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This study aims to determine the value of phenol and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in wastewater in tinplate manufacture process at QA Latinusa, Tbk Laboratory. the value of phenol and COD was analyzed by spectrophotometer UV-Vis HACH at a wavelength of 500 nm. The value of phenol was analyzed using NH4OH, K3[Fe(CN)60 and antypyrine. In addition, the value of COD was analyzed usign reagent A (K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 and HgSO4) and reagent B (Ag2SO4 and H2SO4). The analysis were carried out everyday in one month. According to the data, the average phenol level at the final wastewater was 0,32 ppm annd had met the quality standard after the restest on 6th, 17th, 19th and 23 th. Meanwhile, the COD value of 28,15 ppm had met the quality standard for the environment so it was not harmful for the living organism.

The composite of magnetic activated carbon derived from peanut shells functionalized titanium dioxide (Fe3O4/TiO2/AC) has been successfully synthesized. The composite was employed to remove indigosol green and Cr(vi) under ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. In this work, the activated carbon was synthesized from a sustainable source of peanut shell by carbonization and activation method employing NaOH as the activating agent. Magnetite was prepared by chemical co-precipitation technique using FeCl3·6H2O and FeSO4·7H2O, and then, the deposition of TiO2 was performed under ultrasonic irradiation. A variety of material characterization, consisting of Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray, was used to analyze the physicochemical properties of the composite. The effects of pH, irradiation time, and composite mass during optimization performance were investigated. The characterizations represent the dispersed TiO2 in the anatase phase with the existence of magnetic particles. The activity tests revealed the superiority of the composite for applications involving adsorption and photocatalysis under visible light source compared to UV light. It was found that Fe3O4/TiO2/AC yields the efficiency for the removal of indigosol green and Cr(vi) from Batik liquid waste of 92.91 and 76.92%, respectively.

Domestic wastewater is waste water originating from businesses and/or activities in settlements, restaurants, offices, commerce, apartments and dormitories that have the potential to pollute the environment. This is due to the temperature, power of hydrogen (pH), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Biologycal Oxygen Demand (BOD) values that are not in accordance with the Regulation of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number: P.68/Menlh/Setjen/Kum.1/8/2016 concerning Domestic Wastewater Quality Standards. To overcome this, it is necessary to analyze the waste before it is disposed of in the environment. Laboratory analysis of domestic wastewater samples with code 063/AL/Lablingk_DLH/2021 includes determination of temperature, pH, COD and BOD levels. Temperature analysis was performed using a thermometer, pH analysis was performed using a pH meter, COD analysis was performed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and BOD analysis was performed using the iodometric titration method. The results obtained were a temperature value of 25.95 oC, a pH value of 7.415, a COD value of 13.299 mg/L and a BOD value of 1.512 mg/L. The results of the analysis of temperature, pH, COD and BOD showed numbers below the threshold quality standard for domestic waste

This research aims to study the simultaneous extraction and transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) using microwave irradiation with methanol as solvent and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst. The microwave-assisted insitu transesterification of C. vulgaris is assessed at various ratios of biomass-to-methanol, reaction times, and catalyst concentrations during the centrifugation and evaporation process. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis is performed to confirm fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition. Biodiesel preparation is carried out by simultaneous extraction and transesterification of microalgae from C. vulgaris. The product is then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR); microalgae are observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The highest amount of FAME is obtained at a biomass-to-methanol ratio of 1:12, reaction time of 40 min, and catalyst concentration of 2 wt%. Biodiesel shows conversion to about 77.64% of methyl ester (methyl myristate, methyl palmitoleate, methyl linoleate, methyl oleate, methyl arachidonate, and methyl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentanoate).

A novel, highly active and effective adsorbent has been developed using solid state mixing method of natural bentonite and CaO. The so called CaO/bentonite nanocomposite was determined the optimum heating temperature and bentonite-to-CaO ratio to enhance the quality of patchouli oil by purification process technology. The adsorbents were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, GSA and TG/DTA. The total acid value of patchouli oil was determined by using KOH. The test method to determine physical and chemical properties of patchouli oil in Indonesia has been set nationally through SNI 06-2385-2006. A significant decrease in acid value of patchouli oil (from 5.42 to 0.34 mg KOH/g oil) was observed after purification of patchouli oil over CaO/bentonite-300 (20:80) nanocomposite. After patchouli oil purification over CaO/bentonite-300 (20:80), the concentration of patchouli alcohol (PA) was increased from 33.08 to 34.82%, while Fe content was decreased from 4.25 to 1.56 ppm.

