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Reflexivity, which requires the conscious appraisal of how researchers' social positions and subjectivities interact with the research process, has become increasingly popular in qualitative research with participants at heightened risk of marginalization and trauma histories. Despite the documented traumas associated with marginalization, little has been written about the process of integrating a reflexive approach into research with marginalized communities. This methodological paper seeks to redress this gap by illuminating how our research team used the lens of space as a reflexive framework to attend to positionality, transformation, and power in a qualitative study with older persons with experiences of homelessness. These reflections emerged from our work conducting research in one of three sites associated with a pan-Canadian study, on housing, aging, place/space, and homelessness. More specifically, they emerged from our team's observations and de-briefings during and following data collection with 11 participants (aged 50+ years) of a long-term transitional housing site in Montreal, Canada. These reflections illuminate how integrating concepts of space may provide an avenue for attending to reflexivity when conducting research that informs policy and public service initiatives for marginalized communities, and support research processes that disrupt tendencies to overlook trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how the outdoor environment shapes the community mobility of people with visual disabilities is key to designing an accessible public realm and facilitating their rights to use outdoor spaces. A scoping review was conducted to explore 1) What aspects of the built environment affect the community mobility of persons with visual disabilities? and 2) How does the built environment affect the community mobility of persons with visual disabilities? Forty-three peer-reviewed publications from 2000 to 2022 were included after conducting database searches, screening of articles, and data charting. Studies focused on micro-environmental features related to sidewalks and crosswalks (e.g. landmarks, curbs, curb ramps, tactile warning/guiding surfaces, and accessible pedestrian signals), and broad environmental factors (e.g. neighbourhood amenities and street layout) and their influence on orientation, wayfinding, and safety. The paper discusses the role of the built environment in 1) posing barriers to outdoor mobility (e.g. potholes, poorly designed curb cuts, obstacles at waist-height or eye-level, poor lighting, inadequate pedestrian signal, complicated street layout), and 2) offering cues (e.g. visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory, kinaesthetic) for spatial perception and navigation. Focusing on how the built environment shapes community mobility is necessary to enhance accessibility through urban planning and design and assistive technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and Objectives The concept of aging in place is acknowledged as the preference of older adults, yet without consideration of the intersections of diversity in later life, it is critiqued as unattainable, unrealistic, or even undesirable. This gave rise to the exploration of what is needed to age in the right place (AIRP). Building on existing research, we examined the meaning of AIRP to older adults (aged 55+ years) who have experienced homelessness. Research Design and Methods We conducted photovoice interviews with 11 residents of a temporary housing program in Metro Vancouver (Canada). Results Using thematic analysis, we organized meanings of AIRP according to (1) Where one lives—the physical and social environment, (2) Where one goes and what one does, and (3) How one feels in "the right place." Discussion and Implications Participants meanings' of AIRP are applied to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. That is, when basic needs of shelter are met, participants' considerations of "the right place to age" extend beyond affordable housing to include feeling safe and comfortable in one's home and neighborhood and having access to meaningful engagement and activities—both in vibrant urban districts and naturescapes—enabled by affordable transportation. Our examination of what AIRP means to this group of older adults broadens current conceptualizations. Given the increase in homelessness among older adults, it is imperative that policymakers and practitioners are cognizant of meanings of AIRP so diverse older adults can not only age in place, but can thrive in the right place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reduplicative word is an important phenomenon in all language studies because it reflects many functions in language communication such as plurality, emphasis, contrast, imitation. The various instances of reduplicative words in a particular language reflect the richness and uniqueness of that language. Moreover, such variation gives insights into both culture and thought. A reduplicative word is a linguistic phenomenon found in the syntactic, morphological, phonological and semantic levels. The current study aims at investigating the illocutionary force of English reduplicative words in some selected English colloquial utterances. To achieve this aim, an analytical -pragmatic approach has been used by adopting Searle’s (1979) classifications of speech acts in order to identify and analyze the illocutionary force of reduplicative words. The results show that EFL learners face difficulties in identifying the illocutionary forces because of the lack of the cultural background concerning these reduplicative words. The majority of errors committed by the participants are found in production test due to the fact that Iraqi EFL learners are ignorant and unfamiliar with producing such words as well as these words require much more awareness, attention and practice.Finally, they have committed less errors in the recognition test due to the fact that they have somehow pragmatic competence and background knowledge regarding these words.

English is rich of idioms. Learning idioms is considered an integral part of vocabulary learning. Idioms of animals are very popular in everyday English and ESL and EFL learners should encounter them .The problem of this study is due to the fact that ESL and EFL learners may be unable to identify the intended meaning of idioms of animals since they are culture-bound and have colloquial sense. For example, “to beat a dead horse” has the abstract meaning talk about a topic other people think it is over whereas the contexual meaning is a failure or loser man. The current paper aims at identifying and figuring out the contextual meaning of idioms of animal. It is concluded:(1)ESL and EFL learners are unable to master these idioms because understanding their contextual meaning is difficult,(2) these idioms are culture-specific matter that needs further awareness of translators, ESL and EFL learners,(3)many ESL and EFL learners understand the literal meaning depending on dictionary meaning

