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Abstract Multimodal imaging unfolds as an innovative approach that synergistically employs a spectrum of imaging techniques either simultaneously or sequentially. The integration of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and optical imaging (OI) results in a comprehensive and complementary understanding of complex biological processes. This innovative approach combines the strengths of each method and overcoming their individual limitations. By harmoniously blending data from these modalities, it significantly improves the accuracy of cancer diagnosis and aids in treatment decision-making processes. Nanoparticles possess a high potential for facile functionalization with radioactive isotopes and a wide array of contrast agents. This strategic modification serves to augment signal amplification, significantly enhance image sensitivity, and elevate contrast indices. Such tailored nanoparticles constructs exhibit a promising avenue for advancing imaging modalities in both preclinical and clinical setting. Furthermore, nanoparticles function as a unified nanoplatform for the co-localization of imaging agents and therapeutic payloads, thereby optimizing the efficiency of cancer management strategies. Consequently, radiolabeled nanoparticles exhibit substantial potential in driving forward the realms of multimodal imaging and theranostic applications. This review discusses the potential applications of molecular imaging in cancer diagnosis, the utilization of nanotechnology-based radiolabeled materials in multimodal imaging and theranostic applications, as well as recent advancements in this field. It also highlights challenges including cytotoxicity and regulatory compliance, essential considerations for effective clinical translation of nanoradiopharmaceuticals in multimodal imaging and theranostic applications. Graphical Abstract

Purpose: Whole-body bone scintigraphy (WBS) is one of the most widely used modalities in diagnosing malignant bone diseases during the early stages. However, the procedure is time-consuming and requires vigour and experience. Moreover, interpretation of WBS scans in the early stages of the disorders might be challenging because the patterns often reflect normal appearance that is prone to subjective interpretation. To simplify the gruelling, subjective, and prone-to-error task of interpreting WBS scans, we developed deep learning (DL) models to automate two major analyses, namely (i) classification of scans into normal and abnormal and (ii) discrimination between malignant and non-neoplastic bone diseases, and compared their performance with human observers. Materials and Methods: After applying our exclusion criteria on 7188 patients from three different centers, 3772 and 2248 patients were enrolled for the first and second analyses, respectively. Data were split into two parts, including training and testing, while a fraction of training data were considered for validation. Ten different CNN models were applied to single- and dual-view input (posterior and anterior views) modes to find the optimal model for each analysis. In addition, three different methods, including squeeze-and-excitation (SE), spatial pyramid pooling (SPP), and attention-augmented (AA), were used to aggregate the features for dual-view input models. Model performance was reported through area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity and was compared with the DeLong test applied to ROC curves. The test dataset was evaluated by three nuclear medicine physicians (NMPs) with different levels of experience to compare the performance of AI and human observers. Results: DenseNet121_AA (DensNet121, with dual-view input aggregated by AA) and InceptionResNetV2_SPP achieved the highest performance (AUC = 0.72) for the first and second analyses, respectively. Moreover, on average, in the first analysis, Inception V3 and InceptionResNetV2 CNN models and dual-view input with AA aggregating method had superior performance. In addition, in the second analysis, DenseNet121 and InceptionResNetV2 as CNN methods and dual-view input with AA aggregating method achieved the best results. Conversely, the performance of AI models was significantly higher than human observers for the first analysis, whereas their performance was comparable in the second analysis, although the AI model assessed the scans in a drastically lower time. Conclusion: Using the models designed in this study, a positive step can be taken toward improving and optimizing WBS interpretation. By training DL models with larger and more diverse cohorts, AI could potentially be used to assist physicians in the assessment of WBS images.

Objective(s): Knowing the detrimental role of oxidative stress in wound healing and the anti-oxidant properties of Dexpanthenol (Dex), we aimed to produce Dex-loaded electrospun core/shell nanofibers for wound healing study. The novelty was measuring oxidative stress in wounds to know how oxidative stress was affected by Dex-loaded fibers.Materials and Methods: TPVA solution containing Dex 6% (w/v) (core) and PVA/chitosan solution (shell) were coaxially electrospun with variable injection rates of the shell solution. Fibers were then tested for physicochemical properties, drug release profile, and effects on wound healing. Levels of tissue lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity were measured.Results: Fibers produced at shell injection rate of 0.3 ml/hr (F3 fibers) showed core/shell structure with an average diameter of 252 nm, high hydrophilicity (swelling: 157% at equilibrium), and low weight loss (13.6%). Dex release from F3 fibers seemed to be ruled by the Fickian mechanism based on the Korsmeyer-Peppas model (R2 = 0.94, n = 0.37). Dex-loaded F3 fibers promoted fibroblast viability (128.4%) significantly on day 5 and also accelerated wound healing compared to the neat F3 fibers at macroscopic and microscopic levels on day 14 post-wounding. The important finding was a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (0.39 nmol/ mg protein) level and an increase in superoxide dismutase (5.29 unit/mg protein) activity in Dex-loaded F3 fiber-treated wound tissues. Conclusion: Dex-loaded core/shell fibers provided nano-scale scaffolds with sustained release profile that significantly lowered tissue oxidative stress. This finding pointed to the importance of lowering oxidative stress to achieve proper wound healing.

Background: The rapid and increasing growth of technology in the artificial intelligence era and its impact on fundamentals changes in the development of science including biomedicine and health presents a need for the future studies in medical sciences. This project is striving to provide a desirable model based on authentic forecasting models in order to clarify the probable and uncertain futures of medicine and health in Iran, with their complexities. Methods: The Jay Ogilvy’s eight steps scenario planning and strategic forecasting was engaged in a five phases model including the identification approach (phase 1) for detection of paradigms in medicine; the extrapolation approach (phase 2) for detection of megatrends and key technologies in medicine and healthcare; the convergence approach (phase 3) for discovering of critical uncertainties and achieving to the logic of scenario; the creative approach (phase 4) for composition of the scenario and technology roadmap; the policy making approach (phase 5) for planning of strategies and tactics. Results: In the first phase, it was revealed that the realm of medicine is under a huge disruption and the current medicine is going to systems medicine with precision medicine in its scope. In the second phase, it was clarified that the convergence of knowledge, technology and society (CKTS) is a megatrend that drives medical sciences to “deep medicine”. In the third phase, it was unfolded that CKTS and “deep medicine” including deep phenotyping of the patient using multiple omics technologies are cardinal key points that not realization of their goals in Iran would lead to a deep and critical gap in advanced and updated medicine and healthcare between Iran and the developed countries. In the fourth phase, four possible scenarios for the future of medicine and healthcare in Iran were described in which the ideal scenario would be flourishing of deep medicine along CKTS. In the fifth phase, three strategies were developed in order to realize the ideal scenario including 1/ the establishment of knowledge regions, mediated by universities; 2/ moving toward digital health and artificial intelligence; 3/ driving forces for precision medicine Conclusion: The establishment of infrastructures and preparedness for realizing precision medicine and moving toward digital health and artificial intelligence are crucial strategies to achieve the ideal future of medicine in Iran. These important issues should be considered as national priorities by policy makers and programmers in the realm of medical sciences.

