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Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is a potential complication of medical imaging procedures that use contrast media. It is important to identify and manage risk factors for contrast-induced nephropathy and to monitor patients for signs of renal damage after contrast administration. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) can prevent CI-AKI through multiple mechanisms of action, including reducing oxidative stress, improving renal hemodynamics, reducing inflammation, reducing apoptosis and fibrosis, reducing oxidative stress-induced DNA damage, reducing tubular cell injury, and reducing renal tubular cell apoptosis. However, the exact mechanisms of action may vary based on the specific study or context. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the molecular mechanisms of NAC in preventing CI-AKI.

Contrast-related acute renal failure is a multifactorial condition that involves oxidative stress, inflammation, and direct tubular toxicity. Risk factors for contrast-induced nephropathy comprise pre-existing kidney dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, advanced age, congestive heart failure, hypotension, anemia, and volume depletion. Preventive measures include identifying high-risk patients and implementing preventive measures such as adequate hydration, minimizing contrast use, and avoiding using contrast media in patients with pre-existing renal dysfunction. The systemic inflammation score is a promising tool for predicting contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) in patients undergoing contrast-enhanced imaging procedures. Further studies are needed to validate the use of SIS in clinical practice and to better understand the underlying mechanisms of inflammation in (CA-AKI).