The hydrocracking of used cooking oil into biofuel over mesoporous silica was systematically studied. This research aims to induce the silica pores using NaHCO3 and employ the heteropore silica for the hydrocracking process of used cooking oil into biofuel. The mesoporous silica material was synthesized with various ratios of NaHCO3 and TEOS, and calcined at various temperatures. The highest acidity of mesoporous silica was obtained under the optimized conditions (NaHCO3/TEOS ratio of 1:2 and calcination temperature of 400 °C). The modification of silica led to decreasing the crystallinity, particle size, and percentage of Si and O, while increasing the pore size of the catalyst. The hydrocracking of used cooking oil over mesoporous silica with catalyst/feed ratio of 1:100 under H2 gas rate of 20 mL/min for two hours successfully produced the highest proportion of liquid yield.

The synthesis of CaO/zeolite nanocomposite as a highly active and effective adsorbent for patchouli oil purification has been developed. This research aims to improve the quality of patchouli oil by synthesizing CaO/zeolite nanocomposites using a solid-state mixing method. The used mass ratios of zeolite:CaO were 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20 and 100:0 (w/w), then nanocomposites with various zeolite-to-CaO ratios were then calcined at various temperature of 300°C, 400°C and 500°C. The zeolite, CaO and nanocomposites were characterized by using the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and surface area analyzer (SAA). The nanocomposites were then applied to patchouli oil and the assessment results of physical and chemical properties of patchouli oil were determined according to Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 06-2385-2006. After patchouli oil purification using ZECA nanocomposite, the acid number decreased from 5.42 to 0.39 mg KOH/g oil, the patchouli alcohol (PA) content increased from 33.08 to 34.27% and the Fe level decreased from 1.39 to 0.31 ppm.

A platinum-loaded sulphated nanozirconia (Pt/nano ZrO2–SO4) bifunctional metal–acid catalyst was synthesized using a hydrothermal process. The nano ZrO2–SO4 was initially prepared by dispersing the nano ZrO2 in H2SO4, followed by wet impregnation via heating in an aqueous PtCl4 solution. This material was subsequently calcined and reduced under hydrogen gas to produce the catalyst. The Pt/nano ZrO2–SO4 was found to be a highly active, selective and stable solid acid catalyst for the conversion of waste low density polyethylene (LDPE) to high value hydrocarbons. The catalytic activity and stability of this material were evaluated during the hydrocracking of waste LDPE while optimizing the reaction temperature, time and catalyst-to-feed ratio. The activity of catalyst prepared by hydrothermal was attributed to highly dispersion of Pt species interacting with the support and inhibition of the agglomeration process. The impregnation method of hydrothermal generated highly active and selective catalyst with Pt loads of 1 wt%. The hydrocracking of waste LDPE over Pt/nanoZrO2–SO4 at 250 °C for 60 min with a catalyst-to-feed proportion of 1 wt% gave the largest gasoline fraction.

The synthesis of diethanolamide surfactant from used cooking oil was systematically studied using modified zeolite as catalyst. The activated zeolite was obtained by dispersing natural zeolite in sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) solution. Potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) was loaded into activated zeolite by wet impregnation method. The methyl ester obtained from transesterification reaction of used cooking oil was refluxed with diethanolamine (C 4 H 11 NO) solution over K 2 CO 3 /zeolite catalyst in the production of diethanolamide surfactant. The amidiation reaction over K 2 CO 3 /zeolite effectively produced 92% of diethanolamide surfactant with the highest selectivity of methyl oleate. Diethanolamide surfactant showed stable foam and emulsion with the reduction of surface tension as much as 3.3 dyne/cm.