IntroductionThis study was conducted to evaluate the predictive values of volumetric parameters and radiomic features (RFs) extracted from pretreatment 68Ga-PSMA PET and baseline clinical parameters in response to 177Lu-PSMA therapy.Materials and methodsIn this retrospective multicenter study, mCRPC patients undergoing 177Lu-PSMA therapy were enrolled. According to the outcome of therapy, the patients were classified into two groups including positive biochemical response (BCR) (≥ 50% reduction in the serum PSA value) and negative BCR (< 50%). Sixty-five RFs, eight volumetric parameters, and also seventeen clinical parameters were evaluated for the prediction of BCR. In addition, the impact of such parameters on overall survival (OS) was evaluated.Results33 prostate cancer patients with a median age of 69 years (range: 49-89) were enrolled. BCR was observed in 22 cases (66%), and 16 cases (48.5%) died during the follow-up time. The results of Spearman correlation test indicated a significant relationship between BCR and treatment cycle, administered dose, HISTO energy, GLCM entropy, and GLZLM LZLGE (p

Background: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic significantly affected management of cardiovascular disease around the world. The effect of the pandemic on volume of cardiovascular diagnostic procedures is not known. Objectives: This study sought to evaluate the effects of the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular diagnostic procedures and safety practices in Asia. Methods: The International Atomic Energy Agency conducted a worldwide survey to assess changes in cardiovascular procedure volume and safety practices caused by COVID-19. Testing volumes were reported for March 2020 and April 2020 and were compared to those from March 2019. Data from 180 centers across 33 Asian countries were grouped into 4 subregions for comparison. Results: Procedure volumes decreased by 47% from March 2019 to March 2020, showing recovery from March 2020 to April 2020 in Eastern Asia, particularly in China. The majority of centers cancelled outpatient activities and increased time per study. Practice changes included implementing physical distancing and restricting visitors. Although COVID testing was not commonly performed, it was conducted in one-third of facilities in Eastern Asia. The most severe reductions in procedure volumes were observed in lower-income countries, where volumes decreased 81% from March 2019 to April 2020. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic in Asia caused significant reductions in cardiovascular diagnostic procedures, particularly in low-income countries. Further studies on effects of COVID-19 on cardiovascular outcomes and changes in care delivery are warranted.

Objective(s): The wound healing potential of beta-blocker drugs such as propranolol (PNL) has recently attracted attention. To date, incorporation of PNL into electrospun nanofibrous wound dressing mats has not been tested as a novel topical drug delivery system. Presently, electrospun nanofibrous mats loaded with PNL were fabricated, and their physicochemical properties and wound healing activities were evaluated.Materials and Methods: Polyvinyl alcohol solutions containing 0, 2% or 4% (wt/vol) PNL were electrospun into mats, and the physicochemical properties and PNL release were evaluated. In vitro biocompatibility of selected PNL-loaded mats was tested in human foreskin fibroblasts and wound healing capability was evaluated in mouse skin wounds.Results: The 4% PNL mat had thin fibers (160 nm), convincing porosity (79.5%), and good hydrophilicity (swelling: 89.1%, water contact angle: 42.1°) with little degradability (14.2%). The release of PNL was not in bursts and was best explained by the Korsmeyer–Peppas equation (R2 = 0.96, n = 0.40), suggesting Fickian release. The viability of fibroblasts was 173% on day 5 of incubation with 4% PNL mats, indicating good mat biocompatibility. In vivo treatment for 14 days with 4% PNL mats resulted in wounds with a surface area of only 9% of the original wound area. These wounds had better histopathologic characteristics and were associated with less oxidative stress.Conclusion: The wound dressing fabricated with 4% PNL showed good potential for wound healing because of a favorable drug release profile from the nanofiber scaffold, and can be considered eligible for further clinical research.

Objective(s): The purpose of this study was to investigate regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) reduction in patients with dizziness and perfusion-related clinical impairment using brain perfusion single photon emission tomography (SPECT).Methods: Thirty-four patients with subjective dizziness and 13 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were studied. Dizziness-related impairments were assessed using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Brain perfusion SPECT scan was acquired from all participants. The carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) was also measured. Brain perfusion data were qualitatively interpreted in all cases. Voxel-wise analysis was also conducted in 11 patients compared to healthy controls.Results: Thirty-four patients (mean age=53.8±13.4 years, m/f: 19/15) and 13 age- and sex-matched controls (mean age=51.5±13.1, m/f: 7/6) were included. The dizziness severity was mild in 58.8% (n=20), moderate in 26.5% (n=9), and severe in 14.7% (n=5). Qualitative interpretation of SPECT images showed normal scans in 4 (11.2%) patients and abnormal scans in 30 (88.2%) patients. Patients with dizziness showed a significantly decreased brain perfusion in the precuneus, cuneus, occipital lobe (superior and inferior parts), frontal lobe (inferior and middle parts), temporal lobe, parietal lobe (inferior and superior parts), cerebellum, insula, and putamen nucleus. Based on both qualitative SPECT interpretation and voxel-wise analysis, perfusion defect had a significant association with the total SPPB score and the scores of two sub-domains (p0.05) score .Conclusion: The perfusion- and atherosclerosis-related impairments of gait and balance were largely independent of subjective dizziness and dizziness severity. Moreover, this study provided support for contribution of perfusion impairment to the disturbance of gait and balance in older populations along with other pathologic processes.

