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We consider the Kuramoto-Sakaguchi-Fokker-Planck equation (namely, parabolic Kuramoto-Sakaguchi, or Kuramoto-Sakaguchi equation, which is a nonlinear parabolic integro-differential equation) with inertia and white noise effects. We study the hydrodynamic limit of this Kuramoto-Sakaguchi equation. During showing this main result, as a support, we also prove a Hardy-type inequality over the whole real line., Comment: 34 pages

For nonlinear Cosserat elasticity, we consider multiscale methods in this paper. In particular, we explore the generalized multiscale finite element method (GMsFEM) to solve an isotropic Cosserat problem with strain-limiting property (ensuring bounded linearized strains even under high stresses). Such strain-limiting Cosserat model can find potential applications in solids and biological fibers. However, Cosserat media with naturally rotational degrees of freedom, nonlinear constitutive relations, high contrast, and heterogeneities may produce challenging multiscale characteristics in the solution, and upscaling by multiscale methods is necessary. Therefore, we utilize the offline and residual-based online (adaptive or uniform) GMsFEM in this context while handling the nonlinearity by Picard iteration. Through various two-dimensional experiments (for perforated, composite, and stochastically heterogeneous media with small and big strain-limiting parameters), our numerical results show the approaches' convergence, efficiency, and robustness. In addition, these results demonstrate that such approaches provide good accuracy, the online GMsFEM gives more accurate solutions than the offline one, and the online adaptive strategy has similar accuracy to the uniform one but with fewer degrees of freedom., Comment: submitted to Journal of Computational Physics, fixed a notation

We develop a new coarse-scale approximation strategy for the nonlinear single-continuum Richards equation as an unsaturated flow over heterogeneous non-periodic media, using the online generalized multiscale finite element method (online GMsFEM) together with deep learning. A novelty of this approach is that local online multiscale basis functions are computed rapidly and frequently by utilizing deep neural networks (DNNs). More precisely, we employ the training set of stochastic permeability realizations and the computed relating online multiscale basis functions to train neural networks. The nonlinear map between such permeability fields and online multiscale basis functions is developed by our proposed deep learning algorithm. That is, in a new way, the predicted online multiscale basis functions incorporate the nonlinearity treatment of the Richards equation and refect any time-dependent changes in the problem's properties. Multiple numerical experiments in two-dimensional model problems show the good performance of this technique, in terms of predictions of the online multiscale basis functions and thus finding solutions., Comment: submitted to Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics

For the nonlinear Richards equation as an unsaturated flow through heterogeneous media, we build a new coarse-scale approximation algorithm utilizing numerical homogenization. This approach follows deep neural networks (DNNs) to quickly and frequently calculate macroscopic parameters. More specifically, we train neural networks with a training set consisting of stochastic permeability realizations and corresponding computed macroscopic targets (effective permeability tensor, homogenized stiffness matrix, and right-hand side vector). Our proposed deep learning scheme develops nonlinear maps between such permeability fields and macroscopic characteristics, and the treatment for Richards equation's nonlinearity is included in the predicted coarse-scale homogenized stiffness matrix, which is a novelty. This strategy's good performance is demonstrated by several numerical tests in two-dimensional model problems, for predictions of the macroscopic properties and consequently solutions., Comment: 32 pages, submitted to Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics

In fluid flow simulation, the multi-continuum model is a useful strategy. When the heterogeneity and contrast of coefficients are high, the system becomes multiscale, and some kinds of reduced-order methods are demanded. Combining these techniques with nonlinearity, we will consider in this paper a dual-continuum model which is generalized as a multi-continuum model for a coupled system of nonlinear Richards equations as unsaturated flows, in complex heterogeneous fractured porous media; and we will solve it by a novel multiscale approach utilizing the constraint energy minimizing generalized multiscale finite element method (CEM-GMsFEM). In particular, such a nonlinear system will be discretized in time and then linearized by Picard iteration (whose global convergence is proved theoretically). Subsequently, we tackle the resulting linearized equations by the CEM-GMsFEM and obtain proper offline multiscale basis functions to span the multiscale space (which contains the pressure solution). More specifically, we first introduce two new sources of samples, and the GMsFEM is used over each coarse block to build local auxiliary multiscale basis functions via solving local spectral problems, that are crucial for detecting high-contrast channels. Second, per oversampled coarse region, local multiscale basis functions are created through the CEM as constrainedly minimizing an energy functional. Various numerical tests for our approach reveal that the error converges with the coarse-grid size alone and that only a few oversampling layers, as well as basis functions, are needed., Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables, submitted to Journal of Computational Physics, fixed some typos and notation

In this paper, we study a multiscale method for simulating a dual-continuum unsaturated flow problem within complex heterogeneous fractured porous media. Mathematically, each of the dual continua is modeled by a multiscale Richards equation (for pressure head), and these equations are coupled to one another by transfer terms. On its own, Richards equation is already a nonlinear partial differential equation, and it is exceedingly difficult to solve numerically due to the extra nonlinear dependencies involving the soil water. To deal with multiple scales, our strategy is that starting from a microscopic scale, we upscale the coupled system of dual-continuum Richards equations via homogenization by the two-scale asymptotic expansion, to obtain a homogenized system, at an intermediate scale (level). Based on a hierarchical approach, the homogenization's effective coefficients are computed through solving the arising cell problems. To tackle the nonlinearity, after time discretization, we use Picard iteration procedure for linearization of the homogenized Richards equations. At each Picard iteration, some degree of multiscale still remains from the intermediate level, so we utilize the generalized multiscale finite element method (GMsFEM) combining with a multi-continuum approach, to upscale the homogenized system to a macroscopic (coarse-grid) level. This scheme involves building uncoupled and coupled multiscale basis functions, which are used not only to construct coarse-grid solution approximation with high accuracy but also (with the coupled multiscale basis) to capture the interactions among continua. These prospects and convergence are demonstrated by several numerical results for the proposed method., Comment: 45 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, major revision. This is the accepted manuscript by Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics (2021). The published journal article is available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2021.113648 (2021)

