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Glavni je cilj ovog rada dobiti uvid u oblike i kvalitetu podrške namijenjenu studentima s invaliditetom u visokoškolskom obrazovanju u Republici Hrvatskoj. Uvid je dobiven prilikom analiziranja postojeće dokumentacije i relevantnih rezultata istraživanja. Prilikom analiziranja osam sveučilišta u Republici Hrvatskoj (Split, Zadar, Rijeka, Dubrovnik, Pula, Zagreb, Osijek i Slavonski Brod), dobiven je uvid o tome kako je pozicionirana podrška studentima s invaliditetom u sveučilišnim dokumentima i u pravnim dokumentima Republike Hrvatske te djelovanje i ustrojstvo Ureda za studente s invaliditetom., The main goal of this paper is to gain insight into the forms and quality of support intended for students with disabilities in higher education in the Republic of Croatia. The insight was obtained during the analysis of existing documentation and relevant research results. During the analysis of eight universities in the Republic of Croatia (Split, Zadar, Rijeka, Dubrovnik, Pula, Zagreb, Osijek and Slavonski Brod), an insight was gained into how support for students with disabilities is positioned in university documents and in legal documents of the Republic of Croatia, as well as the operation and organization. Office for students with disabilities.

U ovom se završnom radu upoznajemo s tematikom posvojenja djece te izazovima s kojima se susreću članovi posvojiteljskih obitelji prije, tijekom i nakon postupka posvojenja. Obiteljski zakon u potpunosti uređuje pravne pretpostavke, a na centrima za socijalnu skrb i stručnjacima je zadatak da stručno procjene razinu podobnosti i prikladnosti potencijalnih posvojitelja. Kako bi se potencijalni posvojitelji što bolje pripremili za izazove posvojenja, posljednjom izmjenom Obiteljskog zakona 2015. propisani su obavezni programi stručne pripreme za posvojenje. Međutim, ti programi ne mogu dovoljno pripremiti niti roditelje niti djecu na sve izazove s kojima se mogu susresti nakon posvojenja pa se tako ti izazovi mogu uvelike odraziti na odnos samog posvojitelja s djetetom. Upravo zbog toga, suradnja sa stručnjakom ne prestaje kada se proces posvojenja završi, već stručnjak ima zakonsku obavezu pratiti obitelj neko vrijeme nakon posvojenja u svrhu pružanja podrške – kao i biti na raspolaganju posvojiteljskim obiteljima kada god procijene da im treba stručan savjet ili pomoć. Stručnjaci kao što su psiholozi i socijalni radnici igraju veliku ulogu u osnaživanju djeteta i posvojitelja. Jedan od modela osnaživanja, na kojeg je stavljen naglasak u ovom radu je Terapija kroz igru koja se pokazala posebno korisna kod posvojiteljskih obitelji. Kada se obiteljska zajednica nađe pred raznim stresnim okolnostima, važno je znati da im je stručna pomoć uvijek dostupna., In this final work, we get acquainted with the topic of child adoption and the challenges faced by members of adoptive families before, during and after the adoption process. Family law fully regulates the legal preconditions, and it is the task of social welfare centres and experts to professionally assess the level of eligibility and suitability of potential adopters. To better prepare potential adopters for the challenges of adoption, the latest amendment to the Family Law in 2015. prescribes mandatory professional preparation programs for adoption. However, these programs cannot adequately prepare parents or children for all the challenges they may face after adoption, so these challenges can greatly affect the adopter's relationship with the child. Precisely because of this, cooperation with a professional does not end when the adoption process is over, but the professional has a legal obligation to monitor the family for some time after adoption for support - as well as to be available to adoptive families whenever they need professional advice or assistance. Professionals such as psychologists and social workers play a major role in empowering the child and adoptive parents. One of the models of empowerment, which is emphasized in this paper, is Theraplay, which has proven to be especially useful in adoptive families. When the family community is faced with various stressful circumstances, it is important to know that professional help is always available to them.