Oncogenic osteomalacia secondary to glomus tumor is extremely rare. Localization of causative tumors is critical as surgical resection can lead to a complete biochemical and clinical cure. We present a case of oncogenic osteomalacia treated with resection of glomus tumor. A 39-year-old woman with a history of chronic sinusitis presented with chronic body ache and muscle weakness. Biochemical evaluation revealed elevated alkaline phosphatase hypophosphatemia, increased urinary phosphate excretion, low calcitriol, and FGF23 was unsuppressed suggestive of oncogenic osteomalacia. Diagnostic studies showed increase uptake in multiple bones. Localization with MRI of paranasal sinuses revealed a sinonasal mass with concurrent uptake in the same area on the octreotide scan. Surgical resection of the sinonasal mass was consistent with the glomus tumor. The patient improved both clinically and biochemically postoperatively. Along with the case of oncogenic osteomalacia secondary to a glomus tumor, we have also discussed in detail the recent development in the diagnosis and management of oncogenic osteomalacia.

The stormy clouds of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak caused a rapidly spreading epidemic still hanging over the sphere. Any steps to transition toward a new normal should be guided by health authorities, together with economic and societal considerations. There are various items mainly falling into three classifications, including patient worry, clinical demand, and economic recession. Social distancing, lay-offs, and decreased number of patients with health insurance may lead to a prolonged period to retrieve normalcy. To return to a new normal, an individualized management model should be developed for each laboratory based on staff, instruments, services, crowding, physical space, hospital base unit, or outpatient clinic. Continuous training of different occupational staffs is among the key parameters in maintaining this readiness. The proposed response model should have internal and systemic integrity as well as coherence among the included items in two intra- and inter-unit management categories, namely thinking globally and acting locally.

Objective(s): N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has gained attention recently in dermatology as a unique anti-oxidant. In light of progress in nanotechnological methods, it was hypothesized that loading NAC onto nanofibers would positively affect skin wound healing. The objective of this study was to fabricate NAC-loaded electrospun mats and test their effect on wound healing in vivo and in vitro. Materials and Methods: Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based mats loaded with NAC at three concentrations were electrospun and characterized in terms of physicochemical properties and drug release profile. Human fibroblast cells (in vitro) and mouse full-thickness skin wounds (in vivo) were treated with mats for 5 and 14 days, respectively. Wound area, tissue histopathology, fibroblast proliferation and cellular oxidative state were evaluated.Results: Mats containing 5% PVA/NAC showed thinner fibers with suitable physicochemical properties and a sustained drug release profile. PVA/NAC (5%) mats enhanced fibroblast proliferation and attachment in vitro. The mats resulted in significant wound closure with high levels of re-epithelialization and collagen fiber synthesis on day 14 post-surgery in vivo. The mats also reduced granulation tissue and edematous stroma to a higher extent. These findings were accompanied by a significant decrease in tissue lipid peroxidation and higher superoxide dismutase activity, which may explain how NAC improved wound healing.Conclusion: We propose an NAC-loaded nanofibrous mat that takes the advantage of a porous nanoscaffold structure to release NAC in a sustained manner. This mat may be a promising candidate for further clinical evaluation.

Marine invertebrates are multicellular organisms consisting of a wide range of marine environmental species. Unlike vertebrates, including humans, one of the challenges in identifying and tracking invertebrate stem cells is the lack of a specific marker. Labeling stem cells with magnetic particles provides a non-invasive, in vivo tracking method using MRI. This study suggests antibody-conjugated iron nanoparticles (NPs), which are detectable with MRI for in vivo tracking, to detect stem cell proliferation using the Oct4 receptor as a marker of stem cells. In the first phase, iron NPs were fabricated, and their successful synthesis was confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy. Next, the Alexa Fluor anti-Oct4 antibody was conjugated with as-synthesized NPs. Their affinity to the cell surface marker in fresh and saltwater conditions was confirmed using two types of cells, murine mesenchymal stromal/stem cell culture and sea anemone stem cells. For this purpose, 106 cells of each type were exposed to NP-conjugated antibodies and their affinity to antibodies was confirmed by an epi-fluorescent microscope. The presence of iron-NPs imaged with the light microscope was confirmed by iron staining using Prussian blue stain. Next, anti-Oct4 antibodies conjugated with iron NPs were injected into a brittle star, and proliferating cells were tracked by MRI. To sum up, anti-Oct4 antibodies conjugated with iron NPs not only have the potential for identifying proliferating stem cells in different cell culture conditions of sea anemone and mouse cell cultures but also has the potential to be used for in vivo MRI tracking of marine proliferating cells.

Background: Renal injuries associated with ischemia/reperfusion are a prevalent clinical phenomenon that can cause the emergence of progressive kidney diseases, eventually leading to chronic kidney injuries. The present study was conducted to evaluate the results obtained from non-invasive imaging using small-animal SPECT and investigate the recovery process in an animal model of renal ischemia/reperfusion. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were used to establish a unilateral model of renal ischemia/ reperfusion injury. After occluding the left renal pedicle for 120 minutes, the animals were investigated in terms of reperfusion at 24 hours, one week and three weeks. At each time point, the intravascular injection of 99mTc-DMSA as well as scanning with the SPECT machine were conducted. Blood sampling and renal biopsy were also performed. Results: After 24 hours, the accumulated activity levels were significantly lower in the ischemic kidney compared to in the contralateral intact kidney. Severe renal histologic changes were also observed. After one and three weeks, the radiopharmaceutical uptake increased in the ischemic compared to both the contralateral kidney and the time point of 24 hours, and the absorbed activity was divided between the two kidneys in a more balanced fashion, which is quite consistent with the histologic results. Conclusion: The present findings suggest that non-invasive imaging with a small-animal SPECT system using 99mTc-DMSA provides researchers with an appropriate tool in rodent models of renal ischemic damage for evaluating the long-term follow-up of kidney recovery. The obtained results also appear to be thoroughly consistent with invasive histological studies.

Introduction: The study was aimed to assess the intakes of nutrients of individuals in month of Ramadan. Materials and Methods: In total, 119 participants visited twice: once before Ramadan and then the 3rd week of Ramadan. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 3-day food intake recall used to determine the nutrient intake during Ramadan and other months. Weight, height and other demographic parameters were also gathered. Results: One sample T-test showed a significantly higher intake of Calorie, total fat, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, vitamin A carotene, vitamin A total, vitamin B2, B12, C, niacin and phosphorous were significantly higher than RDA before Ramadan (P

Background: There is a controversial evidence about adiponectin role in cardiovascular diseases and visfatin role has been suggested in pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. Material and Methods: A total of 378 postmenopausal women were randomly selected from 13 clusters in Bushehr Port. The prevalence of ischemic heart disease was assessed by using the Minnesota Code with a 12-lead resting electrocardiogram (EKG). Serum adiponectin and visfatin levels were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods Results: A total of 159 patients (41.8 percent) were suffering from ischemic heart disease. There was no significant difference between women with ischemic heart disease and healthy postmenopausal women in adiponectin serum level. However, diabetic women with ischemic heart disease, compared with healthy postmenopausal women had a higher level of visfatin (Geometric Mean: 3.05±1.84 ng/ml versus 2.52±1.90 ng/ml, respectively; p=0.023). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that higher serum levels of visfatin were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of ischemic heart disease after adjusting for potential confounders, including classical cardiovascular risk factors and circulating hs-CRP levels [odds ratio=3.26, confidence interval (1.14-9.68), p=0.027]. Conclusion: Adiponectin was not correlated with ischemic heart disease among postmenopausal women. But visfatin serum level correlated with ischemic heart disease in postmenopausal non-diabetic women independently from cardiovascular risk factors.

