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The purpose of this survey study was to know faculty members' viewpoint about factors of research culture prevalent in the public sector universities of the Punjab. Survey solicited university faculty members' opinions on a five point Likert type scale yielding quantitative data. Population of the study was comprised of all the faculty members of 18 general public sector universities. Sample was selected through multistage random sampling technique. At the first stage seven universities were selected randomly out of total 18 public sector universities. All the faculty members in the departments of Education in the sampled universities were included in the study. One hundred and sixty faculty members willingly filled out the survey questionnaire. Survey questionnaire enlisted environmental, institutional and personal factors contributing to research culture. Data were analyzed by computing mean values and standard deviation of responses on each statement. Significance of difference between male and female faculty members' opinions was tested through t-test for independent samples. None of the environmental, institutional and personal factors was found to be favorable for research culture in public sector universities of the Punjab. The results of the study indicated that institutional factors and personal factors were perceived as relatively more influential for promotion of research culture as compared to environmental factors.

For any positive integer n, let Mp contain the prime numbers less than n. Assuming Mp as the set of moduli, we draw a graph with the vertex set f1; 2; 3; ...; ng, and an edge will be built between the vertices p and q if and only if p ≡ (q mod m) for some m ∥ Mp: We call this graph a prime congruence simple graph and label this graph as G(n;Mp). The objective of this work is to characterize prime congruence simple graphs, and afterwards, by utilizing these graphs, solutions to the system of linear congruences are suggested and demonstrated by applying modular arithmetic. It is shown that this graph is always a connected graph. The generalized formulae for vertex degrees, size, chromatic number, domination number, clique number, and eccentricity of the prime congruence simple graphs are proposed and proved. Also, independence numbers as well as a covering number for the proposed graph through vertices and edges are evaluated. Lastly, as an application of prime congruence simple graphs, the solution of a system of linear congruences is discussed in terms of the degrees of the vertices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the notion of quadratic exponential invertible graphs whose vertex set is reduced residue system mod n and there will be an edge between x and y such that x2α ≡ y2α (mod n) for some positive integer α. The proposed graph is completely characterized for each positive integer n and also, we find the class of integers in which quadratic exponential invertible graphs are isomorphic to each other. Moreover, the class of those integers is investigated in which the proposed graph is a complete graph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to comprehensively assess university students' perspectives on digital education during the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on academic performance. It focused on gauging satisfaction with digital learning, identifying challenges faced, and providing insights for future educational strategies. Sampling 1,309 students from Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts departments across six public sector universities, the study revealed that female students exhibited greater awareness of online learning. While gender didn't affect computer skills or gadget availability, more females had reliable internet access (51%) compared to males (43%). Challenges included connectivity issues, time management, and power outages. Students expressed moderate satisfaction with study environments and support, signaling a need for improved online education solutions. Regional variations underscored the necessity for tailored strategies to address disparities in perceptions and experiences across different areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to prepare and evaluate self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) of curcumin (Cur) to enhance its solubility and percentage release for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect. Curcumin loaded SEDDS formulation was prepared, and zones of self-emulsification were recognized by dilution method for the construction of phase diagram. Lauroglycol FCC, tween 80 (surfactant), and transcutol HP (co-surfactant) were selected based on their solubility and highest emulsion region in phase diagram. Thermodynamic stability of Cur-SEDDS was calculated through globule size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), viscosity, and pH. Cur-SEDDS were also characterized by encapsulation efficiency (EE %), FT-IR, in vitro release, and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect. Results revealed that droplet size of Cur-SEDDS was 19.77 ± 0.03 nm with their PDI 0.22 ± 0.19, zeta potential −19.33 ± 0.94 and viscosity 25.68 ± 0.86 cp. EE % of Cur-SEDDS was found to be 94.99 ± 0.38%, percentage release 65.83% compared with pure Cur powder. The designed formulation possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity in paw edema when compared with positive control in carrageenan induced rat paw edema assay. Newly developed Cur-SEDDS with enhanced Cur solubility, percentage release, and better anti-inflammatory action may be an alternative source of oral delivery of Cur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let n be a positive integer and let R = {r1, r2, · · ·, rφ(n)} be the set of relatively prime residues of n. We call n a totient number if the sum of the relatively prime residues of n is 2kn, k ≥ 1. A graph G admits a totient labeling with an injective function ξ* : V → N if there exists an induced