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Background: With the exponential growth of high-throughput technologies, multiple pathway analysis methods have been proposed to estimate pathway activities from gene expression profles. These pathway activity inference methods can be divided into two main categories: non-Topology-Based (non-TB) and Pathway Topology-Based (PTB) methods. Although some review and survey articles discussed the topic from diferent aspects, there is a lack of systematic assessment and comparisons on the robustness of these approaches. Results: Thus, this study presents comprehensive robustness evaluations of seven widely used pathway activity inference methods using six cancer datasets based on two assessments. The frst assessment seeks to investigate the robustness of pathway activity in pathway activity inference methods, while the second assessment aims to assess the robustness of risk-active pathways and genes predicted by these methods. The mean reproducibility power and total number of identifed informative pathways and genes were evaluated. Based on the frst assessment, the mean reproducibility power of pathway activity inference methods generally decreased as the number of pathway selections increased. Entropy-based Directed Random Walk (e-DRW) distinctly outperformed other methods in exhibiting the greatest reproducibility power across all cancer datasets. On the other hand, the second assessment shows that no methods provide satisfactory results across datasets. Conclusion: However, PTB methods generally appear to perform better in producing greater reproducibility power and identifying potential cancer markers compared to non-TB methods.

Low-resource languages, like Malay, face the threat of extinction when linguistic resources become scarce. This paper addresses the scarcity issue by contributing to the inventory of low-resource languages, specifically focusing on Malay-English, known as Manglish. Manglish speakers are primarily located in Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, and Singapore. As global adoption of second languages and social media usage increases, language code-switching, such as Spanglish and Chinglish, becomes more prevalent. In the case of Malay-English, this phenomenon is termed Manglish. To enhance the status of the Malay language and its transition out of the low-resource category, this unique text corpus, with binary annotations for biological gender and anonymized author identities is presented. This bi-annotated dataset offers valuable applications for various fields, including the investigation of cyberbullying, combating gender bias,and providing targeted recommendations for gender-specific products. This corpus can be used with either of the annotations or their composite. The dataset comprises of posts from 50 Malaysian public figures, equally split between biological males and females. The dataset contains a total of 709,012 raw X posts (formerly Twitter), with a relatively balanced distribution of 53.72% from biological female authors and 46.28% from biological male authors. Twitter API was used to scrape the posts. After pre-processing, the total posts reduced to 650,409 posts, widening the gap between the genders with the 56.88% for biological female and 43.12% for biological male. This dataset is a valuable resource for researchers in the field of Malay-English code-switching Natural Language Processing (NLP) and can be used to train or enhance existing and future Manglish language transformers.

Advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things provide an integrated platform for weather focusing, including rainfall and flood prediction. Large rainfall data frequently contain noise, which can be difficult to analyze using a standard time series model due to violated assumptions. Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) is a model-free time series analysis method that is widely used. This study aims to predict the rainfall trends in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, using the Recurrent SSA (SSA-R) and Vector SSA (SSA-V). The SSA-R forecasts using the recurrent continuation directly with the linear recurrent formula, while the SSA-V is a modified recurrent method. This study used 50 years of monthly rainfall data (1970-2019) from 25 stations in the special region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The SSA steps for forecasting rainfall data include decomposition (embedding and singular value decomposition), reconstruction (grouping and diagonal averaging), and evaluating the SSA model using w-correlation (if w-correlation is close to zero, returning to the decomposition stage; otherwise, continue the process), forecasting, evaluating the forecast results using root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error, r, and mean forecast error, and finally selecting the best model (either the SSA-R or SSA-V model). The results showed that the SSA-R performed better than SSA-V due to the smallest RMSE in the dry, rainy, and inter-monsoon seasons. The SSA-R model’s forecast results revealed faint, constant patterns for the dry, and rainy seasons and an increasing pattern for the inter-monsoon season. The novelty of this study is to compare the performance of the SSA-R and SSA-V models in the large rainfall data in the special region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