Background: Although the association between oxidized LDL particles and cardiovascular diseases has been shown in different studies, the role of oxidized LDL for cardiovascular diseases in menopause is very limited. The main aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between MDA-oxidised LDL, antibodies against oxidized LDL and ischemic heart disease or myocardial infarction among postmenopausal women. Materials and methods: A total of 378 healthy, postmenopausal women were randomly selected from 13 clusters in the port city of Bushehr, Iran. Serum oxidized LDL and MDA-oxidised LDL levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. The prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) was assessed using the Minnesota Code with a 12-lead resting electrocardiogram (EKG). The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), Adult Treatment Panel III was used to assign the subjects to different levels of cardiovascular risk for lipid profile. Results: There was a significant difference for circulating oxidized LDL between subjects who had high LDL-cholesterol or high total cholesterol levels with normal postmenopausal women (P

Background: There is growing evidence that supports oxidized LDL particles may have an ability to inhibit osteoblastic activity, and increase osteoclastic activity; hence these particles may lead the balance to osteoporosis. However, the relationship between oxidized LDL and osteoporosis has not been investigated in human studies yet. The main aim of the current population-based cohort study was to investigate the correlation between serum levels of oxidized LDL and bone mineral density (BMD) among postmenopausal women. Materials and methods: A total of 378 healthy, postmenopausal women were randomly selected from 13 clusters in the port city of Bushehr, Iran. Serum levels of oxidized LDL, MDA-oxidised LDL, osteoprotegerin (OPG), the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), CrossLaps, and osteocalcin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the femoral neck and lumbar spine at baseline and at follow-up 5.8 years later. Results: Annual bone loss was 0.82 % at the femoral neck and 3.55% at the lumbar spine among the women. No significant correlation was found among circulating MDA- oxidised LDL, antibodies against oxidised LDL and biomarkers of bone metabolism (P>0.05). There was no correlation between MDA- oxidised LDL, antibodies against oxidised LDL and BMD at all anatomic sites (P>0.05). In logistic regression analysis, neither oxidized LDL levels nor antibodies against oxidized LDL predicted incident lumbar or spine osteoporosis 5.8 years later. Conclusion: Neither serum levels of MDA-oxidized LDL nor antibodies against oxidized LDL was associated with BMD at the lumbar or femoral neck area. Neither serum levels of oxidized LDL levels nor circulating antibodies against oxidized LDL predicted incident osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Precision medicine is an approach in medicine that takes into account individual differences in people's genes, environments, and lifestyle. This field of medicine redefines our understanding of disease onset and progression, treatment response, and health outcomes through the more precise measurement of molecular, environmental, and behavioral factors that contribute to health and disease. Undoubtedly, the advances in omics technologies including genomics, data collection and storage, computational analysis, and mobile health applications over the last decade produced significant progress for precision medicine. In fact, precision medicine is a platform for the growth of personalized medicine, wearable biosensors, mobile health, computational sciences, genomic singularity, and other omics technologies. In the pathway of precision medicine, mathematics and computational sciences will be revolutionized to overcome the challenges in Big Data. By the birth of precision medicine, novel therapeutic strategies for chronic complex diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancers would be designed in Systems Medicine.

The "technological singularity" is forecasted to occur in 2045. It is a point when non-biological intelligence becomes more intelligent than humans and each generation of intelligent machines re-designs itself smarter. Beyond this point, there is a symbiosis between machines and humans. This co-existence will produce incredible impacts on medicine that its sparkles could be seen in healthcare industry and the future medicine since 2025. Ray Kurzweil, the great futurist, suggested that three revolutions in science and technology consisting genetic and molecular science, nanotechnology, and robotic (artificial intelligence) provided an exponential growth rate for medicine. The "exponential medicine" is going to create more disruptive technologies in healthcare industry. The exponential medicine shifts the paradigm of medical philosophy and produces significant impacts on the healthcare system and patient-physician relationship.

The museum of health is a place that presents health science and human body and any other subjects that can affect human health. In this museum visitors can learn the mechanisms and functions of human body and learn how to protect and take care of their bodies. They can also learn several diseases and their consequences on human body and how to fight against them. This museum is a big step for improvement of general society health level by increasing society’s health knowledge. In this article structure, departments and also benefits of the health museum are evaluated.

Introduction: Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is considered to be the single most important prognostic factor in patients with previous myocardial infarction. LVEF is not improved in all patients after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This study aimed to assess the possibility of prediction of LVEF changes after CABG using myocardial perfusion gated signle photon emission computed tomography (GSPECT). Materials and Methods: Overall, 48 patients with mean LVEF of 30.2% (±4.7) underwent Echocardiography and GSPECT after injection of Tc-99m-MIBI at rest. Myocardial uptake was evaluated in 17 myocardial segments and was compared with age and gender matched normal data pool. The risks and benefits of CABG were explained to the patients and 16 cases (15 male and 1 female) with the mean age of 61.1 years (±10.8) accepted to undergo off-pump CABG. All the patients were followed-up for at least six months and echocardiography and GSPECT were repeated at the end of follow up. Results: The mean LVEF was increased from of 31.1% (±3.5) to 34.5% (±3.6) after surgery (P

Background: Low circulating IGF-1 and high hs-CRP may be associated with cardiovascular diseases. Hence, it is an important question that is there any correlation between these important biomarkers? Since the correlation between IGF-1 and hs-CRP has not been adequately investigated, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the association between these biomarkers among postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: A total of 361 healthy Iranian postmenopausal women were randomly selected in a population-based study. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to NCEP, ATPIII criteria. Circulating hs-CRP and IGF-1 levels were measured by highly specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Results: Women with higher than median hs-CRP levels had lower IGF-1 levels, in comparison to women with lower than median hs-CRP levels (p