The conversion of LDPE plastic waste into liquid fuels over commercial zirconia nanopowder (ZrO2) with a fixed amount of sulfate and different amounts of Pt was systematically studied. The aims of this research were focused on the preparation of Pt-promoted sulfated zirconia (Pt/SZ) and study the effect of different concentrations of Pt on SZ for hydrocracking reaction of LDPE plastic waste. The SZ was prepared by dispersing ZrO2 in H2SO4 solution. The obtained SZ was refluxed in aqueous solutions of PtCl4 (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt% Pt). The catalyst samples were calcined and followed by H2 reduction to produce Pt1/SZ, Pt2/SZ and Pt3/SZ. The catalysts were characterized by FTIR, XRD, GSA, TEM, SEM-EDS and EDXRF. A larger concentration of Pt on SZ led to increase the activity and selectivity for catalytic hydrocracking of LDPE plastic waste. The liquid yields were analyzed by GC-MS. This study found that the hydrocracking process was carried out effectively at 250 °C. The hydrocracking reaction of LDPE plastic waste over Pt3/SZ produced the highest gasoline-range fuels conversion, reached 67.51 wt%. The liquid yield consisted of hydrocarbon compounds with atom chain of C5-C20 indicated fuel chemical structures, such as paraffins, olefins, isoparaffins, naphthenes and aromatics.

The modification of commercial zirconia nanopowder by sulfuric acid and heat treatment was conducted. The aim of this present research was to obtain a stable modified zirconia nanopowder chemically and thermally by studying the effect of sulfuric acid treatment and calcination temperature on commercial zirconia nanopowder. The material was prepared by dispersing the commercial zirconia nanopowder into 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 M sulfuric acid solutions, followed by calcination at varied temperatures, i.e. 600, 700, 800 and 900 °C. The so called sulfated zirconias then were characterized their physicochemical properties using FT-IR, XRD and SEM-EDX analysis methods. The optimized condition for that modification was obtained by using sulfuric acid of 0.8 M and calcination temperature of 600 °C. The characterization results also revealed that using ammonia adsorption method, the acidity of the catalyst was found to be 1.06 mmol/g.

Transesterification reaction of castor oil catalyzed by Na2O/ZrO2 to produce biodiesel has been investigated. The catalyst was made by activating the ZrO2 with 98\% NaOH 5 M, dried in oven for 24 hours, and followed by calcination in a muffle furnace at 500 oC for 5 hours. XRD analysis shows that the catalyst has typical peaks at 2? = 38.32o, 33.19o, and 54.97o. The activation of the catalyst led to an increase of wt% of O and Na, but reduce the wt% of Zr. Transesterification of castor oil was carried out by varying the catalyst composition(w/w%) to determine its optimum conversion into product. The products were analyzed by GC-MS to determine the content and composition of the compounds, IR Spectroscopy to identify the functional group of the product, and ASTM analysis method to compare the quality of the product to the standard. The transesterification of castor oil was found to be optimum at 4% catalyst with biodiesel yield of 57.02%. However, the highest yield of methyl ester of ricinoleic acid, at 89.72%, was obtained using 2% catalyst (w/w%).

Nanoscale materials are currently an attractive research subject because their properties are in contrast to their macroscopic counterparts. An inert material, such as bulk platinum metal for example, is known to exhibit a catalytic properties when its size is reduced into nanoscale. A stable material can become flammable or combustible, such as aluminum, and isolator material can become a conductor. Many attractive quantum phenomena also arise from reducing a material size into nanoscale dimensions. This review article discusses the concept, synthesis, and characterization of organic and inorganic nanolayered and nanoporous materials; and their application to catalysis and adsorption processes. Past achievements and future perspectives in the field of nanomaterial researches will be discussed as well. Furthermore, in the era of green chemistry, nanomaterials with all their derivatives are also required to have sustainable characteristics, such as biodegradable and renewable; which emphasizes that the development of nanomaterials in the framework of green chemistry should always be a priority. Through the synthesis of novel and functional nanomaterials using natural and local-based materials around us that are environmentally friendly and relatively easy to be obtained, our goal toward the inheritance of a greener world for the future generations is not an impossible dream.