In this paper, we surveyed recent publications on topic modeling and analyzed the forms of visualizations and tools used. Expectedly, this information will help Natural Language Processing (NLP) researchers to make better decisions about which types of visualization are appropriate for them and which tools can help them. This could also spark further development of existing visualizations or the emergence of new visualizations if a gap is present. Topic modeling is an NLP technique used to identify topics hidden in a collection of documents. Visualizing these topics permits a faster understanding of the underlying subject matter in terms of its domain. This survey covered publications from 2017 to early 2022. The PRISMA methodology was used to review the publications. One hundred articles were collected, and 42 were found eligible for this study after filtration. Two research questions were formulated. The first question asks, "What are the different forms of visualizations used to display the result of topic modeling?" and the second question is "What visualization software or API is used? From our results, we discovered that different forms of visualizations meet different purposes of their display. We categorized them as maps, networks, evolution-based charts, and others. We also discovered that LDAvis is the most frequently used software/API, followed by the R language packages and D3.js. The primary limitation of this survey is it is not exhaustive. Hence, some eligible publications may not be included.

One of the main functions of NLP (Natural Language Processing) is to analyze a sentiment or opinion of the text considered. In this research the objective is to analyze the sentiment in the form of tweets towards the Covid-19 vaccination. In this study, the collected tweets are in the form of a dataset from Kaggle that have been categorized into positive and negative depending on the polarity of the sentiment in that tweet, to visualize the overall situation. The reviews are translated into vector representations using various techniques, including BagOf-Words and TF-IDF to ensure the best result. Machine learning algorithms like Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and others, and Deep Learning algorithms like LSTM and Bert were used to train the predictive models. The performance metrics used to test the performance of the models show that Support Vector Machine (SVM) achieved the highest accuracy of 88.7989% among the machine learning models. Compared to the related research papers the highest accuracy obtained using LSTM is 90.59 % and our model has predicted with the highest accuracy of 90.42% using BERT techniques.

This paper proposes a system for automatic detection of litter and garbage dumps in CCTV feeds with the help of deep learning implementations. The designed system named Greenlock scans and identifies entities that resemble an accumulation of garbage or a garbage dump in real time and alerts the respective authorities to deal with the issue by locating the point of origin. The entity is labelled as garbage if it passes a certain similarity threshold. ResNet-50 has been used for the training purpose alongside TensorFlow for mathematical operations for the neural network. Combined with a pre-existing CCTV surveillance system, this system has the capability to hugely minimize garbage management costs via the prevention of formation of big dumps. The automatic detection also saves the manpower required in manual surveillance and contributes towards healthy neighborhoods and cleaner cities. This article is also showing the comparison between applied various algorithms such as standard TensorFlow, inception algo and faster-r CNN and Resnet-50, and it has been observed that Resnet-50 performed with better accuracy. The study performed here proved to be a stress reliever in terms of the garbage identification and dumping for any country. At the end of the article the comparison chart has been shown

Phonocardiography, the recording and analysis of heart sounds, has become an essential tool in diagnosing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In recent years, machine learning and deep learning techniques have dramatically improved the automation of phonocardiogram classification, making it possible to delve deeper into intricate patterns that were previously difficult to discern. Deep learning, in particular, leverages layered neural networks to process data in complex ways, mimicking how the human brain works. This has contributed to more accurate and efficient diagnoses. This systematic review aims to examine the existing literature on phonocardiography classification based on machine learning, focusing on algorithms, datasets, feature extraction methods, and classification models utilized. The materials and methods used in the study involve a comprehensive search of relevant literature and a critical evaluation of the selected studies. The review also discusses the challenges encountered in this field, especially when incorporating deep learning techniques, and suggests future research directions. Key findings indicate the potential of machine and deep learning in enhancing the accuracy of phonocardiography classification, thereby improving cardiovascular disease diagnosis and patient care. The study concludes by summarizing the overall implications and recommendations for further advancements in this area.