The collaborative BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) was launched according to the aims of Brain Activity Map (BAM) on April, 2, 2013, with the main goal of mapping the activity of every neuron and cell in the human brain. The Brain Initiative will be led in a synergistic activity by prominent scientific foundations and institutes in U.S.A, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the private sector. The ultimate goal of this initiative is “to accelerate the development and application of innovative technologies to construct a dynamic picture of brain function that integrates neuronal and circuit activity over time and space”. Undoubtedly, through the BRAIN Initiative we can understand how the interplay of fluctuating patterns of electrical and chemical activity flowing within neural circuits creates our unique cognitive and behavioral capabilities. This attempt of the initiative is to follow an interdisciplinary approach and the development and creation of novel neurotechnologies and neuroimaging tools. The outcome will be generation of big data and a huge cybernetic platform which might be transformative for better diagnostic and therapeutics for millions worldwide who suffer from brain disorders. The BRAIN Initiative has been linked to the successful Apollo Space and Human Genome Project.

The museum of science and technology is a center based on science to present the up-to-date achievements of sciences and technologies from all over the world with the goal of improvement in knowledge and science of society by exhibits, equipment and devices, how people can learn science practically. On the other hand, the museum of science and technology is a place for presenting sciences that convert to visual and practical actions and exhibits that visitors, based on their interest, previous knowledge and capacity, can learn new things in a simple way during a short course. Several valuable benefits have been presented by museums of science and technology from all over the world, such as useful scientific and non-scientific jobs, economic development, exchange of sciences between universities, research centers and other museums of science and technology. This review, evaluate the structure, goals and achievements of the museum of science and technology and its benefits for society, people, city and country.

Background: Hybrid imaging modalities which simultaneously benefit from capabilities of combined modalities provides an opportunity to modify quality of the images which can be obtained by each of the combined imaging systems. One of the imaging modalities, emerged in medical research area as a hybrid of ultrasound imaging and optical imaging, is photoacoustic imaging which apply ultrasound wave generated by tissue, after receiving laser pulse, to produce medical images. Materials and Methods: In this review, using keywords such as photoacoustic, optoacoustic, laser-ultrasound, thermoacoustic at databases such as PubMed and ISI, studies performed in the field of photoacoustic and related findings were evaluated. Results: Photoacoustic imaging, acquiring images with high contrast and desired resolution, provides an opportunity to perform physiologic and anatomic studies. Because this technique does not use ionizing radiation, it is not restricted by the limitation of the ionizing-based imaging systems therefore it can be used noninvasively to make images from cell, vessels, whole body imaging of the animal and distinguish tumor from normal tissue. Conclusion: Photoacoustic imaging is a new method in preclinical researches which can be used in various physiologic and anatomic studies. This method, because of application of non-ionizing radiation, may resolve limitation of radiation based method in diagnostic assessments.

Synchronous hurthle cell adenoma of thyroid and para thyroid adenoma is very rare .Here we dicuss a 46 year old woman who presented with a thyroid nodule. Thyroid function test was normal but she had mild hypercalcemia. Fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodule was done that it was suspecious to follicular neoplasm or follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer .Then the patient underwent thyroidectomy. In surgical specimen hurthle cell adenoma of thyroid and parathyroid adenoma was confirmed.Measurment of serum calcium is recommended in patients who are candidate for thyroid surgery.

Background: Molecular imaging is a new method of imaging of physiological studies at the cellular and sub-cellular levels. Among the various techniques that have been introduced for this purpose, magnetic resonance spectroscopy has provided an opportunity for study of brain activity and tumors in different areas of the body. Materials and Methods: In this review, using keywords such as MRS, Molecular imaging and Cancer at scientific databases such as PUBMED and ISI, studies in the field of MRS and related findings were evaluated. Results: MRS provides an opportunity to study brain disorders such as Alzheimer's and brain cancers. This method has also been used in diagnosis (between normal and cancerous tissues, different types of cancers and non-neoplastic from neoplastic), designing the most appropriate treatment regimen for each patient and also monitoring patient after treatment. Conclusion: MRS is a new method in molecular imaging that can be used in a variety of cancer diagnoses. This method can cover disadvantage of MRI procedure in evaluation of the tumor pathology.

Background: There is accumulation evidence regarding the protective role of higher serum uric acid in bone loss and osteoprotic fractures. This effect may arise from its antioxidant properties. The main aim of this study was to investigate serum uric acid in relation to bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women. Material and methods: A total of 382 postmenopausal women who participated in a prospective study were selected randomly from Bushehr port. Serum uric acid levels and biochemical markers including serum alkaline phosphatase were measured. Circulating levels of CrossLaps, osteocalcin and hsCRP were also measured by ELISA. Results: Uric acid levels had significant correlation with osteocalcin & alkaline phosphatase. However, no correlation could be found between uric acid and CrossLaps. The correlation between uric acid & osteocalcin (r= 0.25, P=0.0001) & alkaline phosphatase(r=0.12, P=0.019) remained after adjustment with age, BMI & hsCRP. Conclusion: Serum uric acid had a positive and significant correlation with osteoblastic born turnover markers. Hence, the role of uric acid in osteoblastic function should be investigated.

The miniaturization and virtualization processes drive converging technologies from interactions between the NBIC (Nano, Bio, Info, and Cogno) technologies. The converging technologies stimulate innovation, promote research and development in different fields and produce revolutionary progresses in medicine. These technologies enable us to create contacts between brains and machines, the growth in molecular nanotechnology, the construction of respirocytes, chromallocytes, clottocytes, nanorobotic phagocytes, and nanobots. Nanobots would enter the nucleus of a cell and extract all of the genetic material and replace it with a synthetically produced copy of the original that has been manufactured in a laboratory to contain only non-defective base-pairs. It is predicted that “the regenerative medicine”, as a megatrend, will have an enormous effect on medical technologies and clinical sciences. Regenerative medicine is an application field of converging technologies in translational medicine. It attempts to translate the results of tissue engineering to construct 3D tissues and organs. Regenerative medicine is also an exciting field for induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and promises to bring about a paradigm shift to health care. Accumulating evidence indicates that converging technologies will offer great potentials for regenerative medicine to create innovative treatments for diseases that the traditional therapies have not been effective yet.

