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Aims Adverse early child development and ill health risks poorer wellbeing, unemployment and criminal behaviour in later life. The children of disadvantaged migrants are at risk of delayed and disordered early development, with multiple factors potentially contributing to poor long term educational and social outcomes. Somali people are one of the world’s largest diasporas, following forced migration from conflict; in Bristol, Somali children are 5% of the child population – they have high attendance rates at Emergency Departments, do less well at school and are more often referred for help with developmental difficulties, including six times higher rates of referral for the possibility of autism. We explored psycho-social contexts for these challenges.Methods We asked six Somali mothers in Bristol about experiences of early childhood (both their own and subsequent observations) in Somalia and the UK, and of factors facilitating or restricting children’s early opportunities for play, social interaction and development. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were analysed using an interpretative phenomenological approach.Results In Somalia, mothers described a supportive, connected community and safe environment enabling children to play and learn together.In the UK, by contrast, multiple local stressors affected family wellbeing and social networks, and constrained children’s opportunities to play and interact, which may limit children’s opportunities for early play and social experiences and influence health decision-making.We have developed an Ecocultural model of challenges to young migrant children’s development, integrating epigenetics, psycho-social and cultural factors.We describe policy recommendations - to tailor statutory early childhood interventions for disadvantaged migrant communities, and for improvements to local environments for play and social interaction.We report case studies involving alignment of existing services, employing community link workers, hospital-community and statutory-voluntary sector collaborations, and Community Infrastructure Levy funding.Conclusion Our findings show how disadvantage can impair early child development and health in migrant families. Social isolation and lack of safe places to play are key points to address.Building resilience, social networks and child-friendly communities in children’s early years is likely to be most effective (and cost-effective) for improving young migrants’ outcomes.

Applications to prioritize indoor routes for emergency situations in a complex built facility have been restricted to building simulations and network approaches. These types of applications often failed to account for the complexity and trade-offs needed to select the optimal indoor path during an emergency situation. In this article, we propose a step change for finding the optimal routes for Search And Rescue (SAR) teams in a building, where a multi-epicenter extreme event is occurring. We have developed an algorithm that is based on a novel approach integrating the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), statistical characteristics, the propagation of hazard, Duckham-Kulik's adapted algorithm, Dijkstra's classical algorithm, and the binary search with three criteria: hazard proximity, distance/travel time, and route complexity. The sub-criteria for the route complexity are validated in the context of SAR using a real-life building (Doha World Trade Centre). The important feature of the algorithm is its ability to generate an optimal route depending on user's needs. The findings revealed that the generated optimal routes are indeed the "best" trade-off among distance/travel time, hazard proximity, and route complexity. The test results also demonstrated the robustness of the algorithm with respect to different parameters, and its insensitivity to different scenarios of uncontrolled evacuation. 1 2017 The Authors. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society for Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering This research/publication was made possible by a National Priority Research Program NPRP award [NPRP-06-1208-2-492] from the Qatar National Research Fund, a member of The Qatar Foundation. The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. Scopus

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