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Abstract An essential research area for scientists is the development of high-performing, inexpensive, non-toxic antibacterial materials that prevent the transfer of bacteria. In this study, pure Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite were prepared by hydrothermal method. A series of characterization results by using XRD FTIR, Raman, FESEM, TEM, and EDS analyses, reveal the formation of orthorhombic nanoflakes Bi2WO6 by the addition of NaOH and pH adjustment to 7. Compared to pure Bi2WO6, the Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite exhibited that CNTs are efficiently embedded into the structure of Bi2WO6 which results in charge transfer between metal ion electrons and the conduction or valence band of Bi2WO6 and MWCNTs and result in shifting to longer wavelength as shown in UV–visible and PL. The results confirmed that MWCNTs are stuck to the surface of the microflowers, and some of them embedded inside the Bi2WO6 nanoflakes without affecting the structure of Bi2WO6 nanoflakes as demonstrated by TEM. In addition, Pure Bi2WO6 and the Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite were tested against P. mirabilis and S. mutans., confirming the effect of addition MWCNTs materials had better antibacterial activity in opposition to both bacterial strains than pure Bi2WO6. Besides, pure Bi2WO6 and the Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite tested for cytotoxicity against lung MTT test on Hep-G2 liver cancer cells, and flow-cytometry. Results indicated that pure Bi2WO6 and the Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite have significant anti-cancer efficacy against Hep-G2 cells in vitro. In addition, the findings demonstrated that Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/MWCNTs triggered cell death via increasing ROS. Based on these findings, it appears that pure Bi2WO6 and the Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite have the potential to be developed as nanotherapeutics for the treatment of bacterial infections, and liver cancer.

The phagocytic activities of various immune cells can be enhanced by the use of medicinal preparations that can confer physiological homeostasis through the elimination of both pathogenic material and cells experiencing apoptosis. Nevertheless, studies on the achievement of this kind of reaction by the use of 2-(benzhydrylsulfinyl)-N-sec-butylacetamide as a novel derivative are seldom. Hence, we assess herein the impacts of this novel compound on macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) involved in phagocytic activities as well as on the growth of Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). A significant increase in both phagocytosis and bactericidal activities was observed, as indicated by the fact that E. coli was remarkably cleared in response to the treatment. In parallel, a highly significant increase (p

New 3-furan-1-thiophene-based chalcones were synthesized, characterized and pharmacologically evaluated as antibacterial and anticancer agents against two bacterial species; Gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). All tested final compounds were active against the two bacterial species; S. pyogenes and P. aeruginosa. Especially compound AM4 showed large inhibition zone (27.13 and 23.30 mm), respectively. Using the DPPH assay, the new chalcones were evaluated for their free radical scavenging activity and found to reach up to 90 %, accomplished at a test concentration of 200 μg/mL. Furthermore, the chalcone derivatives were investigated against two breast cell lines; MCF-7 (cancerous) and MCF-10A (non-cancerous). Compound AM4 showed potent anticancer activity (IC50 = 19.354 μg/mL) in comparison to the other tested chalcone derivatives. In silico study was achieved using the PyRx AutoDock Vina software (0.8) to study the interaction types between the new hits and the binding sites of targeted proteins; glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase and tubulin, the target for antibacterial and anticancer drugs, respectively. Based on the molecular docking results the tested chalcones bind to the active pocket of the respective proteins, which support the in vitro results. In conclusion, 3-furan-1-thiophene-based chalcones could serve as new hits in the discovery of novel anticancer and/or antibacterial drugs.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons characterized by muscle weakness, muscle twitching, and muscle wasting. ALS is regarded as the third-most frequent neurodegenerative disease, subsequent to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2007 declared that prolonged use of statins may induce development of ALS-like syndrome and may increase ALS risk. Subsequently, different studies have implicated statins in the pathogenesis of ALS. In contrast, results from preclinical and clinical studies highlighted the protective role of statins against ALS neuropathology. Recently, meta-analyses and systematic reviews illustrated no association between long-term use of statins and ALS risk. These findings highlighted controversial points regarding the effects of statins on ALS pathogenesis and risk. The neuroprotective effects of statins against the development and progression of ALS may be mediated by regulating dyslipidemia and inflammatory changes. However, the mechanism for induction of ALS neuropathology by statins may be related to the dysregulation of liver X receptor signaling (LXR) signaling in the motor neurons and reduction of cholesterol, which has a neuroprotective effect against ALS neuropathology. Nevertheless, the exact role of statins on the pathogenesis of ALS was not fully elucidated. Therefore, this narrative review aims to discuss the role of statins in ALS neuropathology.

