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Peanut is of paramount importance in human and animal nutrition, as well as in improving producers’ income. However, its production is faced with abiotic and biotic constraints. Among the biotic constraints, Cercosporiosis diseases are a major handicap in Burkina Faso. In order to minimize the impact of these diseases on peanut yield, important work has been carried out and is still ongoing to select and develop resistant genotypes. This study, carried out in Gampela is aimed at testing the agronomic performance of 30 peanut genotypes from Texas in comparison with a local one (TS32-1). The experiment was carried out using a Fisher (3) repetition block experimental system and the data were processed using XLSTAT pro software. Parameters such as the growth percentage on 15 days after sowing, the survival rate, the severity of the disease and the yield were measured. With respect to Cercosporiosis susceptibility, only the local genotype TS32-1 was sensitive; the genotypes TxL151109-02, TxL151134-02, TxL151148-04, TxL151121-03, TxL151107-01 and TxL151151-01 were moderately resistant. Only genotype TxL151109-02 had a higher yield (0.36 t/ha) than that of the local one TS32-1 (0.28 t/ha) and the lowest yield was from the genotype TxL151105-05 (0.03 t/ha). Key words: Arachis hypogaea, agronomic performance, Cercosporiosis, yield, Burkina Faso, Texas.

The problem of drinking water supply in urbanized mangrove area is overshadowed by other issues such as the degradation of the mangrove vegetation. Yet these new evolving urban areas suffer from a chronic lack of drinking water accentuated by an unsanitary environment, the absence of water supply network, as well as the high salinity of the water table accessible to its population. The study aims at demonstrating this chronic deficit and its implications on the livelihood of the "mangroville" in the southern part of Douala-Cameroon. The study is based on a questionnaire survey on 90 households, an interview with the local authorities, field observations and a physico-chemical analysis of three (03) water samples collected on site. Results indicate that, in the absence of a formal drinking water supply network, the residents of the mangrove urbanized area are supplied by wells and boreholes, hastily constructed without any consideration of environmental constraints. This leads to the proliferation of waterborne diseases, with 62% of skin diseases and ulcers identified in the surveyed sample, 20% of gastroenteritis or diarrhea, 8% of typhoid and 10% of fever. Despite the measures taken to tame water, the inhabitants of these areas have failed to ensure the quality of drinking water, able to reduce the prevalence rate of waterborne diseases in their environment. The study contributes to show that in southern cities, the occupation of inappropriate sites is a major handicap to urban development. Le probleme d’approvisionement en eau potable dans les mangroves urbanisees semble occulte par les questions de degradation de la couverture de mangrove bien plus mediatises. Pourtant, ces nouveaux espaces urbains souffrent d’un deficit chronique d’eau potable accentue par l’insalubrite du milieu, l’abscence d’adduction d’eau et le fort taux de salinite de la nappe d’eau accessible aux habitants. L’etude a pour objectif de mettre en evidence le deficit en eau potable et ses implications sur la vie des habitants de la « mangroville » au Sud de Douala. Elle s’appuie sur des enquetes par questionnaires aupres de 90 menages, des entretiens avec les administrateurs locaux, des observations et des analyses physico-chimiques de trois echantillons d’eau preleves sur le site. L’analyse des donnees revele qu‘en l’absence de connexion au reseau formel d’adduction d’eau potable, les habitants de mangroves urbanisees s’approvisionnent dans des puits et forages realises sans considerations des contraintes du milieu naturel. La consequence est la proliferation des maladies hydriques, dont 62% de maladies de la peau et ulceres, 20% de gastro-enterites ou diarrhees, 8% de thyphoide et 10% de paludisme. Au final, malgre les mesures prises pour apprivoiser l’eau en general, les habitants de « mangroville » n’ont pas reussi a assurer une qualite de l’eau potable capable de reduire le taux de prevalence des maladies hydriques dans leur cadre de vie. L’etude contribue a montrer que dans les villes du sud, l’occupation des sites non appropries est un handicap majeur au developpement urbain.

Introduction: Prevalence of severe acute malnutrition is estimated to be 2.6% among Under 5 years children globally and is estimated to be 6.4% in India as per National Family Health Survey -3. Methodology: This study was conducted to find the clinical profile of children from 6 months to 60 months of age admitted in Nutritional Rehabilitation Centre. Results: The Prevalence of SAM was 5.1%. 77.3% had Wt/Length criteria satisfied. 2.7% had mid arm circumference criteria satisfied. Edema was not observed. The Peak Prevalence of SAM was found in the age group between 6 months to 12 months. Sepsis, Bronchopneumonia and other infections were found to be more common in children with SAM. The average duration of stay was 7.02 days. The average weight gain for children under treatment was 8.9 gm/kg/day. There were no cases of relapse noted in our study period. Conclusion: Weight/Height ratio is the best among the three criteria for identifying SAM. The shorter duration of stay in NRC is a major handicap to the outcome. Establishment of NRC in all medical college hospitals with skilled personnel will be a major investment our country makes to ensure the future of its children.

The lack of access to clear and actionable information and analysis to law enforcement agencies during the “Unite The Right” rally in Charlottesville and the torch-lit march the night before (August 11–12, 2017) was found to be a major handicap in the handling of the situation. To address these issues, this study analyzes online activity associated with events such as this on an ongoing basis and can be provided to local police departments so that they can more effectively monitor information on emerging events and respond appropriately. In this work, we introduce the concept of social pressure to assist human users to identify and track trends that may lead to potentially violent events. We combine existing methods of analyzing social media data for event detection with monitoring of the social pressure that may lead to such events. Our algorithm detects words and phrases appearing on social media that may be of interest due to their pertinence to real-world events or movements. After identifying words and phrases that may correspond to news or events, the social pressure is interpreted from the Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic weights and sentiment scores of the tweets over time. The resulting algorithm is able to consistently detect keywords related to events before they occur, and provide valuable insight into the nature of the events.