Background and Objectives Outdoor falls can negatively affect the independence and well-being of community-dwelling older adults. Although there is some overlap, there are also differences in risk factors for indoor and outdoor falls. There are no existing community-based fall prevention programs that specifically target outdoor fall prevention. To fill this gap, the Stroll Safe program was developed. Research Design and Methods A cluster-randomized controlled trial design was used with randomization at the site level. Participants (N = 86) were aged 60 and older, with a history of an outdoor fall or who had a fear of falling outdoors. Eight naturally occurring retirement community program sites were randomly assigned to the treatment or wait list control group. Outcome measures included the Outdoor Falls Questionnaire, the Falls Behavioral Scale for the Older Person, and the Falls Efficacy Scale-International to examine knowledge of risks, safe strategy use, protective behaviors, and fear of falling. An Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare change scores between groups with covariates included for any initial differences between groups. A linear mixed model was also conducted to account for any clustering effects. Results Significant differences (p s <.05) were found between groups for knowledge of outdoor fall risks and safe strategy use. Effect sizes were large (Cohen's d = 1.2–1.9). Results were retained at 6-week follow-up. Discussion and Implications Stroll Safe is effective in improving knowledge of outdoor fall risks and increasing safe strategy use for community mobility. Stroll Safe fills a gap in outdoor fall prevention programs. Clinical Trials Registration Number: NCT03624777 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims at figuring out the intended meaning of intonation in some English conversational utterances together with identifying pitch variations that are determined by various syntactic constructions that impart the same illocutionary force of utterances. However, intonation is needed to delimit the communicative forces of utterances by virtue of its structure which the speakers intend to convey .This paper consists of four sections .Section one deals with phonology and its types .Section two discusses intonation in relation to style , forms and functions. Section three sheds some light on pragmatics. Section four deals in details with the intended meaning of intonation in some English conversational utterances. This paper comes up with meanings that are changed by virtue of ranges of intonation and pragmatics changes emotions from one person to another by rising or falling the voice of the speakers. In addition, the intended meaning function of intonation plays a role in determining the emotions of the speaker by ranges of intonation.

The main problem of the present study may be attributed to the fact that some politicians use different ranges and patterns of intonation when they want to express different emotions and attitudes that underlie different pragmatic forces. The study aims at identifying the pragmatic force of attitudinal intonation in some political speeches together with identifying pitch variations that are determined by various syntactic constructions that impart the illocutionary forces of political speeches and perlocutionary acts .The procedures used in this paper are: first, collecting and classifying speeches selected from the ex-American president Barack Obama and the current American President Donald Trump from the internet ; second ,analyzing the data collected by adopting Roach’s patterns of intonation (2009)and Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts intonation (1975) The paper consists of two sections .Section one is a review of literature that comprises the basic terms that are of relevant to the study. Section two deals with methodology , data analysis and results of the study. The main conclusions that the paper has come up with are : (1) meaning is changed by virtue of ranges of intonation, (2) pragmatic force of intonation changes emotions from one person to another by rising or falling the voice of the speaker , (3) some speakers tend to use low and /or high pitches to meet certain pragmatic forces.

Background and Objective: Poor postnatal care can increase morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the current deficiencies in quality of postnatal care provided to mothers in Lady Aitchison hospital, Lahore when compared to WHO standards and identifies the areas for quality improvement. Methods: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study which employs quantitative method to collect and analyze the data. It was conducted to include ninety-six maternities attending the wards of Lady Aitchison Hospital, Lahore during January 2022 to February 2022. Consenting post-partum mothers were selected by random sampling and interviewed by using a structured proforma. Results: Among 96 mothers, 56% were below 25 years of age, 39% had secondary education, with more than one child (71%) and 57% visited for the first time. Majority of mothers, were given medicine timely (82%) and found the attitude (85%) and information (83%) provided by the healthcare workers helpful. Their subjective satisfaction rate with staff was 90%. The main areas of concern were lack of proper examination guidelines and facilities, limited information to mothers regarding neonatal care and substandard interior of hospitals. The statistics on the detailed maternal and neonatal examination showed that it was left out in 30% to 50% patients. Information regarding the danger signs of mothers and neonates was not given in 69% and information on family planning was provided to only 28%. Contentment with the infrastructure of the hospital was subpar and it was suggested that the sanitary conditions of washrooms and the paraphernalia of the wards i.e., ACs and beds needed improvement. Conclusions: This study suggests that in developing countries like Pakistan, majority of the patients were satisfied by the services of healthcare workers. The prime improvement area is the infra-structure of the hospital which can be upgraded to provide better quality facilities in terms of air-conditioning, washrooms and well-designed areas for extensive examination of breast, pelvis, abdomen and neonates. There is also need for introduction of standard guidelines for postnatal care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older people with experiences of homelessness (OPEH) tend to experience more complex health, social, and psychological issues than people experiencing homelessness at younger ages. Simultaneously, many housing resources (e.g., shelters, temporary housing) are often ill equipped to meet the needs of OPEH. As such, OPEH are often unable to age in the right place (AIRP) -- that is, in a place that supports unique needs and vulnerabilities. However, several promising practices exist that deliver housing and services tailored to OPEH. To investigate the aspects of housing and shelter that both promote and impede AIRP for OPEH, this study examines the delivery of services in three such promising practices from the perspective of service providers. Findings from fifteen qualitative interviews revealed three overarching themes: 1) barriers to providing individualized support (e.g., staff turnover); 2) shifting contexts and structures (e.g., housing market changes); and 3) mechanisms of success (e.g., facilitating smooth transitions into permanent housing). These findings provide evidence to support the refinement of service delivery to promote AIRP for OPEH. In doing so, these insights can help to elevate promising practices to the level of best practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]