Abstract Combining viruses and nanoparticles may be a way to successfully treat cancer and minimize adverse effects. The current work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a specific combination of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) to enhance the antitumor effect of breast cancer in both in vitro and in vivo models. Two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and AMJ-13) and a normal epithelial cell line (HBL-100) were used and treated with NDV and/or GNPs. The MTT assay was used to study the anticancer potentials of NDV and GNP. The colony formation assay and apoptosis markers were used to confirm the killing mechanisms of NDV and GNP against breast cancer cell lines. p53 and caspase-9 expression tested by the qRT-PCR technique. Our results showed that combination therapy had a significant killing effect against breast cancer cells. The findings demonstrated that NDV and GNPs induced apoptosis in cancer cells by activating caspase-9, the p53 protein, and other proteins related to apoptosis, which holds promise as a combination therapy for breast cancer.

Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and hyperglycemia. The development of inflammatory disorders in T2DM triggers the activation of different growth factors as a compensatory mechanism to reduce IR and adipose tissue dysfunction in T2DM. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) which is involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis is attractive to be a novel therapeutic target in the management of T2DM. FGF21 has poor pharmacokinetic profile as it rapidly degraded; therefore, FGF21 analogs which are more stable can be used in T2DM patients. However, FGF21 analogs are tested pre-clinically but not approved in clinical settings. Therefore, searching for anti-diabetic agents who enhance FGF21 expression is mandatory. It has been shown that metformin which used as a first-line in the management of T2DM can positively affect the expression of FGF21, though the underlying mechanisms for metformin-induced FGF21 expression are not fully elucidated. Therefore, this review from published studies aimed to find how metformin improves insulin sensitivity through FGF21-dependent pathway in T2DM. In conclusion, metformin improves FGF21 signaling in T2DM, and this could be a novel mechanism for metformin in the amelioration of glucose homeostasis and metabolic disorders in T2DM patients.

Ferrite nanoparticles are an emerging material for industrial and biomedical applications. Herein, a simple non-aqueous sol–gel method is used to synthesize CuxZn(1-x)Fe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75) nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–Vis spectroscopy, and a vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) were utilized to investigate the structural formation and magnetic merits of the prepared ferrite nanoparticles. The Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the formation of single-phase cubic structures with Fd3¯m space groups for all samples. The increase in cu2+ concentration in zinc ferrite nanoparticles decreases the lattice parameters from 8.4418 to 8.4368. The energy gap of cu2+-doped zinc ferrite increases from 1.89 to 2.04 eV with a decrease in particle size. MH loop revealed an increase in Ms and Mr Parameters as Hc reduces with an increase in Cu2+ concentration in the zinc ferrite matrix. It was discovered that an increase in Cu2+ content improved the antibacterial activities of Cu2+-doped zinc ferrite against all bacterial species.