A yet unexplained drift of (some) oxygen optodes during storage/transport and thus significant deviations from factory/laboratory calibrations have been a major handicap for autonomous oxygen observations. Optode drift appears to be systematic and is predominantly a slope effect due to reduced oxygen sensitivity. A small contribution comes from a reduced luminophore lifetime, which causes a small positive offset. A reliable in situ reference is essential to correct such a drift. Traditionally, this called for a ship-based reference cast, which poses some challenges for opportunistic float deployments. This study presents an easily implemented alternative using near-surface/in-air measurements of an Aanderaa optode on a 10-cm stalk and compares it to the more traditional approaches (factory, laboratory, and in situ deployment calibration). In-air samples show a systematic bias depending on the water saturation, which is likely caused by occasional submersions of the standard-height stalk optode. Linear regression of measured in-air supersaturation against in-water supersaturation (using ancillary meteorological data to define the saturation level) robustly removes this bias and thus provides a precise (0.2%) and accurate (1%) in situ correction that is available throughout the entire instrument’s lifetime.

Several potential pathophysiologic phenomena, including “cerebral shutdown,” are postulated to be responsible for SUDEP. Since the evidence for a seizure-related mechanism is strong, a poor understanding of the physiology of human seizure termination is a major handicap. However, rather than a failure of a single homeostatic mechanism, such as postictal arousal, it may be a “perfect storm” created by the lining up of a several factors that lead to death.

AIM: To study the prevalence and clinicopathological profile of Chronic suppurative otitis media cases. MATERIAL & METHODS: The present study was conducted on 100 cases of CSOM attending ENT OPD, G.R. Medical College & J.A. Group of hospitals, Gwalior, M.P. from February 2013 to June 2013. It was a prospective tertiary hospital based study. RESULT: CSOM is found to be prevalent in the second and third decades of life in people belonging to lower socio- economic status coming to the hospital with the chief complains of ear discharge and hearing loss. CONCLUSION: CSOM is the most common cause of preventable hearing loss in our country which causes major handicap amongst the youth and increases the burden over the society. Its prevalence can be reduced by increasing the awareness in the society regarding ear discharge and hearing loss.

Resum: El catàleg titulat Lletraferides modernes. Catàleg de les escriptores valencianes dels segles XVI-XVIII (Herrero 2009) suposava un punt de partida en la compilació de «lletraferides» valencianes de l’Edat Moderna. Aquest ajudà a rescatar els seus noms, però el major handicap radica en la diversitat en la localització física dels textos. A través d’una visió dels diferents gèneres que empraren aquestes escriptores, en especial les religioses (poesia, mística, auto/biografia espiritual…), avancem algunes conclusions que permetran una anàlisi sociolingu?ística, literària i de gènere d’eixes obres.Paraules clau: Catàleg, Localizació textual, Autores religioses, Valencianes, Modernes.Abstract: The catalogue entitled Lletraferides modernes. Catàleg de les escriptores valencianes dels segles XVI-XVIII (Herrero 2009) provided a starting point for the compilation of Valencian «women of letters» in the Modern Age. Although this catalogue helped to recover the names of these authors, the process is greatly hindered by the diversity of textual localisation. By considering the different genres these writers, particularly the religious authors, favoured (poetry, mystic, spiritual auto/biography,…), this paper aims to provide a number of conclusions for subsequent application in the sociolinguistic, literary and genre analysis of these works.Keywords: Catalogue, Textual localisation, Women religious authors, Valencian, Modern

“She did pioneering work in genetics, but it was her husband who won a Nobel prize.” So said an obituary in the British newspaper The Guardian regarding Esther Lederberg, a North American microbiologist married to Joshua Lederberg from 1946 to 1966 (8). Being married to and working alongside such a phenomenal scientist was not only greatly stimulating; it was also a major handicap. As long as she was Mrs. Lederberg, the success of their joint work was attributed to her husband. At 31, Joshua was already a full professor whereas Esther, who was three years older, remained an associate investigator. In an interview that followed his 1953 Eli Lilly award in Bacteriology, Joshua affirmed that this prize should have been shared with his wife. Despite that, on the occasion of his Nobel Prize, Joshua did not mentioned Esther in either of his speeches, when he received the award and during the gala dinner.

As electronic documents become more important and valuable in the modern era, attempts are invariably made to take undue-advantage by tampering with them. Tampering with the modification, access and creation date and time stamps (MAC DTS) of digital documents pose a great threat and proves to be a major handicap in digital forensic investigation. Authentic date and time stamps (ADTS) can provide crucial evidence in linking crime to criminal in cases of Computer Fraud and Cyber Crimes (CFCC) through reliable time lining of digital evidence. But the ease with which the MAC DTS of stored digital documents can be changed raises some serious questions about the integrity and admissibility of digital evidence, potentially leading to rejection of acquired digital evidence in the court of Law. MAC DTS procedures of popular operating systems are inherently flawed and were created only for the sake of convenience and not necessarily keeping in mind the security and digital forensic aspects. This paper explores these issues in the context of the Ext2 file system and also proposes one solution to tackle such issues for the scenario where systems have preinstalled plug-ins in the form of Loadable Kernel Modules, which provide the capability to preserve ADTS.

