Search

Abstract The structural and electronic behavior of thiosemicarbazone (TSC)-based metal complexes of Mn (II), Fe (II), and Ni (II) have been investigated. The synthesized metal complexes were characterized using elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity, FTIR, and UV–Vis spectroscopy, the computational path helped with further structural investigation. The solubility test on the TSC and its complexes revealed their solubility in most organic solvents. DFT computational analysis was performed, and quantum reactivity parameters of the octahedral optimized complexes were calculated to describe the reactivity via the stability states of the synthesized complexes. FMOs map was generated to confirm similar findings and MEP analysis was applied to elaborate the important electrophilic and nucleophilic sites on the studied surfaces. Also, other important topological analyses such as electron localization function and reduced density gradient, to establish the favorable noncovalent interactions, were studied. In silico molecular docking approach was studied against the gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus to predict the potent inhibition behavior of the studied complexes. The findings summarized the inhibition prediction of the most interactive [NiL2Cl2], then [FeL2Cl2] complexes as confirmed by the binding energy values (− 7.1 kacl/mol and − 6.4 kacl/mol, respectively). Another In silico results, with gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus), estimated similar results of the experimental finding, where [MnL2Cl2] (− 9.2 kcal/mol) is the more effective predicted antibacterial inhibitor. Fluorescence microscopy was used to examine the inhibition of bacterial biofilm, and the DPPH assay was used to measure antioxidant activity, followed by an understanding of the behavior of the current complexes toward free radicals’ removal. The findings observed less aggregated bacterial strains covered with the studied complexes leading to less dense biofilm covering.

Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are necessary for structural and metabolic functions of the body like, immune competence, physical growth, reproductive function, and neurobehavioral development. The deficiency of micronutrients is a severe public health distress in nearly all developing countries which leads to the syndrome of malnutrition mostly in children and women. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of different levels of Fe and Zn on feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), daily egg production, and Fe and Zn depositions in the egg yolk of laying hens. For this purpose, 80 commercial laying birds were allocated into four groups consisting of four replicates each (n = 5). The basal ration was provided to the control group (C) while three different levels (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg diet/element) of Fe and Zn (1:1) were provided to the FZ100, FZ200, and FZ300 groups, respectively. Overall FI, hen day egg production, and FCR were not affected (p > 0.05). The Fe and Zn content in egg yolk were significantly increased in the FZ300 group after 4 weeks of supplementation. The cost per egg produced in response to different levels of Fe and Zn supplementation was not affected however a numerical increase in cost/egg was found in the FZ300 group. In conclusion, Fe and Zn supplementation (300 mg/kg diet/element) significantly enhanced the egg Fe and Zn contents without adversely affecting production parameters including FI, egg production, and FCR of laying hens.

The use of plant extracts as potent reducing agents for the environmentally friendly production of nanoparticles (NPs) has recently attracted the interest of scientists. NPs have received high attention because of their novel properties. The aim of the present study is to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Raphanus sativus and study their effect as antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, and antidiabetic, agents, NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, and inducers of phagocytosis and autophagy. The antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral activities of ZnO NPs were investigated using different assays: well diffusion assay, MTT assay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, reactive oxygen species generation, and apoptosis assay. Meanwhile, immunofluorescent assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry were used for detection of autophagy and phagocytosis. Docking was also achieved to study their binding mode as well as affinity within the target enzymes (glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase) (PDB:1MOQ) active site, estrogen receptor (PDB:3ERT) active site, and tubulin receptor (PDB:4O2B) active site. The results demonstrated that the ZnO NPs have an inhibitory role against bacteria and the proliferation of lung cancer cells (A549). IC50 was 22.78 µg/mL for A549 cells. For MCF-10, was 272.24 µg/mL, antiviral activity against influenza virus, and antidiabetic agent. Conversely, the results showed the ability of ZnO NPs to reduce inflammasome activity via induction of autophagy. The study’s findings show that R. sativus can be easily and effectively used to synthesize ZnO NPs, and they also highlight the ZnO NPs’ considerable potential as antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, antidiabetic agent, and phagocytosis and autophagy inducer. Based on our findings, the green synthesized ZnO NPs could be used as promising therapeutic agents for biomedical applications.

Graves disease (GD), an autoimmune disease affects the thyroid gland, results in hyperthyroidisms and goiter. The main cause of GD is not clearly defined; however, stimulating autoantibodies for thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) known as thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) are the primary proposed mechanism. The TSI activation of TSHRs of thyroid gland results in excessive release of thyroid hormones with the subsequent development of hyperthyroidism and goiter. The cellular process of macroautophagy/autophagy is implicated in the pathogenesis of GD and other thyroid diseases. Autophagy plays a critical role in many thyroid diseases and in different stages of the same disease through modulation of immunity and the inflammatory response. In addition, autophagy is also implicated in the pathogenesis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). However, the exact role of autophagy in GD is not well explained. Therefore, this review discusses how autophagy is intricately involved in the pathogenesis of GD regarding its protective and harmful effects.

A wide range of real-world applications is associated with chaos and uncertainty, particularly when it comes to forecasting future events. Type-2 fuzzy logic systems (T2FLSs) are renowned for their ability to manage such uncertainties. However, for optimal performance, they require careful design and customization. A practical design capable of handling uncertainties, especially those arising from measurement errors and interdependencies between variables, is necessary due to the higher computational cost of T2FLSs. This article is motivated by the need for a practical model of T2FLSs that appropriately models uncertainty but comes with a higher computational cost compared to type-1 fuzzy logic systems (T1FLSs). Therefore, it presents a novel approach that seeks to build on previous research by constructing a computationally efficient configuration of T2FLSs that is particularly well suited for modeling problems involving various forms of uncertainty. Uncertain rule-based T1FLSs and T2FLSs are used as predictors in a four-stage practical design learning procedure. To achieve optimal results in the trade-off between speed and accuracy, the proposed design employs the most advantageous characteristics of T1FLSs and T2FLSs at various stages. The predictors use a few chosen meteorological and solar radiation variables to forecast the global horizontal irradiance for the following day for various Saudi Arabian locations. The results show that T2FLSs improved prediction over T1FLSs, while the practical design procedure successfully reduced the computations by 93.7%.

The phagocytic activities of various immune cells can be enhanced by the use of medicinal preparations that can confer physiological homeostasis through the elimination of both pathogenic material and cells experiencing apoptosis. Nevertheless, studies on the achievement of this kind of reaction by the use of 2-(benzhydrylsulfinyl)-N-sec-butylacetamide as a novel derivative are seldom. Hence, we assess herein the impacts of this novel compound on macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) involved in phagocytic activities as well as on the growth of Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). A significant increase in both phagocytosis and bactericidal activities was observed, as indicated by the fact that E. coli was remarkably cleared in response to the treatment. In parallel, a highly significant increase (p