Abstract Zinc oxide-silver (ZnO–Ag), and zinc oxide-gold (ZnO–Au) nano-composites were prepared through wet chemical process and laced into single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to yield ZnO–Ag-SWCNTs, and ZnO–Au-SWCNTs hybrids. These nano-composite-laced SWCNTs hybrids were characterized using Raman spectroscopic, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. The hybrids were evaluated for their effects on phagocytic cells and bactericidal activity against the gram-negative bacteria E. coli. Their phagocytic cell activities and intracellular killing actions were found to be significantly increased, as the ZnO–Ag-SWCNTs and ZnO–Au-SWCNTs nano-hybrids induced widespread clearance of Escherichia coli. An increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) also led to upregulated phagocytosis, which was determined mechanistically to involve the phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2) pathway. The findings emphasized the roles of ZnO–Ag- and ZnO–Au-decorated SWCNTs in the prevention of bacterial infection by inhibiting biofilm formation, showing the potential to be utilized as catheter coatings in the clinic.

Abstract This study investigated for the first time a simple bio-synthesis approach for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Annona muricata L (A. muricata) plant extract to test their anti-cancer effects. The presence of CuONPs was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). The antiproliferative properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated against (AMJ-13), (MCF-7) breast cancer cell lines, and the human breast epithelial cell line (HBL-100) as healthy cells. This study indicates that CuONPs reduced cell proliferation for AMJ-13 and MCF-7. HBL-100 cells were not significantly inhibited for several concentration levels or test periods. The outcomes suggest that the prepared copper oxide nanoparticles acted against the growth of specific cell lines observed in breast cancer. It was observed that cancer cells had minor colony creation after 24 h sustained CuONPs exposure using (IC50) concentration for AMJ-13 was (17.04 µg mL−1). While for MCF-7 cells was (18.92 µg mL−1). It indicates the uptake of CuONPs by cancer cells, triggering apoptosis. Moreover, treatment with CuONPs enhanced Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production, probably caused by cell membrane damage, creating leaks comprising cellular substances like lactate dehydrogenase. Hence, research results suggested that the synthesized CuONPs precipitated anti-proliferative effects by triggering cell death through apoptosis.

This study presents a comprehensive look into the potential therapeutic, antibacterial, and anticancer properties of a nanocomposite (NC) of gold (Au) and zinc oxide (ZnO). In this study, we analyzed the adherence between Au nanoparticles (NPs) and ZnO NPs. X-ray diffraction analysis showed high crystallinity and small crystallite sizes of Au NPs and ZnO NPs, while transmission electron microscopy showed spherical NPs. Furthermore, histogram analysis showed that the average particle size of Au NPs is 27 nm, while that of ZnO NPs is 35 nm. The adherence of ZnO NPs on the surface of Au NPs increased their combined particle size to 51 nm and revealed a high-population core-shell structure. The activity of Au/ZnO NCs against Escherichia coli was more potent when compared to that of elemental Au and ZnO NPs alone. The cytotoxic effects of Au NPs, ZnO NPs, and Au/ZnO NCs against human breast cancer cells (AMG13) and human esophageal adenocarcinoma cancer cells (SK-GT4) were investigated in this study. We found that AMG13 is more sensitive than SK-GT4 to the activity of Au/ZnO NCs. The cytotoxicity of Au/ZnO NCs against AMG13 was 89%, while that against SK-GT4 was 85%. Less cytotoxic effects were recorded against normal cells (MCF7) when compared with those of cancer cells. Based on these findings, the synthesized Au/ZnO NCs could be used as a promising strategy for biomedical applications.

The goal of the current work was to create an antibacterial agent by using polycaprolactone/chitosan (PCL/CH) nanofibers loaded with Cordia myxa fruit extract (CMFE) as an antimicrobial agent for wound dressing. Several characteristics, including morphological, physicomechanical, and mechanical characteristics, surface wettability, antibacterial activity, cell viability, and in vitro drug release, were investigated. The inclusion of CMFE in PCL/CH led to increased swelling capability and maximum weight loss. The SEM images of the PCL/CH/CMFE mat showed a uniform topology free of beads and an average fiber diameter of 195.378 nm. Excellent antimicrobial activity was shown towards Escherichia coli (31.34 ± 0.42 mm), Salmonella enterica (30.27 ± 0.57 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (21.31 ± 0.17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (27.53 ± 1.53 mm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.17 ± 0.12 mm) based on the inhibition zone assay. The sample containing 5 wt% CMFE had a lower water contact angle (47 ± 3.7°), high porosity, and high swelling compared to the neat mat. The release of the 5% CMFE-loaded mat was proven to be based on anomalous non-Fickian diffusion using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. Compared to the pure PCL membrane, the PCL-CH/CMFE membrane exhibited suitable cytocompatibility on L929 cells. In conclusion, the fabricated antimicrobial nanofibrous films demonstrated high bioavailability, with suitable properties that can be used in wound dressings.