Diabetic neuropathies are the most common types of neuropathies worldwide. Although there has been significant progress in the understanding of the clinical aspects of these conditions, many questions remain unanswered or difficult to answer in terms of causation, risk factors and genetic susceptibility, effective treatments and restoration of nerve functions, and pain management. The major handicap in studying diabetic neuropathies is the lack of a suitable animal model that addresses acute and chronic events leasing to diabetic neuropathy. Unfortunately and despite numerous drug trials, other than strict glycemic control, which is often difficult to maintain, there are no other treatments to slow the progression or delay the development of diabetic neuropathy. This article attempts to highlight a few unanswered or controversial questions regarding diabetic neuropathies.

Many patients believe their excessive rectal gas to constitute a major handicap for their social life and/or to result from a medical disorder. As a result, physicians tend to prescribe multiple laboratory, radiological and endoscopic investigations which may not explain the symptoms despite their usefulness to rule out an organic aetiology. Moreover, such diagnostic approach commonly results in an inadequate therapeutic management. This review proposes a rational approach of such complaints. Particular emphasis is placed upon a sequential strategy consisting of 1) a daily count of flatulent manifestations (normal < 20 /day); 2) an analysis, when possible, of the flatus in terms of gas composition in order to determine whether the increased flatulence results from swallowed air (predominantly nitrogen N2) or from intraluminal production (carbon dioxide CO2, hydrogen H2 and methane CH4); and 3) an adaptation of the treatment to the rectal gas origin. Currently, only dietetic measures have proven some efficacy, but probiotics seem likely to have role in the management of the diseases associated with digestive gas.

Compared with the disability associated with repeated seizures or side-effects of antiepileptic medications, the social stigma associated with epilepsy is often a major handicap to people living with this condition. This study therefore looked at the knowledge, attitude and perception of teachers who see a lot of epileptics, relates on daily bases and have a high influence on students with epilepsy. Self-administered questionnaires were used to obtain information from 460 randomly selected teachers in primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions in Kwara State-middle belt of Nigeria. The response rate was 75%. Almost all of the teachers had heard about epilepsy, but their awareness does not equate with the acceptance and understanding of epilepsy. About 30.5% believed that it could be contracted through the saliva of an epileptic, 27.7% thought it was synonymous with possession with evil spirit, while 10% misunderstood epilepsy for insanity. Close to one-fifth of the teachers were of the opinion that epileptic students have a below average mental capacity compared with other students and so cannot attainment the highest possible education. Negative attitude and bias towards epilepsy is still deeply ingrained among teachers in Nigeria. Apart from formal education, teachers need to have health education courses on common disease conditions such as epilepsy that are prevalent in school age. This might help to reduce prejudice and increase the acceptance of epileptic individuals into the classroom.

Iatrogenic damage from a therapeutic procedure in the neonatal period can have serious consequences. Although most side effects are minor, some may result in a major handicap or death of the infant. The development of new therapeutic strategies may result in not previously observed combinations of pathology. This review focuses on iatrogenic damage occurring in several organs and after several different therapeutic interventions. Special attention is given to pulmonary and gastrointestinal damage and iatrogenic damage as a result of systemic treatments. Valuable information and early detection of serious side effects is only possible when the pathologist is very well informed about the therapeutic interventions used, all medical devices are left in situ and a thorough autopsy is performed as completely as is permitted. However, the decline in autopsy rates could make it more difficult to determine the incidence of iatrogenic lesions.

The conservation status of Odonata in the South Pacific Region and in Australasia is reviewed. Australian and New Zealand faunas have recently been monographed, for the rest of the region lack of data is the major handicap to concrete planning. The taxonomic status of the different island faunas and the state of habitat modification on land masses are indicated.

We investigated whether premature, very low-birthweight (VLBW) Asian children without major handicap had poor motor skills compared with their normal birthweight counterparts. We compared a cohort of 42 preterm babies with birthweights

Apgar scores were recorded at one and five minutes for ∼49 000 infants, and at 10, 15, and 20 minutes for babies who did not achieve a score of 8 or higher at five minutes. These children were followed to 7 years of age. Low Apgar scores were risk factors for cerebral palsy, but 55% of children with later cerebral palsy had Apgar scores of 7 to 10 at one minute, and 73% scored 7 to 10 at five minutes. Of 99 children who had Apgar scores of 0 to 3 at 10, 15, or 20 minutes and survived, 12 (12%) had later cerebral palsy; 11 of the 12 also were mentally retarded (in 10, IQ

Can we do business with strangers? A major handicap to any promotion is ignorance of the market and its members. In order to understand Latin Americans, says Albert Hirschman, we must first understand how Latin Americans understand each other. We see the “facts” one way, but their perception of these same facts is often very different. This is my purpose in reporting on Peru's attitude and internal discussions on international trade. Why Peru? A U S. State Department official told me that they consider Peru as a sort of bell wether in South America. Abraham Lowenthal of the Inter‐American Dialog says Peru has an international significance greater than would be expected, considering the size of its economy, and E. V. K. Fitzgerald of Cambridge says the Peruvian experience is significant in judgimg prospects in South America.

Background Residual pain after Infectious spondylodiscitis can result in a major handicap in social and professional life. The aim of the present work was to describe predictive factors of Residual pain after Infectious Spondylodiscitis according to the experience of an internal medicine department in Tunisia. Methods Patients with SDI either confirmed or presumed and hospitalized in the internal medicine department of The Principle Military Hospital Of Tunis, Tunisia have been included in the Study. Factors correlated with later pain are gathered in this study. Results See Table 1. Fourty-four patients met the inclusion criteria. They have been gathered over 20 years-period. They were 24 men and 20 women with an average age at 52.5 years. The diagnosis was a Tuberculous Spondylodiscitis in 22 cases (50%): among them 10 patients had a concomitant extra spinal TB. The diagnostic delay was 231 days for TB SDI and 40.5 days for SDP. Treatment duration was 13 months for SDT and 18 weeks for SDP. The outcome was favorabl Regular monitoring was observed in 38 patients (17 SDP, SDT 21) with an average duration of 20 months (5–48 months). Conclusions Neurological signs at first examination and MRI are main factors of residual pain in SDI. Disclosure of Interest None declared

This paper will try and describe the installation of a 3T MRI in an anti-cancer centre. Functional sequences become indispensable in the assessment of targeted treatments. It is only possible to carry out these treatments on a routine basis in acceptable examination times with 3T. The technical constraints are overcome with third generation MRI and the improvement of the spatial resolution in examination times reduced by 30 to 50% increases patient comfort. Nevertheless, the financial constraints represent a major handicap. It is not possible to obtain an economic balance with rates based on the cost and depreciation of 1.5T imagers that are half the price.

