirements. The features of the finished goods determine the specifications and physical properties that are critical in the manufacturing process. Processors may also have varying equipment limitations that require a specific working range of each plastisol property, such as viscosity, for acceptable processing. Although the benzoate esters have been utilized for many years by plastisol formulators and processors to their advantage, usage of these esters has been limited because of their tendency to yield high-viscosity plastisols. By utilizing a formulary approach, it is possible to fine-tune the properties of the plastisol, thus allowing greater latitude. Design of experiment (DOE) was employed to accomplish this objective. For this work, generic resilient-flooring formulations were selected as the model. The formulary approach was employed to adjust the formulation and processing parameters, thereby allowing plastisol formulators and processors to develop cost-efficient formulations. more...

To achieve required performance, blends of plasticizers are commonly used in flexible vinyl applications. Typically, when fast fusion is required, high solvating phthalates have been utilized in plasticizer blends. Benzoate esters are high solvators and can also be used in these blends. However, even though benzoate plasticizers offer additional performance benefits that can complement general-purpose phthalate performance, most of the literature does not include the use of benzoate plasticizers in blends with phthalates. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the performance benefits of blending benzoate and phthalate plasticizers. The approach selected to accomplish this task was to develop performance data by utilizing a mixture design approach with DOE (design of experiments) software. A resilient flooring plastisol formulation was selected as the model. The following properties were obtained: degassing, low and high shear viscosity, viscosity stability of the plastisol, gel and fusion characteristics, tensile strength vs. temperature, vinyl heat stability, stain resistance, volatility, and UV stability. The; data indicate how to utilize the advantage of benzoateses "process aids" to speed production rates and improve product quality. more...

The solution third-order non-linear optical susceptibility χ(3) values, measured by laser self-trapping at 514.5 nm for chloroform solutions of bis(dicyanovinyl)thiophene 4 (2.9 × 10−7 esu), bis- (dicyanovinyl)dithienyl 5 (1.1 × 10−4esu), bis(dicyanovinyl)trithienyl 6 (1.1 × 10−5 esu), values are effected by resonance and solution heating effects. χ(3) (-ω; ω, ω, -ω) was measured by degenerate four-wave mixing at 1064 nm for chloroform (C) and pyridine (P) solutions of dicyanovinylthiophene 1, dicyanovinyldithienyl 2, dicyanovinylterthienyl 3, and bis(dicyanovinyl)-thiophene 4. The molecular second-order hyperpolarizabilities are γ / esu = 8.7 × 10 −33) ( 1 , C), - 63 × 10 −33 ( 1 , P ), 2.2 × 10 −33 ( 2 , C ), 3.7 × 10 −31 ( 3 , C ), 6.1 × 10 −32 esu ( 3 , P ), 2.8 × 10 −31 ( 4 , P ) . more...

A number of triheterocycles XYZ, where X, Y, Z = furan (O), thiophene (S), or N-methylpyrrole (N) were prepared, and the polymers, obtained by oxidizing them with NOPF6, were studied by four-probe DC conductivity and EPR. SSS has a conductivity of 2.4 S cm−1 at room temperature, and 0.0075 spin/triheterocycle, while SOS has a conductivity of 0.2 S cm−1 and 0.15 spins/triheterocycle; both have narrow Lorentzian EPR lineshapes. The other samples had conductivities below the measurement threshold (10−5 S cm−1). We postulate that NOPF6 overoxidized the polymers, thereby creating more bipolarons than polarons, and reducing the number of charge carriers. more...

A series of triheterocycles; [graphic omitted] for X, Y, Z = OOO, SSS, SOS, SSO, OSO, SOO, O(N-Me)O, S(N-Me)O and S(N-Me)S have been synthesised; of these O(N-Me)O, SOO and S(N-Me)O are new. The triheterocycles were chemically polymerised and oxidised with NOPF6. Only the polymers derived from SSS, SOS and SSO show appreciable conductivities. EPR studies indicate the presence of polarons in SSS, SOS, SSO and, at lower concentrations, in OOO. All the samples appear to show an easily saturable EPR signal assigned to localised radicals. In OSO, SOO, O(N-Me)O, S(N-Me)O and S(N-Me)S this signal displays considerable asymmetry, and g-values significantly above the free electron value. S(N-Me)S shows a higher g-value consistent with a loss of planarity. more...

Synthese des mono-, di- et tri-fulvathianes permethyles a partir de trithianne-1,3,5 et de derives de dimethyl-4,5 dithiole-1,3. Voltammetrie cyclique, etude RPE

Synthese des mono-, di- et tri-fulvathianes permethyles a partir de trithianne-1,3,5 et de derives de dimethyl-4,5 dithiole-1,3. Voltammetrie cyclique, etude RPE

A series of triheterocycles; [graphic omitted] for X, Y, Z = OOO, SSS, SOS, SSO, OSO, SOO, O(N-Me)O, S(N-Me)O and S(N-Me)S have been synthesised; of these O(N-Me)O, SOO and S(N-Me)O are new. The triheterocycles were chemically polymerised and oxidised with NOPF6. Only the polymers derived from SSS, SOS and SSO show appreciable conductivities. EPR studies indicate the presence of polarons in SSS, SOS, SSO and, at lower concentrations, in OOO. All the samples appear to show an easily saturable EPR signal assigned to localised radicals. In OSO, SOO, O(N-Me)O, S(N-Me)O and S(N-Me)S this signal displays considerable asymmetry, and g-values significantly above the free electron value. S(N-Me)S shows a higher g-value consistent with a loss of planarity. more...