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Abstract Background Medical undergraduates need to improve their techniques for learning in the different settings of learning in clinical rotations. Reflective learning, in which a person can learn from their experiences, is among the most well-known learning skills. In this study, we aim to translate the newly developed modified form of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ) to Persian and evaluate its reliability and validity among medical students. Methods This study was performed on medical students in clinical stages at the Shiraz University of Medical Science in 2022. The modified MSLQ questionnaire was used in this study which is a 32-item tool measuring different aspects of self-reflecting, including self-orientation, feedback-seeking, critical thinking, and self-regulation. This questionnaire was translated into Persian properly. Cronbach’s alpha and confirmatory factor analysis were used to ascertain the reliability and validity of the tool. Results A total of 325 medical students consisting of 174 men and 151 women with an average age of 23.79 (± 2.21) were enrolled. Path diagrams of confirmatory factor analysis for both standardized regression coefficients and t-values and all the fitness indicators were in favor of the proper validation of the translated version. The overall Cronbach’s alpha for the questionnaire was 0.9, and the value for each of four subscales was above 0.7. Conclusions Our study showed that the Persian-translated version of the modified MSLQ is valid and reliable without taking too much time and effort to implement. We recommend that the developed tool be distributed to medical students from other Iran universities.

Abstract Background All cancer patients, except for a small fraction, seek treatment after becoming aware of the disease. That small fraction do not seek any treatment due to various reasons, and this phenomenon is unknown to us. Therefore, the present study aimed to discover the reasons for treatment refusal in cancer patients. Methods This qualitative grounded theory study was conducted on 22 participants including patients, caregivers, physicians, and nurses. Purposive theoretical sampling was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews. All interviews were gradually transcribed and analyzed. Data analysis was carried out through the three-step method of open, axial, and selective coding and was continued until theoretical saturation. Straussian Grounded Theory was used for data analysis. Results A total of 4 themes and 20 sub-themes were extracted in this study. The core variable extracted from the interviews was “resilience” Other related themes included encounter with cancer, fighting cancer, and coping with cancer. The findings showed that in the context of fighting cancer, patients lost their resilience through various processes and refused treatment. Conclusion Cancer patients abandon the treatment in silence, oncologists and even family members being unaware of the matter. In other words, refusal of treatment is like an iceberg and the majority of the patients who have abandoned treatment are unknown to the health system. The model obtained in this study can increase the knowledge of the process that leads patients to lose their resilience against cancer and abandon treatment, which can increase the possibility of recognizing and predicting treatment refusal for oncologists.

Cancer patients are interested in complementary and alternative therapies. Providing complementary therapies to them should be based on the four principles of medical ethics. Ignoring these principles creates many ethical challenges in treating these patients. Shared decision-making between physician and patient is essential for the choice of complementary therapies. The use of complementary medicine that does not have the evidence on effectiveness causes that shared decision-making is not based on precise information, and therefore, patient autonomy is not achieved. When the conventional treatment of a cancer patient is replaced by a treatment for which there is no evidence of effectiveness, the principle of beneficence is violated. Failure to follow the basic standards of care in the provision of complementary medicine causes the patient to face profound side effects, indicating a lack of compliance with the principle of nonmaleficence. In the moral analysis of two patients’ treatment, we encounter violations of the principles of medical ethics. The traditional doctor must fully observe the principles of medical ethics in caring for their patients. The need for this is especially significant in patients with complex and severe disease.

Background: This study sought to provide a comprehensive understanding of cancer treatment refusal based on the experiences of patients, caregivers, and health care providers. Methods: In this qualitative research study, we enrolled 21 cancer patients, their caregivers, and health care providers. We conducted in-depth interviews of the participants to obtain the necessary data about treatment refusal. The data were coded, and data analysis was performed via the inductive analysis method. Results: There were three main categories in this study: “coexistence of hope and denial”, “treatment complexity and repeated complications”, and “treatment is in vain”. The first main category had five subcategories: ‘lack of symptoms, a way to denial’; ‘misconception’; ‘hope’; ‘hiding the disease’; and ‘insistence on maintaining one’s lifestyle’. Subcategories of the second main category included: ‘fear: shared experience’; ‘sign and symptom exacerbation; end of denial’; ‘duality in life quality’; ‘side-effects: a barrier to treatment’; ‘side-effect reliever’; and ‘tendency for alternative medicine’. Subcategories of the third category included: ‘degenerative course of cancer’; ‘acceptance of death’; and ‘remorsefulness: the shared experience’. Conclusion: In this study, participants provided different explanations for forgoing or avoiding treatment. During the initial cancer stages, denial was an effective factor for patients to not seriously consider the appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. As the disease advanced, alternative treatments and complications were the main factors for treatment refusal. Identification of the main motives for treatment refusal during the course of the disease would be effective for cancer management.