Parkinsonian dysarthria is generally known under the name of hypokinetic dysarthria. Dysarthria, according to Darley et al (1969), is characterized by all speech disorders related to disturbances of muscular control of the speech organs, whose origin is a central or peripheral nervous system injury. So we must understand by dysarthria all failures related to either different levels of speech production (respiratory, phonatory, articulatory and even prosodic). Parkinsonian dysarthria, meanwhile, is mainly based on rigidity and hypokinesia. That's why it is considered as « hypokinetic » (Darley et al., 1975; Gentil et al., 1995). This term refers not only to reduction of articulatory movements but also to decreasing of speech prosody modulation described as monotonic (Viallet & Teston, 2007). Parkinsonian dysarthria arises, like other signs of Parkinson's disease, the depletion of dopamine in charge of phonatory incompetence by muscular hypokinesia. It is a major handicap factor that may compromise in long-term oral communication of the patient, as worsening over the course of the disease, responding less well to treatment and thereby posing additional difficulties in support. So we thought to better assess this dysarthria in order to gain a better understanding and improve management. This assessment can be done by perceptual analysis. She could also be done by various instrumental methods (acoustic and physiological) focusing on one of the speech production levels mentioned above. Such studies are numerous in literature and we will report some examples in this chapter. What is more rare in literature is assessment of parkinsonian dysarthria in study combined several levels as might allow, for example, the dual approach appealing to physiology of speech production with firstly an aerodynamic component related to pneumophonic coordination (respiratory and phonatory levels) and, secondly, an acoustic component in relation to phonoarticulatory coordination (phonatory and articulatory levels). Through this chapter we want show that it is possible to assess appropriately parkinsonian dysarthria by using aerodynamic parameters that combine respiratory and phonatory levels, so such an experiment that we report in this chapter after having reviewed main methods of evaluation.; Ce travail met en évidence l'intérêt des mesures aérodynamiques pour l'évaluation de la dysrthrie parkinsonienne.

It is unfortunate how unfamiliar social theorists and philosophers from Western Europe and even more so North America are with the East European critical intellectual legacy. Debates among leading East European communist intellectuals are usually part of the Western critical repertoire, and occasionally some anarchist contributions might inform Western thinking. But it is relatively rare to find theorists such as Machajski and especially Brzozowski in the bibliographies of Western products, even while the experiences of Eastern Europe and the U.S.S.R. are becoming the stock of what transforms the critical perspective. This, I believe, is a major handicap for the analysis of socialism, as the issues that are central to the problem of socialism - the relationship between intellectuals and other classes on the one hand, and on the other the relationship between class and nationality - are dealt with in a more sustained manner by East European than by other intellectual cultures. I shall return to this claim in the conclusion of this essay, but it might be an argument difficult to sustain with East Europeans today as the Polish critical legacy pales in the light of the angloamerimania of contemporary Eastern European intellectual culture. One will not find many intellectuals focusing on Machajski and Brzozowski in Poland today. Indeed, Maehajski has never really been much of a part of Polish intellectual culture, given his anti-intellectual and anti-national stance. 2 Brzozowski is periodically fashionable in Polish culture, but at the present he is quite invisible in intellectual life.

During the past 20 years there has been a great increase in the understanding of deranged physiological mechanisms in certain groups of newborn infants that were, in the past, at high risk for death or major handicap. Much information of direct clinical relevance has come from the study of experimental animals, particularly about the changes that occur in the lungs and circulation at birth. Work in progress on an animal model of intraventricular haemorrhage suggests that this, like many other causes of brain damage, is a potentially preventable condition. Technological advances, such as continuous blood-gas analysis, make the prevention of handicapping conditions simpler, but the application of modern methods can be expensive. Current evidence shows that neonatal intensive care saves lives, and that the incidence of major handicap in the survivors is reduced. Society will have to decide how much money should be put into this area of medicine, and it will also have to help neonatal paediatricians with the difficult ethical dilemmas that they are now having to face.

Background/Aims: Cognitive dysfunction is a major handicap in multiple sclerosis (MS). Its prevalence varies due to disease heterogeneity and methodological issues. A neuropsychological battery of intermediate size was designed for and explored in the screening of cognitive dysfunction in MS patients. Methods: The battery was administered to a hospital-based sample of 191 MS patients and 50 matched controls. Eleven test scores measuring verbal fluency, verbal learning, attention, calculation and visuoperceptual ability were selected on the basis of sensitivity and lack of redundancy. Two alternative approaches were compared for diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction based, firstly, on the number of failed tasks, and secondly, on a single standardized global score. Results: The approach based on the number of failed tasks discriminated better than did the global approach between patients and controls. Using a cutoff of two altered scores, a cognitive dysfunction prevalence of 34% was obtained. The score yielded after summing errors in all tests was the most frequently altered and proved particularly useful for detecting minimally impaired patients. Conclusion: The purpose-designed battery was adequate for the screening of cognitive dysfunction in MS patients. The better accuracy of the single-task approach might reflect MS heterogeneity.