Alan Mathison Turing rođen je 23.6.1912. godine u Engleskoj. Bio je engleski matematičar, logičar, filozof i računalni znanstvenik. Smatra se ocem umjetne inteligencije i teorije računarstva. Turing je vrlo mlad iznio svoj rad Izračunljivi brojevi s primjenom na problem odlučivanja. U tom radu denirao je pojam izračunljivosti pomocu apstraktnog stroja kojeg danas nazivamo Turingov stroj. Turingov stroj je apstraktni stroj koji se sastoji od pomične glave i beskonačne papirnate trake koja je podijeljena na kvadratiće. Na svaki kvadratić se moze napisati najviše jedan znak nekog konačnog alfabeta. Stroj računa po pravilima koja su unaprijed zadana. Dok računa stroj mijenja stanja kojih ima također konačno mnogo. Stroj mijenja stanja i simbole napisane na kvadratićima ovisno o zapisanom znaku, zadanim pravilima i stanju u kojem se taj tren nalazi. Turing je pomoću takvog stroja promatrao izračunljive brojeve i funkcije te tako došao do definicije pojma izračunljivosti. Tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata bio je smješten u Bletchley Park, 100 km udaljen od Londona, gdje je radio na Vladinom projektu razbijanja obavještajnog sustava nacističke Njemačke. Kao pravi ekscentrik nije se dobro slagao s vojskom koja mu je bila nadređena. U prosincu 1943. godine napravio je stroj Bombe kojim je dešifrirao njemački, stroj za šifriranje poruka, poznat pod imenom Enigma. Jos jedan stroj koji je služio za dešifriranje njemačkih poruka, a u čijoj izradi je sudjelovao Turung bio je Colossus. Uvečer 7.6.1954. godine počinio je samoubojstvo pojevši jabuku otrovanu cijanidom.

Uvod: Bronhitis je upala sluznice dušnika i bronha, a uzrokuju je virusi i rjeđe bakterije. Navedenu bolest mogu dobiti sve dobne strukture od dojenčadi do osoba starije životne dobi. Bronhitis može biti akutni i kronični. Zdravstveno znanje roditelja izravno utječe na sposobnost preuzimanja kontrole nad vlastitim zdravljem i zdravljem svoje djece. Ciljevi: Ovim istraživanjem se željelo ispitati zdravstvena znanja i stavove roditelja djece oboljele od bronhitisa. Ispitano je njihovo znanje o bronhitisu, simptomima bolesti, uzrocima bolesti, periodu po-javljivanja, učestalosti oblijevanja njihovog djeteta od bronhitisa, znanje o korištenju pomagala za ublažavanje simptoma bolesti, te dijagnostičkim postupcima i načinu liječenja bronhitisa. U studiji su uspoređene i navike ponašanja roditelja djece oboljele od bronhitisa u svakodnevnom životu vezane uz pušenje i redovito prozračivanje prostora u kojem boravi njihovo dijete. Metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 115 roditelja koji su doveli djecu sa simptomima bronhitisa u pedijatrijsku ambulantu Opće županijske bolnice Požega. Istraživanje je provedeno uz pomoć anonim-nog anketnog upitnika kreiranog za ovo istraživanje, a upitnik je sadržavao 35 pitanja, od kojih se 4 pitanja odnose na demografske karakteristike ispitanika (spol, dob, mjesto stanovanja i stručnu spremu), dok se ostatak pitanja odnosi na znanje i stavove ispitanika o bronhitisu te o navikama ponašanja u svakodnevno životu. Rezultati: Pokazalo se kako je zdravstveno znanje roditelja djece oboljele od bronhitisa najviše pov-ezano sa stupnjem obrazovanja, dobi roditelja i mjestom stanovanja, a najmanje sa spolom roditelja. Roditelji su pokazali dobro znanje o bolesti, simptomima, uzrocima bolesti, te dijagnostičkim postupcima i načinu liječenja, dok su značajno manje znanje pokazali o pušenju i njegovom štetnom utjecaju na zdravlje njihovog djeteta. Zaključak: Zdravstveno znanje i stavovi roditelja imaju veliki utjecaj na umanjivanje rizika od nastanka bronhitisa i na učestalost njegovog pojavljivanja., Objective: The aim of this study is to examine knowledge and attitudes about health of parents whose children suffer from bronchitis. Their knowledge of bronchitis, symptoms of illness, causes of illness, period of occurrence, frequency of their child's bronchitis, knowledge of the use of aids to alleviate the symptoms of the disease, as well as diagnostic procedures and the methods of treating bronchitis were examined. The study also compares the behavioral habits of parents whose children suffer from bron-chitis in their everyday life which are connected to smoking and regular ventilation of their child's liv-ing space. Methods: 115 parents who brought their children with bronchitis symptoms to the pediatric depart-ment of the General County Hospital in Požega participated in the research. The survey was conducted by an anonymous questionnaire composed by the author, and the questionnaire contained 35 questions, four of which are related to the demographic characteristics of the respondents (sex, age, place of resi-dence and vocation), while the remaining questions are related to knowledge and attitudes of respond-ents about bronchitis and the behavioral habits in everyday life. Results: The results of the research have shown that the knowledge of health of parents whose chil-dren suffer from bronchitis is most related to the degree of education, the age of the parents and the place of residence, and least to the parents' sex. Parents have shown good knowledge of the disease, symptoms, causes of the disease, and diagnostic procedures and treatment, while significantly less knowledge has been shown about smoking and its adverse impact on the health of their child. Conclusion: Parents' knowledge and attitudes about health have a major influence on diminishing the risk of bronchitis and the frequency of its occurrence.