Nanoparticles (NPs) have biological activities like antibacterial, antifungal, drug delivery, immunomodulation and antitumor activities. The aim of the current study was to investigate some of biomedical applications of silver NP synthesis using extracts from leaves of Eriobotrya japonica. Colour changes, UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM, zeta potential, dynamic light scattering, FTIR and XRD were used to confirm AgNPs formation. The UV–vis spectrum absorption band was observed at almost 430 nm. The SEM image shows quasi-spherical shape of AgNPs. The zeta potential demonstrated the negative surface charge of NPs. FTIR results showed the functional groups of AgNPs. Crystalline nature of AgNPs was confirmed by XRD pattern. MTT assay was used to study the anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 and HeLa cells. Apoptosis was tested using a DNA-fragmentation test, and expression of P53. AgNPs inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 and HeLa cells, and reduced inflammation. Treatment with AgNPs significantly decreased allergic disorder. AgNPs stimulated the phagocytosis process in BMDMs. The results suggested that AgNPs could be a promising therapy for future and preventing inflammation, reduce allergic disorders and prevent bacterial infection through the up-regulation of phagocytosis. Hence, future work such as developed and improved NPs as adjuvants, immune-modulating substances and nano-drug delivery system is needed.

Nanoparticles of gold with zinc oxide (Au@ZnO NPs) were prepared by laser ablation and then capped with curcumin nanoparticles (Cur-Au@ZnO NPs). The synthesized NPs were characterized using different techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. In addition, the ability of NPs as a promising antibacterial agent was tested against Staphylococcus aureus through the agar well diffusion method and AO/EtBr staining assay. The results showed that the prepared nanoparticles (Cur-Au@ZnO) served as an antibacterial agent and can destroy the bacterial cells by losing the cell wall integrity and penetrating the cytoplasmic membrane. Moreover, the findings confirmed the role of the formed NPs in attenuation of the adherence and invasion of S. aureus to rat embryonic fibroblast (REF) cells. Furthermore, the activity of Cur-Au@ZnO NPs against the S. aureus α-hemolysin toxin was evaluated using the western blot technique, using human alveolar epithelial cells (A549), and through histopathology examination in a mouse model. In conclusion, the built Cur-Au@ZnO NPs can be used as a potential antibacterial agent and an inhibitor of α-hemolysin toxin secreted by S. aureus. These NPs may offer a new strategy in combating pathogen infections and in the future for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

Background. Tissue damage caused by COVID-19 could be detected by several clinical indicators including hematological, immunological, biochemical, and inflammatory markers. This study was to detect these clinical parameters to reveal the correlation between the factors and their roles in the development of COVID-19, to explore the hazard factors in severe cases. Materials and Methods. A total of 200 participants of both sexes were included in the study, with an age range of (25–72) years, categorized into three main groups: 50 healthy individuals, 62 mild infected patients, and 88 severe infected patients with pneumonia. Different hematological and clinical parameters were included in the analysis (Basrah city, Iraq). Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), ferritin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assessed for all participants using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The liver, renal, and cardiac functions were assessed by clinical chemistry testing. Results. COVID-19 patients had leukocytosis, with an increased number of neutrophils and a decreased lymphocyte count, according to our findings. In regard to inflammatory parameters, both ESR and hs-CRP showed significant differences between the two groups, whereas IL-6 was significantly higher in the total severe group compared to the other two groups. Biochemical results revealed that each lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) had significant changes in the total severe group. Among pneumonic with an O2 requirement and pneumonic without an O2 requirement, there were significant differences in immunological and inflammatory markers (p>0.05). The neutrophils-lymphocytes ratio (NLR) was highly elevated in severe who required O2. Moreover, IL-6, lymphocytes, and neutrophils were possible risk factors for COVID-19 infection, with the strongest influence of IL-6 with a high odds ratio (OR: 24.138, 95% CI: 8.437–30.65, p