Publisher Summary During frying, fats and oils are heated to high temperatures while exposed to air, resulting in a complex series of reactions that generates a wide array of compounds. From the nutritional point of view, the non-volatile degradation products of used frying fats and oils are most relevant since they remain in the oil, are retained in the food, and are subsequently ingested. The assessment of metabolic and toxicological effects of used frying fats offers significant challenges. One of the problems most often encountered in nutritional studies is the distinction between the oxidized compounds coming from the diet and those produced in vivo; the latter being closely related to the efficient of dietary antioxidants and enzymatic defense systems. This chapter discusses the studies that start with oils and fats heated at high temperatures without food. The greatest concern about the nutritional effects of used frying fats was expressed over intermittent or discontinuous frying because the highest degradation levels were found under these conditions. The chapter presents some studies on the nutritional effects of used frying fats. To guarantee the safety of used frying fats, detailed information is necessary about the action of specific alteration compounds at levels higher than those found in the average human diet. In fact, much of the information available is derived from studies on model systems or individual compounds. A major handicap for researchers focused on individual compounds formed during frying is that few specific compounds have been separated and identified so far. The chapter also discusses some nutritional studies on model systems and specific compounds.

This paper discusses the ability of a generic nonlinear FIR model to represent microwave systems showing simultaneous short- and long-term memory effects (denoted multi-rate systems), such as wireless power amplifiers, PAs. The main problem arising from generic FIR modelling of multi-rate systems is the huge number of parameters that are required to correctly model the system, especially in the nonlinear case. This is a major handicap for both model extraction and for achieving simulation times within reasonable values. This paper demonstrates that for the conditions frequently encountered in practical wireless PAs, the number of model parameters is in fact so huge that makes the generic FIR modelling technique impracticable. Hence, alternative guidelines to avoid this problem are also presented in the paper

The lack of a small animal model that represents major features of Alzheimer's disease has long been considered a major handicap for research and drug development. Transgenic technology has been used to introduce potential pathological start points as well as established genetic causes of the disease to trigger pathogenesis in a small animal model. This review describes various approaches, discusses the available transgenic mouse models and compares their similarities and differences, and their applicability for the testing of drugs aiming at a causal treatment of the disease.

Today's newer friction materials and brake systems are able to operate under extreme conditions that are not normally evaluated with the standard squeal rig procedures. This could cause some discrepancy between the squeal rig test results and the vehicle test results like Los Angeles City Traffic Test (LACT). In some cases the noise behavior of brake systems could change dramatically and take us by surprise with new squeal frequencies being uncovered or get flagged due to high occurrences. This discrepancy could also be a major handicap with respect to developing a noise fix in the lab if the squeal cannot be reproduced. In this paper, we evaluated some case studies where some extreme conditionings especially related to thermal inputs drastically changed the squeal behavior of the brake system. Comparison between the squeal rig tests and vehicle tests will be done to analyze the root cause of the discrepancies observed and help improve brake noise rig test procedures in future to better correlate with the vehicle tests. Finally, the future improvements on noise rig testing procedure will be discussed.

This teaching case was developed for the students of sales and distribution management, an elective offered to the post graduate students of business management in most of the BSchools in India. All the characters in this case are fictitious, including the name of the company. The issues dealt with in the present case study are based on my experiences in various organizations that I have worked for. The gap between theory and practice and how lack of grass root knowledge of the market could be a major handicap, even for those who have impeccable credentials, formed the back drop of this case. This case would help students get better insights into various aspects of sales & distribution management.

Various methodological pitfalls preclude simple validation of the ostensible safety of offspring conceived thorough assisted reproductive technologies (ART). These pitfalls include lack of an appropriate comparison group (control), failure to take into account potential confounding variables, anomaly surveillance that is either too rigorous or too lax compared to the way in which anomalies are sought in general population surveys, and inconsistent criteria with respect to classifying anomalies (inclusion or exclusion of minor anomalies, internal anomalies evident only on ultrasound, and anomalies present in terminated pregnancies). To minimise these pitfalls, we recommend prospective surveillance for major anomalies, best defined as defects resulting in death, causing major handicap or necessitating surgery. Surveillance should ideally begin as soon as pregnancy is diagnosed. Data should be gathered allowing potential confounding variables to be taken into account, and systematic neonatal surveillance for anomalies should be performed during a designated time interval.

Objectives To determine the usefulness of creatine kinase (CK) alone or in combination with lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in identifying, those infants at risk of developing hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) or a major handicap following perinatal asphyxia. Design Prospective observational study. Method CK and LDH in serum were measured in 35 asphyxiated infants and in 30 controls within 6 hours of delivery. The asphyxiated newborns were monitored for evidence of HIE. Both groups were followed up in paediatric outpatients clinic and a developmental assessment was done at the end of one year. Results Both the CK and LDH levels were significantly raised in all asphyxiated newborns. 25.7% of asphyxiated babies developed HIE. The CK and LDH values of those who developed HIE were significantly higher than the rest of the asphyxiated newborns. Five babies had developmental delay and their CK values too were significantly higher. The same relationship was not seen with their LDH values. Conclusion Both the CK and LDH values are raised in birth asphyxia. The increase is more marked among those who developed HIE. However, only the raised CK levels correlated with long-term outcome. Babies with CK values above 2860 IU/ L should be closely monitored for both the immediate and longterm sequelae. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health , 2000; 29 : 49-52 (Key words: creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, markers of perinatal asphyxia) doi: 10.4038/sljch.v29i2.604

Summary The chemical and physical characteristics of residues produced by FBC and IGCC power generation are reviewed. Legislation, leaching tests, and disposal practices in different countries are discussed. By-products from FBC and IGCC power generation may be utilised in agriculture, building and structural materials, pollution control, and materials recovery. The successful management of FBC and IGCC residues requires detailed understanding of the nature and quantity of the waste products, knowledge of the legislative constraints that control the use and disposal of waste products and their leachates, and optimal disposal and utilisation methods in order to minimise environmental impact. Whilst appropriate uses for FBC by-products have been demonstrated, the variability of some residues is a major handicap to commercialisation. IGCC residues are similar to bottom ashes discharged from conventional combustors and should therefore be easier to use in applications traditionally associated with coal-use residues.