BACKGROUND: During the course of their education, medical students must attain moral competence. The current study aims at designing a formative structured examination that would create the opportunity for learners to practice and interact with simulated patients under expert supervision. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This article reports an experience in developing and implementation of a formative assessment of moral competence and the point of view of medical students. In this study, the formative structured examination of medical ethics for 80 medical students in 2 rounds with eight stations was designed. In each station, a scenario was proposed, and the opportunity was provided to the learners to interact with a simulated patient under the supervision of a medical ethics expert. Then, the learners would receive structured feedback in accordance with their performance. All learners expressed their experience in reflective writing, and their opinions were put under content analysis. RESULTS: The content analysis of this reflective writing revealed three main categories, namely “Deeper understanding of ethical subjects,” “Collaborative thinking and synergy with peers,” and “Effective feedback of supervisors.” CONCLUSION: Within the framework of a formative structured examination of medical ethics, a safe space was created for interacting with simulated patients and practicing ethical reasoning, as well as dimensions of moral competence.

Introduction: The newly deceased patients have long been used in medical schools to teach clinical skills without any challenges as it helps to train skilled doctors. Nowadays, the use of moulages and simulators are common in teaching clinical skills since these tools provide the opportunity for frequent practice without any pain and injury. There are specific procedures which still require the use of cadavers. However, the increased significance of patient rights has generally challenged the practicality of using the deceased bodies for this purpose. This study was designed with the aim of determining to what extent clinical skill training is dependent on the recently deceased patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional mixed-method triangulation design conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data of the medical students and residents. The data were used to assess the frequency of experience. In the second stage, semi-structured interviews were conducted with faculty members and fellows in order to evaluate the educational impact of this type of procedure and the influential factors. The quantitative data were analyzed using statistical software, and the qualitative codes were extracted following a content analysis. Finally, a comparative analysis was performed. Results: Twenty five residents (26%) and seven medical students (14%) had the experience of performing procedures on the recently deceased patients for training purposes. About half of the residents and 33% of the medical students had observed their colleagues practicing procedures on cadavers. In the qualitative phase, the main categories included professional ethics, law and educational requirements. Conclusion: A relatively low number of medical students and residents had experienced procedures on the newly deceased patients. In this regard, ethical, religious and legal concerns might have played a part despite the desire to learn. It would be effective to direct these educational experiences toward procedures that cannot be mastered through moulages and simulators, and to lay the legal and executive ground so that performing these procedures under the supervision of professors, and with a level of documentation would have no legal challenges.

Abstract Chiropractic is a complementary medicine that has been growing increasingly in different countries over recent decades. It addresses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the neuromusculoskeletal system disorders and their effects on the whole body health. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of chiropractic in the treatment of different diseases. To gather data, scientific electronic databases, such as Cochrane, Medline, Google Scholar, and Scirus were searched and all systematic reviews in the field of chiropractic were obtained. Reviews were included if they were specifically concerned with the effectiveness of chiropractic treatment, included evidence from at least one clinical trial, included randomized studies and focused on a specific disease. The research data including the article’s first author’s name, type of disease, intervention type, number and types of research used, meta-analysis, number of participants, and overall results of the study, were extracted, studied and analyzed. Totally, 23 chiropractic systematic reviews were found, and 11 articles met the defined criteria. The results showed the influence of chiropractic on improvement of neck pain, shoulder and neck trigger points, and sport injuries. In the cases of asthma, infant colic, autism spectrum disorder, gastrointestinal problems, fibromyalgia, back pain and carpal tunnel syndrome, there was no conclusive scientific evidence. There is heterogeneity in some of the studies and also limited number of clinical trials in the assessed systematic reviews. Thus, conducting comprehensive studies based on more reliable study designs are highly recommended.

Introduction: Many studies have focused on the need of health systems to educated physicians in the clinical prevention, research methodology, epidemiology and health care management and emphasize the important role of this training in the public health promotion. On this basis, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS) has established MD/MPH dual degree program since the year 2012. Methods: In the current study, Delphi technique was used. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were applied in the Delphi process. The Delphi team members including experts with extensive experience in teaching, research and administration in the field of educational management and health/medical education reached consensus in almost 86% of the questionnaire items through three Delphi rounds. MD/MPH program for SUMS was designed based on the items agreed and thematic analysis used in these rounds. Results: The goals, values, mission and program requirements including the period, the entrance condition, and the number of units, and certification were determined. Accordingly, the courses of the program are presented in parallel with the MD education period. MPH courses consist of 35 units including 16 obligatory and 15 voluntary ones. Conclusion: Designing MD/MPH program in SUMS based on the existent models in the universities in different countries, compatible with educational program of this university and needs of national health system in Iran, can be a beneficial measure towards promoting the students’ knowledge and theoretical/ practical skills in both individual and social level. Performing some additional research to assess the MD/MPH program and some cohort studies to evaluate the effect of this program on the students’ future professional life is recommended.

