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In the operation of oil and gas exploration and exploitation, safety is crucial as it is related to asset safety, environmental safety, and human resource safety. Storage tanks play a crucial role in the process of exploring and exploiting crude oil, serving as storage facilities for liquids in large volumes. These storage tanks are susceptible to corrosion as the materials used in their construction are typically made of steel. Uncontrolled corrosion can weaken or destroy parts of the tank system, leading to holes or structural failures that may release stored products into the environment, resulting in material losses and potential fatalities. One method for assessing the viability of pressure equipment such as pressure vessels, storage tanks, and piping systems is Fitness for Service (FFS). FFS is a quantitative engineering evaluation conducted to demonstrate the structural integrity of a component in operation, even if it has experienced damage, defects, or cracks. Guidelines in FFS procedure manuals can be used to make decisions regarding "continued/repair/replacement" to ensure that components experiencing damage or defects can continue to operate for a specified period. The thickness measurements on the storage tank show that the lowest thickness is found in course 4, with a value of 4.32 mm, while the highest thickness is in the roof at 5.60 mm. The highest corrosion rate is detected in the roof with a value of 0.100 mm/year, and from this corrosion rate value, an estimated remaining life of 20 years for storage tank T-10 is obtained. In assessing the feasibility or Fitness for Services of the storage tank, it still meets the criteria specified by API 579. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a country that has a variety of natural resources, one of which is oil and gas. In the process of drilling for petroleum, one of the equipment used is a Rig. Age factors can affect the performance of the rig system. Where a structure is depleted beyond ten per cent, then the contribution must be the element undergoing repair or replacement of the defective. The Depletion structure must be repaired. Before operating with new materials, return to the initial condition. Therefore, Regulation Number 32 of 2021, Safety Inspection of Installations and Equipment in Oil and Gas Business Activities, sets the remaining life limit for equipment service. The research method used in this paper refers to the strength of the Rig Tower member, which is calculated using applicable formulas and standards. The final step is a simulation performed using FAE MSC Nastran software. In the calculation, the loading cases of API Spec 4F are used, namely: 1. Max. Rated static hook load of 90.7 tnf (889,463.2 N) with 6 lines, 2. Wind speed of 60 knots with pipe setback. The calculation results can be concluded that the structure of PT XYZ's Rig tower is strong enough against the Maximum Static Hook Load of 889,463.2 N (6 lines), wind load of 60 Knots with pipe setback, rig up load and can last for 30.39 (thirty-thirty-nine hundredths) of years for fatigue, 24 (twenty-four) years for environmental corrosion (Upper Mast) and 20.56 (twenty-fifty-six hundredths) of a year for abrasion corrosion (Lower Mast). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research mainly aims to simulate compressed natural gas (CNG) combustion to create a valid reaction mechanism that can be used to determine the effects of temperature, pressure, equivalent ratio, diluents composition, and CNG composition on the ignition delay time profile in a combustion reaction. The combustion reaction involves many elementary reactions; therefore, in this study, the stages of important reactions were identified by sensitivity and rate of production analyses. In this study, CNG was represented by three components, namely, methane, ethane and propane (CH4/C2H6/C3H8). The model is arranged according to the iterature and validates the experimental data for CH4/C2H6/C3H8/O2/N2 mixture in the temperature (T) range of 1039-1553 K, initial pressure (P) range of 1.1-40.0 atm, and equivalent ratio ◻ ) = 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 using a shock tube. The software used in this study is Chemkin 3.7.1. The ignition delay time profile for CNG combustion has been successfully reproduced by the kinetic model. The slowest ignition delay time for the composition of 88% CH4/8% C2H6/4% C3H8 with an initial temperature range of 1100-1500 K is 37.2 ms (P=2 atm, T=1100 K, and =2.0) and the fastest IDT is 0.033 ms (P=30 atm, T=1500 K, and =0.5). For constant ethane or propane composition, the increase in methane composition will cause slower ignition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]