In a nationwide, prospective survey on very preterm and/or very low birthweight infants (less than 32 weeks of gestational age and/or less than 1500 g birthweight) we studied the outcome at the corrected age of two years of children with neonatal seizures. Of the 1338 infants, originally enrolled in the study, 72 had neonatal seizures; of these 44 died and 11 developed a major handicap. Using a multivariate statistical method, a significantly increased risk of death as well as handicap was found in infants with seizures compared to infants without seizures. Nevertheless, 16 of the 28 survivors with neonatal seizures were considered normal at the corrected age of two years.

As part of the national collaborative study in The Netherlands on very preterm and very low birthweight infant liveborn in 1983, we studied mortality and disabilities at 5 years of age in 292 infants with birthweight below 1000 grams. Mortality was 55.5%; in more than half of these cases, treatment was withheld or withdrawn. In 128 of 130 surviving children a detailed neurodevelopmental assessment was done during a home visit by 1 of 3 specially trained paediatricians. According to the WHO definitions1 38 children (29.7%) had a disability of which 16 (12.5%) had a minor handicap and 6 (4.7%) a major handicap. Although birthweight was clearly related to mortality, withdrawal of treatment was evenly distributed over all birthweight categories, and disabilities or handicaps showed no association with birthweight within this studygroup. We conclude that, given the permissive attitude on withholding or withdrawal of treatment in The Netherlands, tiny babies have a higher mortality risk, but in surviving children the disability and handicap percentages are similar to that in survivors of 1000-1500 g (disabilities 28.22, handicaps 14.3%).

This paper surveys inter-process communication in MVS/XA (multiple virtual system/extended architecture) and explores the use of cross-memory services for this purpose. The lack of high-level interfaces to system services is a major handicap in MVS/XA. Tools to provide high-level services, in particular, tools for inter-process communication, can be implemented in a simple, elegant and efficient way. The implementation and use of a communication subsystem, the extended communication facility (ECF), are also described. The ideas and mechanisms presented are useful for many scientific and engineering applications running under MVS/XA. Examples include distributed systems, applications using concurrent programming, a quasi-batch environment, communication subsystems, and mail subsystems.

357 babies weighing 501-1500 g were born alive at Hammersmith Hospital in 1961-75. 58·5% died in the neonatal period and 1·4% at 4-25 months of age. 1·4% of the total are untraced, 5·3% have major handicap, 5·6% have minor handicap, and 27·8% are apparently normal. There was no significant improvement in neonatal mortality in three 5-year periods, 1961-65, 1966-70, and 1971-75, except that more small-for-gestational-age babies survived in the last period than in the first. More of these babies survived than did babies whose birthweight was appropriate for gestational age. There was no significant improvement in the proportion of handicapped children among the very-low-weight liveborn babies throughout the 15-year period, despite increasing complexity of care.

In the past, few very low-birth-weight ( By 1966, intensive care had been introduced at University College Hospital.From that time, a follow up study of the survivors has been in progress and includes repeated physical examinations, psychological and behavioural testing. Parents, also, have been interviewed about their attitudes to, and perceptions of their children. The results show that 17 (8%) of 205 infants weighing Serious disturbances in parent-child relationship have occured in only 6 (3%) of the 205 children but transient problems often occured in the early months following delivery. Handicapping behavioural problems in the children were rare, and only one child (3%), among 31 tested in school at 8 years needed help. We have also been following up other groups of high risk infants whose survival rates have increased since the introduction of intensive care. No major handicap has been detected in 123 infants weighing 1501 – 2500g examined at 18 months of age. Three (5%) of 64 infants weighing > 1000g who were mechanically ventilated for hyaline membrane disease in 1970 – 74 were handicapped. None of the 29 infants with very severe rhesus haemolytic disease including 16 who were hydropic, born 1968 – 74, have major handicap. These results, together with those of other workers, suggest that perinatal intensive care reduces the risk of handicap in infants who survive serious perinatal problems; and does not itself cause serious physical or emotional sequelae.

THE MARCH 1978 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS IN FRANCE, by NICOLAS DENIS Analysis of the results of the March 1978 parliamentary elections suggests that the major handicap for the Union of the Left was the sentiments still inspired in French voters by one of its essential components the PC. Moreover, the way in which the PS persisted in reiterating its faith in the alliance with the PC, and also the concessions made, despite the verbal attacks made by the latter, would seem to have been damaging. The division of the outgoing majority, on the other hand, would appear to have done it good. Apart from having its own specific impact, the vigorous campaign pursued by the RPR helped indirectly to bring together the Président of the Republic's scattered political support under the UDF. [Revue française de science politique XXVIII (6), décembre 1978, pp. 977-1005.], LES ÉLECTIONS LÉGISLATIVES DE MARS 1978 EN MÉTROPOLE, par NICOLAS DENIS L'analyse des résultats des élections législatives de mars 1978 conduit à penser que le handicap majeur de l'union de la gauche a été constitué par les sentiments qu'une de ses constituantes essentielles, le PC, continue d'inspirer aux électeurs français. Par ailleurs, la façon dont, malgré les agressions verbales du PC, le PS a persisté à affirmer sa fidélité à l'alliance avec celui-ci, les concessions qu'il lui a faites, semblent lui avoir été néfastes. A l'inverse, la division de la majorité sortante, semble avoir eu, pour elle, des effets positifs. La vigoureuse campagne du RPR, outre ses effets propres, a indirectement contribué à unifier, sous le sigle UDF, les soutiens politiques dispersés du Président de la République. [Revue française de science politique XXVIII (6), décembre 1978, pp. 977-1005.], Denis Nicolas. Les élections législatives de mars 1978 en métropole. In: Revue française de science politique, 28ᵉ année, n°6, 1978. pp. 977-1005.

