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Introduction: Microparticles (MPs) are a heterogeneous population of small cell-derived vesicles. The composition is influenced by the cellular origin and the cellular processes starting their formation. The MPs have various biochemical composition, depending on the site in which they originate: from platelets or endothelium, MPs are involved in many disease, in particular in cardiovascular disease but also in cancer and in central nervous system disease. They are involved in many cellular processes and in particular in apoptosis and in cellular rearrangement. MPs could promote the recruitment of more immune cells in vascular inflammatory areas. Material and method: We performed a data literature analysis from PubMed. We analyze data from multiple studies, reporting that in central nervous system (CNS), the MPs have an important biological role, they can be derived from platelets, endothelial cells, neurons or glial cells. RESULT: We found that the CNS cells in the neurovascular unit, including the endothelial lining and neural cells are also subject to stress by a variety of stimuli such as oxygen radicals and inflammation. Indeed, it is induced membrane shedding in vascular cells. For these reasons, it is possible that the shedding in the neurovascular network may be linked not only to the development and progression of various CNS diseases, but also to the physiological development of the nervous system. In fact, the MPs attend, also, to a regeneration and repair of nerve injury. The MPs are involved in neuroimmune response, indeed, during the various negative stimuli, the microglial release a MPs containing pro-inflammatory cytokines. The MPs can be considered as a biomarkers from a specific tissue undergoing activation or damage. The plasma membrane is considerate as a sensor of cell interactions with the microenvironment. Conclusion: Given these evidences, we can conclude that the releasing of MPs is an indicator of a physiological and/ or pathophysiological activation in CNS, and then these vesicles are strongly involved in various CNS disease such as stoke, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease.

Il presente lavoro ha avuto come obiettivo l’analisi della trota marmorata Salmo marmoratus in un tratto del Fiume Brenta in cui, nonostante le ripetute operazioni di ripopolamento, le popolazioni sono in costante contrazione. Le analisi, condotte tra ottobre 2016 e dicembre 2017 in tre sottotratti fluviali situati tra il confine tra la Regione Veneto e il Trentino Alto Adige e l’abitato di Cismon del Grappa, hanno riguardato lo le comunità ittiche, gli habitat disponibili per la trota marmorata, lo stato ecologico, la funzionalità fluviale e il comparto chimico-fisico delle acque e dei sedimenti. I risultati hanno evidenziato diverse criticità che compromettono la presenza di popolazioni ben strutturate di Salmo marmoratus nell’area. Tali criticità sono legate a fenomeni di inquinamento genetico, alterazione dell’habitat ed inquinamento delle acque. Sono stati osservati esemplari fenotipicamente puri di Salmo marmoratus (frequenze percentuali 4-25%) e ibridi di trota marmorata e trota fario Salmo trutta. Quest’ultima risulta diffusamente presente nei siti indagati. In rapporto alla superficie dell’alveo bagnato è stata osservata una bassa percentuale di habitat disponibili per la trota marmorata (0-21%), la quale compete per spazi e risorse con la trota fario. L’analisi dello stato ecologico ha denunciato un giudizio sufficiente per tutti i tratti indagati e la presenza di un’alterazione verosimilmente legata a squilibri di tipo trofico evidenziati dai risultati dell’applicazione dell’indice macrofitico RQE_IBMR e dall’analisi delle concentrazioni dei nutrienti in acqua. Ciò è correlabile ad una ridotta capacità autodepurativa del tratto indagato, emersa dall’applicazione dell’Indice di Funzionalità Fluviale e legata agli impatti antropici presenti.

ZUCCHETTA, Matteo et al. Ricostruzione storica delle catture della pesca nel lago di Garda. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ICHTHYOLOGY, [S.l.], v. 1, n. 5, p. 325-332, set. 2019. Disponibile all'indirizzo: . Data di accesso: 13 dic. 2019

The marble trout Salmo marmoratus has been analyzed in a section of the Brenta River, where its populations show constant decrease despite many restocking operations carried out in the area. The study was carried out from October 2016 to December 2017 within three stream stretches placed from the border between Veneto and Trentino Alto Adige regions to the area near the Cismon del Grappa town. Analyses regarded fish communities, habitat availability for Salmo marmoratus, ecological status, fluvial functionality and chemical-physical features. Results highlighted several critical issues for the presence of well-structured marble trout populations, such as hybridization with brown trout Salmo trutta, habitat alteration and water pollution. Within the investigated area, pure Salmo marmoratus specimens (frequencies equal to 4-25%) and hybrids with Salmo trutta (5-27%) were observed. Brown trout was largely present in the area (8-60%). Available habitat ranged from 0 to 21% of the river bed for marble trout, which competes with brown trout for spaces and trophic 37 resources. Ecological state analyses lead to a judgement equal to sufficient for all the stretches due to alteration of the trophic condition, which as highlighted by the macrophytic index RQE_IBMR and by the nutrient concentrations. This is probably related to a reduction of the river functionality, due to the anthropogenic impacts which were detected in the area.

The results of the Working Group on the Systematics and Nomenclature of the italian freshwater fish species established within the AIIAD are showed. The WG, in about four years of activities focused on the current taxonomic situation of Italian fish species (Cyclostomes and Bony Fishes), with special reference to the doubtful cases, in the light of the most recent scientific findings. The considerable amount of literature data collected allowed us to clarify the different points of view expressed by the authors who over time contributed to the deepening of knowledge. The Check-list of the Italian freshwater fish fauna could be a useful tool to reach a shared starting point to fill the existing knowledge gaps. Moreover, this need arises from the awareness that the presence of a univocal scientific nomenclature could play a key role in improving the conservation status of the native fish fauna. Finally, we believe that the scientific debate that will hopefully arise, as well as from the activities within the WG, also from the presentation of the results to the Association, can represent a useful moment of comparison and cultural growth of all members. The checklist with the proposed nomenclature for the Italian freshwater fish fauna, the notes drafted for each of the 5 taxa examined (over 60), the sheets with the minutes of each of the discussion sessions carried out, and the archive including all the literature data collected represent useful tools that, through the website (http://www.aiiad.it), will become a shared heritage of the Association.