Razvoj T limfocita u timusu je rezultat niza dvosmernih komunikacija između timocita i ćelija mikrosredine, posredovanih pretežno adhezivnim molekulima. U Institutu za medicinska istaživanja VMA je napravljen panel monoklonskih antitela (mAt) R-MC serije, koja prepoznaju timusne epitelne ćelije (TEC). Cilj ovog rada je bio biohemijska, imunohistohemijska i funkcionalna karakterizacija antigena koga detektuje R-MC 17 mAt. Ovo mAt detektuje antigen od 205 kDa u timusu pacova. Na osnovu poređenja biohemijskih karakteristika anti-DEC 205 mAt (HD83) i unakrsne imunoprecipitacije antigena iz lizata timusa pacova pomoću ova dva mAt zaključeno je da R-MC 17 mAt detektuje pacovski DEC-205 molekul. R-MC 17 antigen je jako ispoljen na kortikalnim TEC, medularnim timusnim dendritskim ćelijama (TDC), DC u parakorteksu i interfolikularnim zonama limfnog čvora i DC u periarteriolarnom limfnom omotaču slezine. Slaba imunoreaktivnost je detektovana na limfocitima u folikulima limfnog čvora i slezine i makrofagama u crvenoj pulpi slezine. Takođe, ekspresija DEC-205 molekula je detektovana na oko 40% ćelija TEC linije sa karakteristikama ćelija „dadilja“. R-MC 17 mAt podstiče vezivanje i emperipoezu timocita od strane ove epitelne linije. Istovremeno, ekspresija R-MC 17 antigena je podjednaka na subpopulacijama TDC pacova (CD11b+ i CD11b-), i ne menja se pod uticajem GM-CSF-a. Oba anti-DEC 205 mAt (R-MC 17 mAt i HD83 mAt) stimulišu apoptozu timocita u kokulturi sa TDC i ovaj proces je povezan sa povećanim vezivanjem timocita za TDC. R-MC 17 mAt inhibira proliferaciju singenih timocita i alogenih T limfocita pacova u kokulturi sa TDC u prisustvu anti-TCR (R7.3) mAt. Intratimusna aplikacija R-MC 17 mAt dovodi do smanjenja celularnosti timusa pacova što je povezano sa indukcijom apoptoze timocita. Fenotipska analiza subpopulacija timocita nakon intratimusne aplikacije R-MC 17 mAt pokazuje smanjenje ukupnog broja CD4+CD8+ i CD4+CD8-, a povećanje ukupnog broja CD4-CD8+ timocita, dok je ukupan broj zrelih CD5+TCRjako+ timocita nepromenjen. Sveukupno, ovi rezultati prvi put opisuju potencijalnu funkciju R-MC 17 antigena u timusu.Opisani mehanizmi mogu biti povezani sa procesima intratimusne diferencijacije timocita i prezentacije vi autoantigena u timusu od strane kortikalnih TEC i medularnih TDC, a što u krajnjem ishodu ima uticaj na procese selekcije (delecije autoreaktivnih klonova timocita). Intrathymic development of T lymphocyte is mainly governed by an array of bidirectional interactions between thymocytes and thymic microenvironment, which are mostly provided by the adhesive molecules. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) panel of R-MC series, designed against thymic epithelial cells (TEC), was developed at the Institute of medical research (MMA). The aim of this doctoral thesis was focused on biochemical, immunohistochemical and functional characterization of the R-MC 17 antigen, detected by R-MC 17 mAb. R-MC 17 mAb recognizes the 205 kDa molecule expressed in the rat thymus. Based on similarity in biochemical features with an anti- DEC-205 mAb (HD83), and cross-immunoprecipitation of antigen from the thymic lysate with these two mAbs, R-MC 17 was considered to be the antibody specific for the rat DEC-205 molecule. Cortical TEC, medullary thymic dendritic cells (TDC), lymph node dendritic cells (DC) in paracortex and interfollicular zones, and spleen paraarteriolar-lymphoid sheaths DC, are highly positive with R-MC 17. Lymphocytes in lymph node and spleen follicles and red pulp macrophages in spleen, show weak R-MC 17 reactivity. About 40% of TEC-line cells with nursing characteristics express R-MC 17 antigen as well. R-MC 17 stimulates thymocyte binding and emperipoesis displayed by this cell line. Concomitantly, R-MC 17 antigen is equally expressed on two rat TDC subpopulations (CD11b+ and CD11b-), and cultivation with GM-CSF has no effect. RMC 17, as well as HD83, stimulates thymocyte apoptosis in co-culture with TDC, and this process is associated with the increased binding of thymocytes to TDC. R-MC 17 mAb inhibits proliferation of syngeneic thymocytes and allogeneic T lymphocytes in anti-TCR (R7.3)-stimulated cocultures with TDC. Intrathymic injection of R-MC 17 mAb decreases thymic cellularity, which was related to the induction of thymocyte apoptosis. Phenotypic analysis of thymocyte populations after intrathymic application of R-MC 17 mAb, indicates decrease of the absolute number of CD4+CD8+ and CD4+CD8- , and increase of CD4-CD8+ thymocyte subpopulations, while the absolute number of mature CD5+TCRhigh thymocytes stays unchanged. Taken together, these results show, for the first time, a potential function of R-MC 17 antigen in rat thymus. Mechanisms viii described, are potentially involved in the processes of intrathymic differentiation and the presentation of autoantigen in the thymus by the cortical TEC and medullary TDC, having final implications in the processes of thymic selection (deletion of autoreactive thymocytes).