Viability is the capability of the liveborn infant to survive without major handicaps. Although opinions differ in the Netherlands as to the justification of starting treatment in infants of less than 26 weeks gestation, our preliminary results indicate that mortality and major-handicap rate do not differ in infants of less than 26 weeks compared to infants of 26 and 27 weeks. However, we should encourage preventive perinatal medicine in order to reduce the alarming high rate of major handicaps in all extremely preterm infants.

SUMMARY Village afforestation activities in Tanzania are characterised by varying degrees of success. Four major limiting factors are identified: inadequate planning and poor follow-up, resulting from a shortage of skilled manpower; and a lack of both sufficient seedlings and transportation, owing to funding constraints. Further, the lack of a clear policy to guide such a large programme is a major handicap. It is suggested that the programme will be more successful if overall responsibility for its implementation is given to the forest division, and if it can be ensured that adequate funds and manpower are available where and when required. In addition, such a programme should become an integral part of village development plans.

Current methods for the design of underground structures are reviewed. It is shown that they share the same approach when including the effects of soil‐structure interaction (SSI) in the design loading. This common approach has a major handicap in that it attempts to dissociate the loading from the structural response. An alternate approach which recognizes the importance of this coupling is described. This approach leads to a design methodology which incorporates the effect of SSI in a systematic manner. Furthermore, the implementation of this methodology is straightforward and requires little or no modification to state‐of‐the‐art design and analysis computer programs.

RESUMO Lingvo-planado en minoritata lingvo La retoromanca lingvo, parolata de 35'000 personoj en la svisa kantono Grizono, troviĝas en granda dangero, kvankam ĝi ĝuas tre grandaniman moralan kaj fmancan subtenon el tuta Svislando. Granda handikapo por la utih'go de tiu lïngvo por prak-tikaj celoj en la leĝfarado, en administracio, en komerco kaj ec sur afisoj estis gis nun la manko de kornuna skriblingvo por ĉiuj romanĉoj. La topografiaj obstakloj en tiu montara lando, la konfesiaj antagonismoj kaj la manko de ĉefurbo kiel kultura centro kaǔzis, ke kvin diversaj skriblingvoj ekestis kaj evoluis depost la eltrovo de la presarto. Hodiaǔ tiu manko estas pli sentata ol iam. Pro tio la Romanĉa Ligo, kiu estas la supera organo de ciuj romancaj societoj, donis la taskon al profesoro en la universitato de Zurich, Heinrich Schmid, ellabori la gvidlniojn por komuna superregiona skriblingvo, tio, malgraǔ ke pli fruaj individuaj provoj estis malsukcesintaj. En 1982 profesoro Schmid submetis sian lingvoplanon al la Romanĉa Ligo, kiu post malmultaj retusoj akceptis kaj publikigis ĝin. En kvar jaroj tiu nova lingvo bazigante precipe sur la regionaj lingvoj de la malsupera Engadino kaj de la antaua Rejnvalo, trovis multan subtenon kaj jam estas vaste uzata en la praktiko spite al kontraǔstaro de konservemaj rondoj. Posto, ŝtataj instancoj kaj komerco jam utiligas gin, sed la verkistoj ankoraǔ hezitas. Tarnen oni rajtas konkludi, ke la. pure eksperimenta fazo jam pasis. SUMMARY Language Planning in a Minority Language The Rhaeto-Romansch language, spoken by 35,000 people in the Swiss canton of Grisons, is in great danger, although it enjoys generous moral and financial support from all of Switzerland. Up to now, a major handicap in the use of the language for practical purposes in legislation, administration, commerce, and even in posters and signs has been the lack of a common written language for all forms of Romansch. Topographical obstacles in this mountainous area, coupled with religious antagonisms and the lack of a capital city to serve as a cultural center, have led to the creation and development of five different written forms since the invention of printing. This lack is more acutely felt today than ever before. Accordingly, the Romansch League, the coordinating body of all Romansch societies, commissioned a professor at the University of Zurich, Heinrich Schmid, to develop guidelines for a common written language for all regions, although earlier individual efforts of this kind had failed. In 1982 Professor Schmid presented his language program to the Romansch League, which, after a few minor changes, accepted and published it. Over the past four years this new language, based primarily on the regional languages of the lower Engadine and of the Rhine Valley, has found much support and is already widely used in practice despite opposition in conservative circles. The postal service, government agencies, and business are already using it, but there is some hesitation among literary figures. It is reasonable to conclude, however, that the purely experimental phase of the project is now over.

Morbidity in the first year of life of 120 infants, born before the 34th wk of pregnancy, was studied in relationship to both duration of pregnancy and birthweight. Moreover, the interrelationships of morbidity in three time-periods (first-hour, first 28 days and first year after delivery) were studied. The major handicap rate at one year was 5%, without major handicaps in infants born before 29 wk or weighing less than 1250 g. This finding seems to justify intensive treatment of even the youngest and smallest infants. Significantly more morbidity in the first 28 days of life was found when intervention within the first hour after delivery was necessary, indicating that morbidity in the first hour after delivery may be a prognostic bad sign for morbidity in the first 28 days of life. However, no significant differences in handicap rates at one year of age were found in infants with and without morbidity in the first hour or in the first 28 days. This indicates that early morbidity will not necessarily be followed by morbidity in later life, but, on the other hand, absence of early morbidity does not preclude handicaps later on.