Hesperidin, as a flavonone, is recognized as promising anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer agent. Its poor bioavailability is crucial bottleneck for therapeutic efficacy. To enhance the stability and bioactive potentials, hesperidin -PLGA-Poloxamer 407 was successfully prepared to minimize or overcome problems associated with hesperidin absorption. The characteristics of nanohesperidin were testing by in vitro dissolution study, XRD, FTIR, PSA and SEM. Antioxidant effects of nanohesperidin were studied. The structure–activity relationship analysis with antioxidant pharmacophore has been performed by using density functional theory method and quantum chemical calculations. The structural properties were investigated using Becke three-parameter hybrid exchange and the Lee–Yang–Parr correction functional methods. Nanohesperidin was found to decrease the H2O2 activity–induced DNA instability. Blood compatibility on human erythrocytes was confirmed by haemolytic and in vitro toxicity assessments. The in vitro anticancer activity of nanohesperidin towards MCF-7 cells using various parameters was carried out. The nanohesperidin was found to exert cell growth arrest, activated DNA fragmentation and induced apoptotic cell death through caspase-3 and p53-dependent pathways. These findings showed that nanohesperidin play an important role in its anticancer effects, suggesting might be used for clinical trials and can represent driving formulation for novel chemotherapeutic agents.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of a newly modified cyclodextrin derivative, water-soluble β-cyclodextrin–epichlorohydrin (β-CD), as an effective drug carrier to enhance the poor solubility and bioavailability of galangin (GAL), a poorly water-soluble model drug. In this regard, inclusion complexes of GAL/β-CDP were prepared. UV-VIS spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray crystallography (XRD), zeta potential analysis, particle size analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied to characterize the synthesized GAL/β-CD. Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7; human breast cancer cells) and rat embryo fibroblast (REF; normal cells) were employed to examine the in vitro cytotoxic effects of GAL/β-CD using various parameters. The dye-based tests of MTT and crystal violet clearly exhibited that GAL/β-CD-treated cells had a reduced proliferation rate, an influence that was not found in the normal cell line. The cells’ death was found to follow apoptotic mechanisms, as revealed by the dye-based test of acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr), with the involvement of the mitochondria via caspase-3-mediated events, as manifested by the Rh 123 test. We also included a mouse model to examine possible in vivo toxic effects of GAL/β-CD. It appears that the inclusion complex does not have a significant influence on normal cells, as indicated by serum levels of kidney and liver enzymatic markers, as well as thymic and splenic mass indices. A similar conclusion was reached on the histological level, as manifested by the absence of pathological alterations in the liver, kidney, thymus, spleen, heart, and lung.

Nanoparticles are a special group of materials with unique features and extensive application in diverse fields. The present work demonstrates the toxicity impact of porous silicon nanoparticles (PSNPs) on kidney parameter which is prepared by electrochemical etching method. the synthesis of porous silicon nanoparticles are conformed by using structural and optical properties from through scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy techniques. The effect of toxicity of these nanoparticles on the liver parameters in laboratory animals use four groups each groups involve three duplicities was studied. Injected of porous silicon nanoparticles in the intraperitoneal at concentration of 1mg/kg. The results of biochemical assay Aspartate Amino-Transferase (GOT), Alanine Amino-Transferase (GPT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were compared with the control groups, for four weeks and then confirm a result was made with Histological study for section of liver. Results show no significant differences in levels (GOT, GPT, ALT) among the test groups via comparison with controls groups. This Result indicates no toxic effect of porous silicon nanoparticles' on kidney parameters.