U ovom radu su navedena osnovna svojstva dvaju transcedentnih krivulja, logaritamske spirale i klotoide. Opisana je konstrukcija logaritamske spirale. Istaknuta je bitna veza izmedu te dvije krivulje i navedena je njihova primjena.

DEC-205, a transmembrane receptor responsible for cross-presentation of apoptotic cell-derived antigens, is expressed by cortical thymic epithelial cells (TEC) and thymic dendritic cells (TDC) in humans and mice, but its function in T-cell development is still unclear. In this work we have studied for the first time the expression of DEC-205 in the rat thymus by HD83 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and immunohistochemistry, as well as the ability of this mAb to modulate thymocyte - TDC interactions in vitro. We showed the positivity of cortical TEC in situ, including thymic nurse cells (TNC) in suspension, and TDC, whereas subcapsular, perivascular and medullary TEC were negative. All examined DEC-205 positive and DEC-205 negative structures were MHC class II positive. HD83 mAb increased apoptosis of thymocytes in co-culture with TDC in vitro and the process was associated with increased binding of thymocytes to TDC in a rosette form. Since negative selection of thymocytes by clonal deletion (apoptosis) was mediated predominantly by TDC, our results suggest the possible indirect effect of the DEC-205 molecule in these mechanisms.

Sodium salicylate (NaS) is a derivate of acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin, used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for centuries, for its analgesic and anti- inflammatory effects. Mechanisms of its action in the cell are still unexplored. It was found to modulate different MAP kinases, as well as NF-κB pathway, but many of these processes were cell- specific. In this study we explored the effect of NaS on cell growth and urokinase activity in MDA MB-231 breast cancer cells. NaS effect on cell viability was assessed by crystal violet staining and propidium iodide exclusion assay. Urokinase activity was assayed by radial caseinolysis and expression of urokinase system components was analyzed on RNA and protein levels by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Sublethal concentrations of NaS decreased cell growth and inhibited proteolysis caused by activated urokinase. Cells were morphologically changed. Inhibition of urokinase activity was a consequence of decrease in urokinase expression and increase in expression of its inhibitors. Analysis of signaling molecules revealed NaS-dependent modulation of ERK and GSK-3β pathway and changes in integrin expression. We propose that NaS causes cellular reprogramming and changes in expression in a set of genes involved in extracellular proteolysis.