The science and technology corridor is a complex cluster containing universities, science parks, research centers, high-tech companies, venture capital, institutional and physical infrastructures, and human capital in a defined geography with its unique management and legal structure in association with the business space and knowledge-based products. In fact, the science and technology corridor reflects the concept of development based on the knowledge region (the especial region for science and technology). The knowledge region is clearly a triple helix phenomenon par excellence: universities, governments and businesses combine their efforts to construct a common advantage which they would not be able to offer on their own. The future creative universities in connection with the knowledge city-regions not only will deal with innovation and entrepreneurial training but also produce a competitive, vibrant environment with high indices for quality of life and full of green technologies. In this article, we will present functional interactions of the creative universities in the triple helix, particularly the missions for the Iranian universities of medical sciences. As a theoretical model, the complex interactions of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences and Health Services with Bushehr Science and Technology Corridor will be discussed.

Background: There is conflicting evidence regarding adipocytokines in relation to bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporotic fractures in women and men. Recently, we found that circulating omentin-1 levels had an inverse correlation with BMD at the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women. The main aim of this study was to investigate the predictive role of adipocytokines for bone loss and incident osteoporosis among postmenopausal women after a 5.8- year follow-up. Material and methods: A total of 382 healthy postmenopausal women who participated in a prospective cohort study were followed for 5.8 years. Omentin-1, visfatin, adiponectin, and the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) were measured by highly specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. BMD was determined for the lumbar spine (L2–L4) and the proximal femur using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: The femoral neck and lumbar spine bone loss at the 5.8-year follow-up were 1.0% and 3.4% per year.In logistic regression analysis, none of the studied adipocytokines predicted BMD at any skeletal sites or incident osteoporosis at the femoral neck or lumbar area after 5.8 year follow-up. However, RANKL levels predicted BMD at the lumbar spine (β=−0.19, p=0.003) and femoral neck (β=-0.341, p=0.018) after controlling for body mass index. Conclusion: Serum levels of omentin-1, visfatin and adiponectin did not predict bone loss and incident osteoporosis among postmenopausal women.

Introduction: It is shown that beta-D-glucan is an immunologic system booster with radioprotectory effects. Radioprotectors are chemical components that can alleviate biological damage produced by ionizing radiation. Aim: This study was designed to investigate the synergistic radioprotectory effects of beta-D-glucan and vitamin E on irradiated mice with 60Co source. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 female mice were arranged in four, equal population groups of control group (C), treated group with beta D-glucan (G), treated group with vitamin E (E), and treated group with both beta D-glucan and vitamin E (G+E). Each group was divided into three equal population groups of D6, D7 and D8 exposed to 60Co radiation with prescribed total body dose of 6, 7 and 8 Gray (Gy), respectively. After the exposure, the number of survived animals was counted by time, then Lethal Dose50/30 (LD50/30), Lethal Dose50/60 (LD50/60) and Dose Reduction Factor (DRF) were calculated in all groups and corresponding groups. Results: Based on the results of current study, treatment of the animals with vitamin E did not change values of LD50/30 and LD50/60, in comparison to control group. LD50/30 and LD50/60 of treated groups with beta D-glucan and beta D-glucan + vitamin E showed significant difference with those of control group (p

Some adipocytokines are cardioprotective or pro-inflammatory for cardiovascular system. Chronic infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori has been also considered as novel risk factors for atherosclerosis. The main aim of the current population-based study is to investigate the potential link between circulating adipocytokines and Chlamydia pneumoniae or Helicobacter pylori IgG seropositivities. A total of 250 healthy postmenopausal women who participated in a prospective cohort study were evaluated for IgG antibodies directed against C.pneumoniae and H. pylori. Omentin-1, visfatin, adiponectin, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein were measured by highly specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. The prevalence of IgG antibodies against C. pneumoniae and H. pylori among the studied population was 20.4% (51 women) and 57.2% (143 women), respectively. There were no significant differences in adipocytokine levels between H. pylori IgG seropositive and H. pylori seronegative subjects. Similar results for visfatin and omentin-1 were found when C. pneumoniae IgG seropositive were compared with C. pneumoniae IgG seronegative subjects. However, in general linear model adjusted for age, body mass index and hs-CRP levels revealed significant difference between C. pneumoniae seropositive and C. pneumoniae seronegative subjects for circulating adiponectin. In conclusion, Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG seropositivity was associated with higher adiponectin levels in postmenopausal women. The elucidation of interaction mechanism of Chlamydia pneumoniae and a cardioprotective adipocytokine (adiponectin) will be useful in future therapeutic strategies.

Background: Systems medicine denotes a paradigm shift in medicine that arising from fundamental thoughts in systems biology. Systems medicine looks at health and disease using systems approaches. Systems or holistic approaches to studying the complexities of disease, emerging measurement and visualization molecular technologies to exploring of patient data space, and new computational and mathematical tools are fundamentals for this revolution in medicine. Methods: In order to explore the scientific/technological key objectives for systems medicine in “Iran’s Scientific Map in the Health Sector”, the details of goals, policies and requisites of Iran’s Health Roadmap were compared with horizontal and vertical policies of “National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap for Medical Research in U.S.A”. Results: A great attention has been paid on information technology, networking, interdisciplinary approach, innovation and high- risk research in Iran’s Health Roadmap. However, areas of research such as biological pathways (including metabolomics) and networks structural biology molecular libraries and imaging bioinformatics and computational biology and human genome have not been adequately addressed. Conclusion: In order to react to waves of systems medicine, as a megatrend in health, Iran’s Scientific Map in the Health Sector should be synthesized to paradigm shift of emerging technologies in biomedicine. A framework for a broad interdisciplinary approach in biomedical research should be addressed to change medicine from reactive to proactive.

Background: Based on previous studies, tobacco smoking generally and water pipe smoking particularly, have high prevalence in Bushehr province. This study is a new analysis of the Persian Gulf healthy heart study with goal of determination of prevalence and pattern of cigarette and water pipe smoking in Bushehr province. Materials and methods: A total of 3735 men and women aged 25 years old or higher from three districts of Bushehr province (Bushehr, Genaveh, and Deylam) were participated in the study phase I in 2003, from which 1833 persons (49.7%) were participated in the phase II 6 years later in 2009. Demographic data and pattern of smoking, either cigarette or water pipe, were collected with personal interview. Gender specific crude and directly standardized prevalence of cigarette and water pipe smoking was calculated for both phases of the study. Results: Prevalence of cigarette smoking were 11.9% and 7.5% for the firstand second phase, respectively. 21.6% of men and 0.4% of women in the first phase and 13% of men and 0.7% of women in the second phase were cigarette smokers. Prevalence of water pipe smoking were 17.9% and 12.9% in the first and second phase, respectively. 10.7% of men and 25.8% of women in the first phase and 7.1% of men and 19.05% of women in second phase were water pipe smokers. Conclusion: Water pipe smoking in women in Bushehr province was significantly higher than other non-southern areas of Iran. More studies are needed to determine main causes of women tendency in water pipe smoking in southern provinces of Iran.