In data analysis, recognizing unusual patterns (outliers’ analysis or anomaly detection) plays a crucial role in identifying critical events. Because of its widespread use in many applications, it remains an important and extensive research brand in data mining. As a result, numerous techniques for finding anomalies have been developed, and more are still being worked on. Researchers can gain vital knowledge by identifying anomalies, which helps them make better meaningful data analyses. However, anomaly detection is even more challenging when the datasets are high-dimensional and multivariate. In the literature, anomaly detection has received much attention but not as much as anomaly detection, specifically in high dimensional and multivariate conditions. This paper systematically reviews the existing related techniques and presents extensive coverage of challenges and perspectives of anomaly detection within highdimensional and multivariate data. At the same time, it provides a clear insight into the techniques developed for anomaly detection problems. This paper aims to help select the best technique that suits its rightful purpose. It has been found that PCA, DOBIN, Stray algorithm, and DAE-KNN have a high learning rate compared to Random projection, ROBEM, and OCP methods. Overall, most methods have shown an excellent ability to tackle the curse of dimensionality and multivariate features to perform anomaly detection. Moreover, a comparison of each algorithm for anomaly detection is also provided to produce a better algorithm. Finally, it would be a line of future studies to extend by comparing the methods on other domain-specific datasets and offering a comprehensive anomaly interpretation in describing the truth of anomalies.

Phonocardiography, the recording and analysis of heart sounds, has become an essential tool in diagnosing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In recent years, machine learning and deep learning techniques have dramatically improved the automation of phonocardiogram classification, making it possible to delve deeper into intricate patterns that were previously difficult to discern. Deep learning, in particular, leverages layered neural networks to process data in complex ways, mimicking how the human brain works. This has contributed to more accurate and efficient diagnoses. This systematic review aims to examine the existing literature on phonocardiography classification based on machine learning, focusing on algorithms, datasets, feature extraction methods, and classification models utilized. The materials and methods used in the study involve a comprehensive search of relevant literature and a critical evaluation of the selected studies. The review also discusses the challenges encountered in this field, especially when incorporating deep learning techniques, and suggests future research directions. Key findings indicate the potential of machine and deep learning in enhancing the accuracy of phonocardiography classification, thereby improving cardiovascular disease diagnosis and patient care. The study concludes by summarizing the overall implications and recommendations for further advancements in this area.

In this paper, we surveyed recent publications on topic modeling and analyzed the forms of visualizations and tools used. Expectedly, this information will help Natural Language Processing (NLP) researchers to make better decisions about which types of visualization are appropriate for them and which tools can help them. This could also spark further development of existing visualizations or the emergence of new visualizations if a gap is present. Topic modeling is an NLP technique used to identify topics hidden in a collection of documents. Visualizing these topics permits a faster understanding of the underlying subject matter in terms of its domain. This survey covered publications from 2017 to early 2022. The PRISMA methodology was used to review the publications. One hundred articles were collected, and 42 were found eligible for this study after filtration. Two research questions were formulated. The first question asks, "What are the different forms of visualizations used to display the result of topic modeling?" and the second question is "What visualization software or API is used? From our results, we discovered that different forms of visualizations meet different purposes of their display. We categorized them as maps, networks, evolution-based charts, and others. We also discovered that LDAvis is the most frequently used software/API, followed by the R language packages and D3.js. The primary limitation of this survey is it is not exhaustive. Hence, some eligible publications may not be included.

This paper proposes a system for automatic detection of litter and garbage dumps in CCTV feeds with the help of deep learning implementations. The designed system named Greenlock scans and identifies entities that resemble an accumulation of garbage or a garbage dump in real time and alerts the respective authorities to deal with the issue by locating the point of origin. The entity is labelled as garbage if it passes a certain similarity threshold. ResNet-50 has been used for the training purpose alongside TensorFlow for mathematical operations for the neural network. Combined with a pre-existing CCTV surveillance system, this system has the capability to hugely minimize garbage management costs via the prevention of formation of big dumps. The automatic detection also saves the manpower required in manual surveillance and contributes towards healthy neighborhoods and cleaner cities. This article is also showing the comparison between applied various algorithms such as standard TensorFlow, inception algo and faster-r CNN and Resnet-50, and it has been observed that Resnet-50 performed with better accuracy. The study performed here proved to be a stress reliever in terms of the garbage identification and dumping for any country. At the end of the article the comparison chart has been shown.