Urokinazni aktivacijski sustav plazminogena je više komponentni regulatorni sustav koji ima ključnu ulogu u mnogim fiziološkim i patološkim procesima, uglavnom putem vanstanične proteolize. Sačinjen je od urokinaznog aktivatora plazminogena, njegovog receptora i dva inhibitora. Cilj ovog diplomskog je bio istražiti učinke natrijevog salicilata, aktivnog metabolita aspirina, na morfologiju i bazalnu aktivnost urokinaze kod MDA MB-231 stanica. Zimografija i kazeinoliza su pokazale smanjenje aktivnosti urokinaze kod stanica tretiranih s natrijevim salicilatom ovisno o koncentraciji i duljini inkubacije. Dok je RT PCR nije pokazao značajne razlike u razini transkripcije urokinaze, njenog receptora i inhibitora, Western blot je pokazao blago smanjenje urokinazne ekspresije. Analiza proteinskih ekstrakata pokazala je malu promjenu u razini NF-κB ekspresije, a RT PCR je pokazao smanjnje mRNA integrina αv and β5. Zaključeno je da natrijev salicilat izaziva smanjenje u aktivnosti urokinaze i ekspresije proteina. Urokinase plasminogen activation system is a multi-component regulatory system that plays a key role in many physiological and pathological processes, mainly by extracellular proteolysis. It consists of urokinase plasminogen activator, its receptor and two inhibitors. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of sodium salicylate, an active aspirin metabolite, on MDA MB-231 morphology and basal urokinase plasminogen activator activity. Zymography and caseinolysis following cell treatment with salicylate revealed a concentration and time dependant decrease in urokinase activity. While RT PCR revealed no significant changes in transcription levels of urokinase, its receptor, and inhibitor, Western blot showed a mild decrease in urokinase expression. Analysis of protein extracts indicated a slight change of NF-κB expression, and RT PCR showed decrease in integrin αv and β5 mRNA. It was concluded that sodium salicylate caused decrease in uPA activity and integrin expression.

Urokinase plasminogen activation system is a precisely regulated system important for controlled proteolysis of extracellular matrix. It is involved in various physiological and developmental processes, as well as in invasive growth of tumors and metastasis. The system consists of extracellular protease, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its inhibitors PAI-1 and PAI-2 and specific cell receptor, uPAR, involved in localized proteolysis. In this study we investigated the effect of sodium salicylate (NaS) on the plasminogen activation system of MDA MB-231 human breast cancer cell line. These cells produce high levels of extracellular uPA and we observed that NaS decreased uPA activity in time and concentration-dependent manner. Analysis of gene expression showed no significant change in the expression of uPA, PAI-1 and uPAR in these conditions indicating the role of extracellular uPA activity inhibition. In order to elucidate the signaling mechanisms influenced by NaS modulation of uPA system, we also analyzed expression of IkB and β-catenin. While the expression of β-catenin, involved in PI3K pathways, remained unchanged, slight increase in NFkB activity was indicated. Cells treated with NaS changed their morphology. As these features could be connected with focal adhesion, we analyzed integrin gene expression. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the possible implementation of sodium salicylate in invasive tumor growth inhibition.

Sustav plazminogenske aktivacije regulira brojne fiziološke i patološke procese aktivacijom ekstracelularnih proteaza. Obuhvaća urokinazni plazminogenski aktivator, njegove inhibitore i receptor. Cilj ovog rada je bio analiza utjecaja natrijevog salicilata na staničnu liniju karcinoma dojke: utjecaj na urokinaznu aktivnost i ekspresiju pojedinih elemenata sustava na razini RNA i proteina.

Ljudi su oduvijek bili fascinirani životom i pokušali su ga stvoriti više nego jednom kroz povijest. Pojavom novog područja biologije, sintetske biologije, koje kombinira znanost i inženjerstvo; je to postalo moguće. Ovaj rad daje kratki pregled događaja koji su doveli znanstvenike iz J. Craig Venter Instita (JCVI) do objave rezultate u kojima opisuju uspješno konstruiranje prve samoreplicirajuće sintetske bakterijske stanice. Tim znanstvenika je sintetizirao modificirani kromosom iz genoma bakterije Mycoplasma mycoides veličine 1.08 milijuna parova baza. Sintetska stanica je nazvana Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0 i dokaz je da genomi mogu biti dizajnirani u računalu, kemijski stvoreni u laboratoriju te transplantirani u domaćinsku stanicu gdje će stvoriti novu samoreplicirajuću stanicu kontroliranu samo sintetičkim genomom. People have always been fascinated by life and have tried to create it more than once throughout the history. With the appearance of new area of biology, the synthetic biology, which combines science and engineering; that become possible. This work gives a short review of events that led to publishing results of scientists at the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) describing the successful construction of the first self-replicating, synthetic bacterial cell. The team of scientists synthesized the 1.08 million base pair chromosome of a modified Mycoplasma mycoides genome. The synthetic cell is called Mycoplasma mycoides JCVIsyn1.0 and is the proof of principle that genomes can be designed in the computer, chemically made in the laboratory and transplanted into a recipient cell to produce a new self-replicating cell controlled only by the synthetic genome.

Eurotox 2005 Abstracts