Background: Ramadan fasting may alter a variety of physiological parameters which by themselves influence ocular system. Here, we review the effects of Ramadan fasting on the health and function of the eye. Materials and Methods: Literature records in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Iran Medex databases as well as proceedings of related meetings from January 1986 to March 2014 were systematically reviewed. The search key words was based on the terms "Ramadan Fasting," "Ramadan," "Islamic Fasting," "Fasting in Ramadan" accompanied with one of the eye, tear drop, myopia, intraocular pressure (IOP), tear break up time, basal tear secretion, refractive error, and visual acuity. Results: Predawn water loading and dehydration in the evening are shown to increase and decrease IOP and tear secretion, respectively. Ocular blood flow is changed in Ramadan fasting, and patients with ocular vein occlusion may experience more frequent attacks. There are no or minimal fluctuations in visual acuity and refractive errors, but most of them are decompensated after Ramadan. Conclusion: Although the influence of fasting in different eye parameters is evaluated in several studies, there are no or only limited studies conducted on patients suffering from glaucoma, damage to ophthalmic vasculature, tear dysfunction, and minimal visual acuity. Such studies are required to make a definite decision before fasting is declared harmless to these patients.

Background: Although the inverse correlation of adiponectin with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance has been suggested in various studies, but there is few studies about correlation between serum adiponectin level and metabolic syndrome in post menopause women. Materials and Methods: In an extension of a large epidemiological study, the Iranian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study, a total of 382 healthy postmenopausal women (age, 58.5±7.4 years) were randomly selected from 13 clusters in Bushehr port. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to NCEP, ATPIII criteria. Serum adiponectin and hsCRP level were measured by highly specific enzyme linked immunosobent assay (ELISA). Results: The geometric mean (±SD) of adiponectin was lower (10.23±1.54µg/ml) in individuals with metabolic syndrome than healthy subjects (12.02±1.58 µg/ml)(p=0.003). In multiple logistic regression analysis, metabolic syndrome correlated with adiponectin after adjusting for age, hsCRP and BMI (OR=0.15, CI=0.04-0.59, P=0.007). Conclusion: In post menopause women, metabolic syndrome is significantly associated with lower serum levels of adiponectin. In order to increase circulatory adiponectin levels, weight reduction and increase of physical activity may be considered.

Background: Exophthalmos is the protrusion of eye from the orbital cavity. It may be due to inflammation, infection, tumors and thyroid disorders.Normal value of ocular protrusion is different in each population. It is related to age, gender and ethnicity. The measurement of eye protrusion is helpful in the diagnosis and management of exophthalmos. The aim of this study is to determine the normal values for eye protrusion in Bushehr port population. Materials and Methods: In this study, 1303 subjects of healthy population (15-75 years old) in Bushehr were randomly selected from eccompannies persons of patients that referred to our endocrine clinic. Subjects with previous history of orbital surgery, eye trauma, strabismus, myopia (>-2 Diopter), orbital inflammatory disease, skull and face abnormality were excluded. Extent of eye protrusion was measured by one endocrinologist using Hertel exophthalmometry. Results: The mean protrusion values for right eye and left eye were 17.9±11.55 and 18.08±1.5mm, respectively. The exophthalmometric measurements were lower in right eye than left eye (p

Background: Subclinical hyperthyroidism occurs when peripheral thyroid hormone levels are within the normal labaratory reference range and serum thyroid stimulating hormone level is less than normal. For patients with sustained subclinical hyperthyroidism (serum TSH level< 0/1mlu/L), therapy is recommended especially in older patients. Observation or selective therapy should be considered for patients with: Serum TSH level between 0/1 and 0/4 mlu/L and postmonoposel osteoprosis, recent atrial fibrillation congestive heart failure, angina pectoris and infertility or menstrual disorder. This review article aimed to assess the indication of treatment of the patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Material and Methods: The sample size of this study was the article index in block cochrance, embase, pubmed databases and enutained the terms subclinical hyperthyroid, thyroxin, and thyrotropin. Results: 209 articles were found that 53 articles were investigated for this issue. The results are discussed under the subtitles such as subclinical hypothyroidism and indication of treatment of subclinical hyperthyroidism. Conclusion: In this summary, we tried to review the current literature about subclinical hyperthyroidism and indication of treatment of subclinical hyperthyroidism.

Introduction: Dipyridamole inhibits adenosine reuptake and increases cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) levels in platelets, erythrocytes and endothelial cells, all of which influence blood glucose. Acute hyperglycaemia reduces endothelium-dependent vasodilation and suppresses coronary microcirculation; which, in theory, can alter the outcome of a radionuclide scan. Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim to investigate the changes in blood glucose level of patients receiving dipyridamole for cardiac scan. Materials and Methods: A total of 293 patients (85 men and 208 women, age: 60.59±10.43 years) were included in the study. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) was measured before and 8 min after dipyridamole (0.568 mg/kg) injection during myocardial perfusion imaging. The data in different groups were analysed by paired t-test. Results: There was not a significant difference between first (106.89 ± 19.21mg/dL) and second (107.98 ± 17.57 mg/dL) FBG measurements (p= 0.293). However, when the patients were grouped based on the quartiles of first measurement, there was an increase in FBG following dipyridamole injection in the first quartile (mean difference: 7.15±21.27 mg/dL, p

Hydatid cyst is a zoonotic infection caused by the larval stage of the worm Echinococcus granulosus. Although any organ could be infected, the involvement of the bone, brain and heart are uncommon. The brain involvement Prevalence varies in the hydatid disease. We present a 27-year-old man with 10 years history of Behcet disease and with an unusual occurrence of brain hydatidosis, diagnosed by MRI and histological findings. Removal of the cyst by surgery was successfully performed and Albendazole was administered for 4 weeks after the surgery (400 mg two times daily) accompanied MLP.