This paper introduces an efficient approach to solve quadratic and nonlinear programming problems subject to linear equality constraints via the Theory of Functional Connections. This is done without using the traditional Lagrange multiplier technique. More specifically, two distinct expressions (fully satisfying the equality constraints) are provided, to first solve the constrained quadratic programming problem as an unconstrained one for closed-form solution. Such expressions are derived via using an optimization variable vector, which is called the free vector $\boldsymbol{g}$ by the Theory of Functional Connections. In the spirit of this Theory, for the equality constrained nonlinear programming problem, its solution is obtained by the Newton's method combining with elimination scheme in optimization. Convergence analysis is supported by a numerical example for the proposed approach., Comment: 34 pages, 1 figure, 3 tables, revision. This is the accepted manuscript by Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics (2021). The published journal article is available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2021.113912 (2021)

In this paper, we apply the constraint energy minimizing generalized multiscale finite element method (CEM-GMsFEM) to first solving a nonlinear poroelasticity problem. The arising system consists of a nonlinear pressure equation and a nonlinear stress equation in strain-limiting setting, where strains keep bounded while stresses can grow arbitrarily large. After time discretization of the system, to tackle the nonlinearity, we linearize the resulting equations by Picard iteration. To handle the linearized equations, we employ the CEM-GMsFEM and obtain appropriate offline multiscale basis functions for the pressure and the displacement. More specifically, first, auxiliary multiscale basis functions are generated by solving local spectral problems, via the GMsFEM. Then, multiscale spaces are constructed in oversampled regions, by solving a constraint energy minimizing (CEM) problem. After that, this strategy (with the CEM-GMsFEM) is also applied to a static case of the above nonlinear poroelasticity problem, that is, elasticity problem, where the residual based online multiscale basis functions are generated by an adaptive enrichment procedure, to further reduce the error. Convergence of the two cases is demonstrated by several numerical simulations, which give accurate solutions, with converging coarse-mesh sizes as well as few basis functions (degrees of freedom) and oversampling layers., Comment: 32 pages, 7 figures, 6 tables, submitted to Journal of Computational Physics

We consider in this paper a challenging problem of simulating fluid flows, in complex multiscale media possessing multi-continuum background. As an effort to handle this obstacle, model reduction is employed. In \cite{rh2}, homogenization was nicely applied, to find effective coefficients and homogenized equations (for fluid flow pressures) of a dual-continuum system, with new convection terms and negative interaction coefficients. However, some degree of multiscale still remains. This motivates us to propose the generalized multiscale finite element method (GMsFEM), which is coupled with the dual-continuum homogenized equations, toward speeding up the simulation, improving the accuracy as well as clearly representing the interactions between the dual continua. In our paper, globally, each continuum is viewed as a system and connected to the other throughout the domain. We take into consideration the flow transfers between the dual continua and within each continuum itself. Such multiscale flow dynamics are modeled by the GMsFEM, which systematically generates either uncoupled or coupled multiscale basis (to carry the local characteristics to the global ones), via establishing local snapshots and spectral decomposition in the snapshot space. As a result, we will work with a system of two equations coupled with some interaction terms, and each equation describes one of the dual continua on the fine grid. Convergence analysis of the proposed GMsFEM is accompanied with the numerical results, which support the favorable outcomes., Comment: 35 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables, submitted to Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics

In this paper, we consider multiscale methods for nonlinear elasticity. In particular, we investigate the Generalized Multiscale Finite Element Method (GMsFEM) for a strain-limiting elasticity problem. Being a special case of the naturally implicit constitutive theory of nonlinear elasticity, strain-limiting relation has presented an interesting class of material bodies, for which strains remain bounded (even infinitesimal) while stresses can become arbitrarily large. The nonlinearity and material heterogeneities can create multiscale features in the solution, and multiscale methods are therefore necessary. To handle the resulting nonlinear monotone quasilinear elliptic equation, we use linearization based on the Picard iteration. We consider two types of basis functions, offline and online basis functions, following the general framework of GMsFEM. The offline basis functions depend nonlinearly on the solution. Thus, we design an indicator function and we will recompute the offline basis functions when the indicator function predicts that the material property has significant change during the iterations. On the other hand, we will use the residual based online basis functions to reduce the error substantially when updating basis functions is necessary. Our numerical results show that the above combination of offline and online basis functions is able to give accurate solutions with only a few basis functions per each coarse region and updating basis functions in selected iterations., Comment: 19 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics

The purpose of this note, as a compendium, is to extend the results on entropic convergence and the linearized limit for the Boltzmann equation (without external force) in \cite{Levermore} by Levermore to the case of the Boltzmann equation with external force. More specifically, starting from the Boltzmann equation with an external force introduced in \cite{DL16} by Ars\'{e}nio and Saint-Raymond, we find conditions on the force, to maintain the result in \cite{Levermore} (as an important application of the theory of DiPerna-Lions renormalized solutions) about the validity of the linearization approximation when the initial datum approaches a global Maxwellian., Comment: 21 pages