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Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major noncommunicable disease worldwide, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing. The Finish score helps in the prediction of the risk of future diabetes development, as well as in the identification of undiagnosed diabetes. The current study was conducted to identify people at risk of developing type II diabetes mellitus in River Nile State, Sudan. Methods: This cross-sectional community-based study was conducted in River Nile state between 2019 October and 2020 March. Data were collected using a questionnaire that included the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score variables from 400 participants after an informed consent. Chi-square test was used to test the associations, with the P-value considered significant when < 0.05. Results: The majority of participants (257 [64.3%]) were < 45 years old, and 229 (57.3%) were male. The risk of type II diabetes mellitus was found to be low in 187 (46.8%) people and high in 213 (53.2%). Moreover, 128 (32%) had a body mass index (BMI) between 25and 30 kg/m2, while 46 (11.5%) had > 30 kg/m2. Waist circumference of < 94 cm was found in 147 (36.8%) males, while only 63 females (15.8%) had a waist circumference < 80 cm. Age, gender, BMI, daily activity, history of hypertension, history of hyperglycemia, and family history of diabetes were all significantly associated with the risk of developing diabetes mellitus (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score was found to be useful in facilitating wider access to the risk of type II diabetes among the study population. More than half of the study population were at risk of developing diabetes mellitus.

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Background and ObjectivePrevious studies have identified the role of irisin and vitamin D in energy homeostasis. However, the effect of irisin and vitamin D on energy regulation has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, in this study, the effects of a vitamin D-deficient diet and irisin on total energy expenditure (TEE), food intake, and blood metabolites were investigated in rats.MethodsSixteen healthy weaned male albino rats were randomly divided into two groups: a group fed a normal balanced growth diet (group A: n = 8) and a group fed a normocalcemic diet that is vitamin D deficient with limited ultraviolet (UV) light exposure (group B, n = 8). After 6 weeks, the volumes of respiratory gases were measured by open-circuit indirect calorimetry. Serum irisin, 25-OHVD3, calcium, insulin, and glucose levels were measured using ELISA. The respiratory quotient (RQ), energy expenditure, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated.ResultsRats with hypovitaminosis D were hypoirisinemic. Food intake, RQ (to the range of using endogenous fat), and glucose levels reduced significantly, while insulin levels increased. Body weight and TEE were non-significant changed. Additionally, irisin was strongly and positively correlated with body weight under normal conditions (r = 0.905, p < 0.01), and a moderate negative correlation in group B (r = −0.429, p < 0.05). TEE and irisin showed no significant correlation.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that the early changes in energy homeostasis and irisin levels during states of hypovitaminosis D are affected by long-term consumption of a vitamin D-deficient diet with limited UV exposure.

Background & aim of the work: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in our locality and worldwide. Two major sources of Vit D replenishment are available; sun exposure and dietary supplementation. This study compared sun exposure with vitamin D3 supplementation on restoring bone homeostasis in a vitamin D deficient (VDD) versus vitamin D sufficient (VDS) rat models. Methods: Vitamin D deficient-normocalcemic diet was used for 6 weeks to produce a group of VDD rats (n = 21), then were subdividedinto three equal subgroups: direct sunlight exposure subgroup (Sd subgroup), vitamin D3 treated subgroup (Tt subgroup), and a Control subgroup (Ct group). Normal rats (group II) (n = 14) were fed on normal vitamin D-diet for equal period and then subdivided into two equal subgroups: direct sunlight exposure subgroup (Ss subgroup), and a control (C) subgroup. For all of the subgroups, Exposures and supplementations were continued for 10 days, then the plasma 25 hydroxy vitamin D3, parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphorus levels and alkaline phosphatase activity were estimated and femur bones were used to prepare histopathological sections. Results: The sun-exposed vitamin D deficient group showed a significant reduction of parathyroid hormone more than that in vitamin D supplemented group vs. VDD controls (67.69 ± 13.18 and 78.93 ± 8.31 vs. 86.05 ± 9.67 pg/ml, respectively), while sun-exposed vitamin D sufficient group showed an insignificant change (15.56 ± 2.73 vs. 16.84 ± 3.16 pg/ml). Furthermore, the improvement of osteoid area and the reduction of trabecular separation in the bone sections among vitamin D deficient rats, after sunlight exposure, were better. Conclusions: Sunlight-exposure have a more positive effect on bone structure and homeostasis than vitamin D supplementation and control. This effect was more with vitamin D deficient than vitamin D sufficient rats.