Cranial ultrasounds were performed on 218 (96%) of 227 liveborn infants of birthweight 500-1500 g delivered in the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, in an 18-month period concluding in March 1982. Seventy-two (31.7%) of the children died; 28 children (38.9%) had cerebroventricular haemorrhage, 35 (48.6%) showed no bleeding and there were nine (12.5%) with no data. Paired necropsy and ultrasound data were congruent in 22 (88%) of 25 children. One hundred and forty-eight (95.5%) of 155 survivors were seen at 2 years of age. Forty-one (28%) had cerebroventricular haemorrhage; nine children (6%) had both ventricular dilatation and haemorrhage and two had ventricular dilatation alone. Apart from a marginal advance in gestation and higher number of immigrant and less educated mothers in children without cerebroventricular haemorrhage, all other perinatal, biographical and social variables between those with haemorrhage and those without were similar. The major handicap rate overall was 14.2% (21 patients). The children with cerebroventricular haemorrhage had a trend for greater prevalence of handicap and lower mean Bayley psychological scores. This was even more evident with ventricular dilatation being present. Of children with major handicap 57.1% (12/21) had normal serial ultrasound findings during their primary hospitalization. Major handicap occurred in 15% (3/20) of children with grade 1 haemorrhage, 23.5% (4/17) with grade 2 or 3 bleeds and 25% (1/4) of those with grade 4 haemorrhage. Laterality of cerebral palsy did not correlate with ultrasound findings. Ultrasound findings did not improve statistical prediction of deaths or major handicap.

A major handicap in description of odour problems is the lack of quantitative information. Only the number of complaints and the number of animals can be determined quantitatively. Therefore Dutch research on odour control has given first priority to the delopment of suitable techniques for odour measurement. In the meantime, attention has been given to the following items. 1. 1. Odour measurement. This research started in 1972, investigating odour from pig-houses. We hoped to find just one or two components responsible for the smell; but as explained by Schaefer, the situation is more complicated. Good correlation between one of the components and odour intensity suggests possibilities for the development of a simple measurement system. 2. 2. A model of production and emission of smells. Research has been started on the production of stench components in manure. The results of this research are important for the development of new systems to prevent or reduce the production of these components. However, these components are produced, so we have to concentrate on the prevention of their emission. 3. 3. A model of transport and dispersion of smells from the emission point. There is a lack of information about the transport and dispersion of odours around stables, manure pits or fields where manure is spread. The following factors play a role: (a) ventilation system, (b) distance, (c) weather conditions, (d) obstacles like windscreens, walls and buildings. 4. 4. A model of the emission of bad odours, that can possibly be calculated from models 2 and 3.

Contrary to popular belief, in most cases epilepsy need not be a major handicap to the individual. However, epileptic patients usually have a variety of psychosocial problems, largely because of the pressures and frustrations with which they are often confronted in society and at home. The authors describe an interdisciplinary approach to the health care of these patients in which group treatment was a primary component.

During an 18 month period, 120 preterm infants of 34 weeks' gestation or less were prospectively examined for periventricular leucomalacia (PVL) by cerebral ultrasound. Neurological and developmental assessment was carried out at 18 months of age corrected for prematurity in 82 surviving neonates. The developmental outcome (Griffiths development quotient) was above 80 and similar in infants with normal scans (n = 41), isolated periventricular-intraventricular haemorrhage (n = 13), and post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus (n = 4), and no major handicap was diagnosed in these groups. By contrast, the prognosis was variable and poorer in infants with PVL (n = 24) and depended on the extent and site of the lesion. Infants with frontal PVL (n = 13) developed normally. Major sequelae (n = 8) were closely related to frontal-parietal PVL and frontal-parietal-occipital PVL and could be ascribed to the presence of cysts as well as to a persistent hyperechogenic ultrasonographic PVL appearance. A relation between size and site of the lesion and type and severity of the handicap was established.

The importance of Augustine Baker in the history of English devotional literature has long been recognised, but there has always been a major handicap to any proper understanding of him—the fact that most of his works have not been published, except in a onevolume digest, entitled Sancta Sophia, which one of his disciples, Serenus Cressy, produced in 1657. Thus Baker has recently been the subject of a full-scale monograph, which, though otherwise scholarly and accurate enough, suffers from the fact that the author has not consulted the Baker MSS., and has, therefore, together with almost every other expert in this field of study, begun and ended his work without knowing whether Cressy's digest truly reproduces his master's voice. What follows is an attempt to answer this hitherto unanswered question by reconstructing the circumstances of the book's publication and by comparing it with some of the MSS. But first, some definitions.

During a 36-month period 435 babies of 34 weeks' gestation or less were regularly scanned with ultrasound. A large periventricular/intraventricular haemorrhage developed in 40 babies, and extensive cystic leucomalacia developed in 10. The neurodevelopmental outcome and the frequency of handicap in these 2 groups were compared. 9 of the 18 survivors with a large haemorrhage were found to be completely normal and only 2 showed a major handicap. However, severe cerebral palsy with mental retardation developed in all the survivors with extensive cystic leucomalacia, and 4 of the 7 babies were also cortically blind. These findings suggest that the size of the haemorrhage is not a good predictor of outcome, but that severe cystic leucomalacia is associated with a very poor prognosis.