Background: subclnical hypothyroid (SCH), defined by a normal total or free T4 level and a midly Elevated TSH, is common in adults. Subclinical hypothyroid is a risk factor for developing hypothyroidism complication . the goal of screening is to identify and treatment patients with sublinical hypothyroid before they develop these complication. Methods: The sample size of this study was the articles indexed in pubmed,ovid, tripdatabase, new spring link black coehrane, Elsevirer, Embase and contained the terms subclinical hypothyroid, Anti-tpo, Thyrotropin, levothyroxine trapy. Results: 831 articles were found that 75 articles were investigated for this issue. The results are discussed under. The subtile such as subclinical hypothyroid, screening for subclinical hypothyroid, Indication of treatment of Subclinical hypothyroid. Conclusion: In this summary, we tried to review the current literature about definition, Indection of screening and treatment of subclinical hypothyroid and reach a comprehensive guidline for practical significance of this subject in routines practice.

Background: More than 70%of diabetes patients die from cardiovascular causes. Furthermore, consequences of coronary artery disease (CAD) are more severe ,because myocardial ischemia is often silent in these patients. Selecting only patients who met American Heart Association guideline have failed to identify 41% of patients with silent ischemia. Pointing to the need to modify these guidelines, further better procurers to identify those who may benefit from screening are required. Methods: The sample size of this study was the articles indexed in pubmed, Elsevier, Tripdatabase, Embase, Black Cochrane, New spring link,Ovid and contained the terms “diabetes, cardiac perfusion scan, silent ischemia”. Results: 698 articles were found that 68 articles were investigated for this issue. The results are discussed under the subtitle such as silent ischemia mechanism, myocardial perfusion imaging and clinical indeces and also the efficacy of myocardial perfusion imaging in comparison with other modalities. Conclusion: In this summary , we tried to review the current literature about who will benefit from myocardial perfusion scan screening as well as the best individualized test and reach a comprehensive guideline for practical significance of this subject in routines practice

Background: Most patients with acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (STEMI) are still treated with pharmacological reperfusion which is not always successful. The aim of this study was to determine whether enoxaparin was associated with superior efficacy and safety compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH) in the STEMI setting. Methods: In this clinical trial, 150 patients less than 75 years old (104 men and 46 women) with STEMI who were scheduled to undergo streptokinase (1.5 milion unit per hour) randomly assigned to receive enoxaparin (40 mg intravenous bolus then 1 mg/kg subcutaneously BID) (group 1) or weight adjusted UFH from 24 to 48 hours after streptokinase (group 2). All patients underwent predischarge coronary angiography. Results: A number of 75 patients in group 1 (mean age 58.9 ±9.4) and 75 pateints in 2 (mean age 56.3±9.0) were studied. Two groups were well matched with respect to main risk factors and also other concomitant medications. Time from onset of symptom to start fibrinolysis and myocardial regions infarction were similar in both groups (p=0.13). Left ventricular ejection fraction were 45.2 ± 5.6 % in group 1 and 40.3 ± 7.3 % in group 2 (p=0.056). Major bleeding just was in 2 cases of group 1. Minor bleeding was in 10 cases of group 1 and 5 of group 2 (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our data showed a benefit of Enoxaparin compared with UFH in patients receiving fibrinolysis for STEMI with a mild trend toward an excess of bleeding. However, further well designed studies to assess these results with following patients for a longer period of time and also comparing therapeutic effects are needed.

Secondary erythrocytosis in cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) is a compensatory response to chronic hypoxia which should be managed with caution. CCHD patients, who have compensated erythrocytosis but do not manifest significant neurologic symptoms, may experience secondary life-threatening complications such as stroke in case of inappropriate phlebotomy. This study reports a young man with CCHD who developed frequently repeated transient neurologic deficits with various presentations after one session of phlebotomy. The symptoms resolved a few days after the hematocrit (Hct) level returned to the prephlebotomy level.

Concerns have been raised about the adverse impact of dusty air pollution (DAP) on human health. The aim of this study was to find the association between dusty air pollution based on air quality index (AQI) and the risk of allergic diseases in southwestern provinces of Iran, with assessing cytokine profiles and lymphocyte immunophenotypes.In this case control study 148 individuals participated. The sampling was done in hazardous condition (AQI>300) as the case and clean air (AQI

Purpose: In this report, the preliminary results of the experimental evaluation of the Performance of HiReSPECT scanner have been illustrated. Methods: In order to assess the capability of the scanner in both planar and tomographic modes, three rats were injected with 99mTc, 99mTc-DMSA, and 99mTc-MDP for thyroid scan, kidney scan and bone scan respectively in order to perform planar imaging. In addition, two rats were injected with 99mTc-MIBI and 99mTc-DMSA to perform cardiac and kidney tomographic imaging, respectively. Results: Tomographic and planar scans of the rat organs showed that radioactive distribution in cardiac, kidney, bone and thyroid images exhibited detailed physiologic information of the imaged organs. Due to high resolution performance of the scanner, thyroid lobes are well depicted and distinguished from each other. Conclusion: Results of the evaluation of the planar and tomographic images indicated that HiReSPECT has appropriate imaging capability as an imaging system in biomedical research.

The present case demonstrates a diffuse intense hepatic and, to a lesser degree, spleen, Tc-99m MDP uptake on a routine bone scintigraphy resembling liver-spleen imaging. A 49-year-old female with a history of anaplastic plasma cell tumor and suffering from bone pain was referred for bone scintigraphy to evaluate possible bone metastases. The bone scintigraphy showed diffuse hepatic and spleen uptake of Tc-99m MDP resembling liver-spleen imaging. Furthermore, bone uptake of Tc-99m MDP was significantly diminished and there were no abnormal foci throughout the skeleton. The bone scintigraphy of the present case of an anaplastic plasma cell tumor suggests the possible presence of amyloidosis.

Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) is a rare childhood disorder characterized by acquired aphasia and epilepsy. 99mTc-ECD SPECT imaging was performed in two right-handed children with LKS. A relative decrease in perfusion was found in the left frontal-temporal cortices of both patients as well as in the left and right parietal cortices of one patient with aphasia, without clinical epilepsy. The degree of regional cerebral perfusion impairment did not correlate with the severity of the clinical and EEG abnormalities, but the area of hypoperfusion was compatible with the speech area of the brain. Overall, although asymmetrical temporoparietal perfusion appears as a common finding in LKS, SPECT findings in LKS alone cannot elucidate the pathogenic features of the disorder in the brain. Here, we present two cases of LKS in which we investigated SPECT perfusion scans.