In recent years, Essential oils from their various aromatic plants hadbeen reported to be used in treating of many types of cancer due to their antitumoractivity. In addition, numerous studies had investigated the highest capability ofchemopreventive phytochemicals compound to act as anticancer drugs. In thepresent research, the antioxidant activity of Linalool on free radicals compoundswas studied. The Antioxidant activity was performed using two methods, DPPHand Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Scavenging Capacity. The DPPH scavengingactivity demonstrated that Linalool had antioxidant activity comparing withascorbic acid. Linalool demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity with50.57471% compared with ascorbic acid that showed 86%. Meanwhile, H2O2scavenging capacity methods investigated that Linalool exhibited moderatescavenging activity 56.36% comparing with ascorbic acid that showed 65%. Theresults of this study investigated that the Linalool can be used as easily accessiblesource of natural antioxidants. It can able to be used in the treating several typesof cancers as a result of antioxidant activity of it.

Flaky graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using Hummer’s method and then capped with polyethylene glycol (PEG) by an esterification reaction, then loaded with Nigella sativa (N. sativa) seed extract. Aiming to investigate their potential use as a smart drug delivery system against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, the spectral and structural characteristics of GO-PEG NPs were comprehensively analyzed by XRD, AFM, TEM, FTIR, and UV- Vis. XRD patterns revealed that GO-PEG had different crystalline structures and defects, as well as a higher interlayer spacing. AFM results showed GONPs with the main grain size of 24.41 nm, while GONPs–PEG revealed graphene oxide aggregation with the main grain size of 287.04 nm after loading N. sativa seed extract, which was verified by TEM examination. A strong OH bond appeared in FTIR spectra. Furthermore, UV- Vis absorbance peaks at (275, 284, 324, and 327) nm seemed to be correlated with GONPs, GO–PEG, N. sativa seed extract, and GO –PEG- N. sativa extract. The drug delivery system was observed to destroy the bacteria by permeating the bacterial nucleic acid and cytoplasmic membrane, resulting in the loss of cell wall integrity, nucleic acid damage, and increased cell-wall permeability.

Annona muricata is one of the most important traditional medicinal plants which contains numerous chemicals that exhibit various pharmacological properties. In this study, silver nanoparticles were prepared using A. muricata peel extract as a reducing agent and the effect was enhanced through A. muricata like pharmaceutical activity. AgNPs formation was confirmed by color changes, UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM, DLS, and XRD. The anti-proliferative activity of AgNPs against THP-1, AMJ-13, and HBL cell lines was studied. Apoptotic markers were tested using AO/EtBr staining assay, cell cycle phases using flowcytometry, and the expression of P53. Autophagy takes an essential part in controlling inflammasome activation by primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). We report novel functions for AgNPs-affected autophagy, represented by the control of the release of IL-1β, caspase-1, adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and NLRP3 in BMDMs following treatment with LPS+ATP. The current study revealed that the AgNPs inhibited THP-1 and AMJ-13 cell proliferation. Meanwhile, the AgNPs significantly increased autophagy and reduced IL-1b and NLRP3 levels in both in vivo and in vitro models. The secretion of IL-1β was reduced whereas the degradation of NLRP3 inflammasome was enhanced. These findings propose that AgNPs apply an anti-proliferative activity against THP-1 and AMJ-13 cells through the stimulation of apoptosis via mitochondrial damage and induction of p53 protein pathway. In addition, AgNP-induced autophagy reduced the levels of IL-1β and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This indicated that the AgNPs augment autophagy controlled by the IL-1β pathway via two different novel mechanisms. The first one is regulating activation of the IL-1 β, caspase-1, and ASC, while the second is NLRP3 targeting for lysosomal degradation. Overall, this study suggests that AgNPs could be a potent therapy for various types of cancer and an alternative treatment for preventing inflammation via enhancing autophagy.