Background and Aim. Changes in total energy expenditure (TEE) and substrate metabolism may help explain the metabolic actions of testosterone (T). This study measured respiratory quotient (RQ), TEE, ghrelin, insulin, and key lipolysis enzyme concentrations in relation to body weight (wt) and food intake (FI) in both normal and bilaterally orchiectomized rats with/without T treatment. Methods. In total, thirty-two male Wistar rats (300–400 g) were divided into four groups (n = 8/group), including (a) sham-operated and vehicle-injected group (Sham), (b) T-treated sham group (T-Sham) for which sham-operated rats were injected with IM testosterone undecanoate (100 mg/kg, for one week), (c) orchiectomy and vehicle-injected group (Orch), and (d) T-replaced orchiectomy group (T-Orch). After one week, FI and wt were automatically recorded, indirect calorimetry parameters were measured, and blood samples were collected to measure T, ghrelin, insulin, growth hormone (GH), glucose, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL), free fatty acids (FFA), and lipid profiles. Results. Orchiectomy decreased ghrelin, GH, and insulin levels, increased TEE and RQ, and lowered FI and wt. The T-Orch group exhibited increased levels of ghrelin (3-fold), insulin, GH, blood levels of lipolysis products, TEE, and FI in addition to reduced glucose levels (P

Long-term continuous light exposure (CL) and western diet (WD) effects on Adropin expression, RORα, and Rev-erb-α nuclear receptors and energy homeostasis were studied in rats. Thirty-two male Wistar rats (250–290 g) were enrolled for 3 months in the following groups (n = 8/group): (a) Normal control group (NC), (b) CL group, (c) WD group, and (d) CL + WD group. Then, indirect calorimetry and food intake (FI) were measured. Finally, Adropin, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL), and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured. Additionally, the histopathology and gene expression of Enho, RORα, and Rev-erb-α genes were done. The CL alone elevated the Adropin plasma level and gene expression, increased RORα expression, and decreased the Rev-erb-α nuclear receptor expression mainly in the liver and kidney. Besides, CL increased the total energy expenditure (TEE) and decreased the respiratory quotient. WD alone or in combination with the CL reversed gene expression of Enho, RORα, and Rev-erb-α. Combined CL and WD increased the TEE, reduced the food intake, increased the ATGL, and reduced the Adropin level in addition to widespread degenerative changes in the liver, spleen, and renal tissues. The deleterious effects of CL and WD on energy homeostasis may include Adropin with the involvement of the RORα and Rev-erb-α nuclear receptors.

Aim To evaluate the efficiency of therapeutic Ultrasound, low level laser and compression therapy for healing of venous Leg ulcers and Compare the effect of modalities on the ulcers. Subjects and methods Three groups were included in the study. Group I: 20 patients with leg ulcers treated with low level laser therapy. Group II: 20 patients with leg ulcers treated with ultrasound therapy. Group III: 20 patients with leg ulcers treated by compression therapy (four layer bandage) were used in this study. All patients were subjected to detailed history, clinical evaluation in addition to X-ray of legs and feet, and Doppler ultrasound of both legs. The main variables for follow up were the measurement of the area of the lesions under aseptic conditions at 0, 1, 2, 3 months and qualitative clinical evaluation of the ulcers by physician and by the patient. The Results from group I, group II and group III were obtained and then compared with each others. Results According to the size of the ulcer, some ulcers heal within 1 month which is (15.6%) in group I, (10%) in group II, and (28.5%) in group III. Some ulcers heal within 2 months which is (28%) in group I, (23.3%) in group II and (37%) in group III. The remaining ulcers heal within 3 months or more which are (56%) in group I, (66.6%) in group II and (34.2%) in group III. Thus the percentage of healing denoting that compression bandage technique used in group III is the most efficient in healing of chronic venous leg ulcer followed by laser therapy and lastly US therapy (P = 0.04 at the end of the first month and P = 0.03 at the end of the third month). Conclusion Compression therapy is the most efficient treatment of venous leg ulcers. Low level laser therapy and Ultrasound therapy are useful methods as a conservative treatment of venous leg ulcers and can be used in ulcers of small size.