Introduction: The application of organizational ethics in hospitals is one of the novel ways to improve medical ethics. Nowadays achieving efficient and sufficient ethical hospital indicators seems to be inevitable. In this connection, the present study aims to determine the best indicators in hospital accreditation. Methods: 69 indicators in 11 fields to evaluate hospital ethics were achieved through a five-step qualitative and quantitative study including literature review, expert focus group, Likert scale survey, 3 rounded Delphi, and content validity measurement. Expert focus group meeting was conducted, employing Nominal Group Technique (NGT). After running NGT, a three rounded Delphi and parallel to Delphi and a Likert scale survey were performed to obtain objective indicators for each domain. The experts were all healthcare professionals who were also medical ethics researchers, teachers, or Ph.D students. Content validity measurements were computed, using the viewpoints of two different expert groups, some ethicists, and some health care professionals (n=46). Results: After conducting NGT, Delphi, Likert survey, 11 main domains were listed including: Informed consent, Medical confidentiality, Physician-patient economic relations, Ethics consultation policy in the hospital, Ethical charter of hospital, Breaking bad medical news protocol, Respect for the patients’ rights, Clinical ethics committee, Spiritual and palliative care unit programs in the hospitals, Healthcare professionals’ communication skills, and Equitable access to the healthcare. Also 71 objective indicators for these 11 domains were listed in 11 tables with 5 to 8 indicators per table. Content Validity Ratio (CVR) measurements were done and 69 indicators were highlighted. Conclusion: The domains listed in this study seem to be the most important ones for evaluating hospital ethics programs and services. Healthcare organizations’ accreditation and ranking are crucial for the improvement of healthcare services. Ethics programs would also motivate hospitals to improve their services and move towards patients’ satisfaction. In this regard, more involvement of bioethicists can help healthcare organizations to develop ethics programs and ensure ethicsbased practice in hospitals.

Introduction: In the design of educational programs, much attention has been paid to teaching methods, needs assessment, an important part of the development of educational programs, generally is neglected. Another important aspect in educational program design is assessing effectiveness. The aims of this study were to design a formal needs assessment program to define the core contents of a faculty development program, and to determine whether participation in the faculty development program reinforced new teaching skills. Methods: A teacher-training program was designed at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences to help medical instructors boost their teaching skills. Needs assessment was done with nominal group technique followed by a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. The program, imparted in workshop format, covered effective teaching methods, feedback, assessing knowledge and time management. Instruction was in the form of lectures, group discussions, case simulations, video presentations and role-plays. The program was evaluated in several phases using data triangulation and multi-item assessments of overall program quality in three major dimensions: Kirkpatrick program evaluation model, evaluation of the educational environment and qualitative analysis with open-ended questions. All participants in the study belonged to the academic staff of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (n=396). Results: Seven main categories were derived from nominal group techniques and questionnaires. After the program, participants rated the quality of the program highly. They felt that the educational intervention was appropriate and had a positive impact on their knowledge of effective teaching methods, feedback, knowledge assessment and time management. Assessment of the effectiveness of the program showed that participants reported significant improvements in their teaching abilities. Conclusion: Our faculty development program have a significant positive effect on medical university teaching staff members’ competencies. Further research is needed to investigate whether the faculty development program actually results in improved teaching performance.

Introduction: It has been found that the decision-making process in medicine is affected, to a large extent, by one’s experience, individual mentality, previous models, and common habitual approaches, in addition to scientific principles. Evidence-based medicine is an approach attempting to reinforce scientific, systematic and critical thinking in physicians and provide the ground for optimal decision making. In this connection, the purpose of the present study is to find out to what extent the education of evidence based medicine affects clinical decision making. Methods: The present quasi-experimental study was carried out on 110 clinical residents, who started their education in September, 2012 and finally 62 residents filled out the questionnaires. The instrument used was a researchermade questionnaire containing items on four decision-making approaches. The questionnaire was used both as a pre-test and a post-test to assess the residents’ viewpoints on decision making approaches. The validity of the questionnaire was determined using medical education and clinical professionals’ viewpoints, and the reliability was calculated through Chronbach alpha; it was found to be 0.93. The results were analyzed by paired t-test using SPSS, version 14. Results: The results demonstrated that evidence-based medicine workshop significantly affected the residents’ decision-making approaches (p

Background & Objective : The importance of considering general trainings of students and gaining updated knowledge together with curriculum overload and large volume of lessons especially in medicine necessitate presenting most of the students educational needs in form of short term courses Hence this study aimed to assess the participants point of view about the first national interdisciplinary summer school regarding achievement of educational objectives in Shiraz Methods : In overall 63 students from 13 universities of medical sciences participated in this course The topics were divided into four major groups including medical education medical ethics management ingenuity and creativity with their subgroups They were discussed in 83 issues during 100 working hours using lectures and other active educational methods Results : According to the students point of view the highest educational efficiency belonged to medical education and then to ingenuity and creativity More than 90% of executers mentioned that achieving educational objectives in each subgroup was very good or excellent According to the evaluation the mean score ( ± SD) of the programs executers and lecturers was 1897( ± 118) out of 20 Conclusion : Considering the effectiveness of this program continuing such a program allocating resources and developing them should be noticed in all universities