function ξ* : E → N defined by ξ*(xy) = ξ(x)ξ(y) so that ξ(x)ξ(y) is a totient number for all xy ∈ E. A graph G admits a restricted totient labeling with an injective mapping ξ : V → {1, 2, · · ·, |V|}, if there exists an induced function ξ* : E → N defined as ξ*(xy) = ξ(x)ξ(y) with x ≠ y such that ξ(x)ξ(y) is a totient number for each xy ∈ E. A least positive integer z is said to be a totient index of G if there exists a totient labeling ξ of G such that the cardinality of range of the induced function ξ* is z. The objective of this paper is to investigate totient and restricted totient labelings of various classes of graphs. Moreover, we determine the totient index of various classes of graphs by using the notion of totient labeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For any positive integer m, we assign a digraph G(m) for which {0, 1, 2, 3, ..., m-1} is the set of vertices and there is an edge from a vertex u to a vertex v if m divides u7 - v. We enumerate the self and isolated loops and study the structures of this digraph for the numbers 2r and 7r, for every positive integer r. Further, we characterize the existence of cycles by employing Carmichael's Theorem. Also, we discuss the subdigraphs of proposed digraph induced by the vertices coprime to m and not coprime to m: Lastly, we characterize the regularity, semiregularity and results regarding components of these subdigraphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed at investigating socio economic status, school climate and study habits of secondary school students as determinants of academic achievement. The study also explored study habits based on gender and locale basis. The study was conducted on 1500 students of 10th grade from 60 schools. Data were collected through School Climate Student Questionnaire (SCSQ) developed by Dr. Georgia Pashiardis, Study Skills Inventory developed by Dennis H. Congos, and socio-economic status questionnaire. The achievement scores of students were collected from the result Gazette for the secondary schools' annual examination of concerned Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education Punjab. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that parents' socio economic status, school climate and study habits had impact on students' academic achievement. Gender and locale had impact on study habits of students. In the light of findings, it was inferred that the enhancement of school climate and development of good study habits may improve academic achievement of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Student-teachers' experiences at their school placement during their teaching practice are important in developing them a confident teacher in their future. This study aims to measure student-teachers' self-efficacy and anxiety at their school placement and explore the relationship between self-efficacy and anxiety level in student-teachers. The effect of following factors was explored such as lesson planning, classroom management, evaluation by the university supervisor and cooperative teachers from their school. A Mixed methods approach was adopted to seek out student-teachers' self-efficacy believes and anxiety level. Three research tools were used in this study i.e. STAS (Student-Teacher Anxiety Scale), TES (Teacher Efficacy Scale) and 5 focus group interviews. Data were collected with 500 students-teachers and 5 focus groups interview. The finding revealed that there is a negative correlation between self-efficacy and anxiety level. The findings show that over loaded work, negative experiences with cooperative teacher and misbehavior from pupils generate low self-efficacy in student-teachers. It is recommended that training on the classroom management should be part of teacher education. Moreover required facilities should be provided to the student-teachers during their teaching practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports Action Research project carried out with the student teachers of a private sector teacher education institute in Pakistan. Professional Development Portfolio was introduced during the final, eight week practicum of the student teachers to improve their self-knowledge and professional skills particularly problem solving and decision-making. The study was carried out in two cycles and data were gathered through examination of portfolios, non-participant observation of the critical friend and Focus Group Discussions. The major findings of the study are that reflective writing helped the student teachers to identify classroom problems. Reflection paired with initial self-audit improved student teachers' problem-solving as well as decision-making skills. The data also indicated that the student teachers needed more practice in completing different sections of the professional development portfolio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental study examined effectiveness of the computer assisted instruction (CAI) on students' achievement in general science as compared with the traditional method of instruction (TMI). This experimental study was conducted in a public secondary school in Lahore, Pakistan. Post-test only control group experimental design was employed on paired groups matched with respect to intellectual capacity of the students. The CAI program comprising interactive tutorials in Urdu language was used for learning by the experimental group. The control group was taught the same content in the classroom by the teacher through textbook based lecture method, which is the traditional method of teaching in public schools in Pakistan. An achievement test assessing knowledge, comprehension and application components of learning was administered to both the groups after a two month long treatment period. The experimental group performed better on all the three components of the achievement test as compared to the control group. The CAI group also scored higher than the TMI group in various content areas of general science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]