1. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2): COVID 19 gate way to multiple organ failure syndromes.
- Author
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Loganathan S, Kuppusamy M, Wankhar W, Gurugubelli KR, Mahadevappa VH, Lepcha L, and Choudhary AK
- Subjects
- Acute Kidney Injury immunology, Acute Kidney Injury physiopathology, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, Arrhythmias, Cardiac immunology, Arrhythmias, Cardiac physiopathology, Betacoronavirus metabolism, COVID-19, Coronavirus Infections physiopathology, Cytokine Release Syndrome physiopathology, Cytokines immunology, Endothelium, Vascular metabolism, Erythrocytes metabolism, Gastrointestinal Diseases immunology, Gastrointestinal Diseases physiopathology, Gastrointestinal Tract metabolism, Heart Failure immunology, Heart Failure physiopathology, Humans, Inflammation immunology, Kidney metabolism, Liver metabolism, Liver Diseases immunology, Liver Diseases physiopathology, Lung metabolism, Multiple Organ Failure physiopathology, Myocardium metabolism, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral physiopathology, Respiratory Distress Syndrome physiopathology, SARS-CoV-2, Thromboembolism immunology, Thromboembolism physiopathology, Viral Load, Coronavirus Infections immunology, Cytokine Release Syndrome immunology, Multiple Organ Failure immunology, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A metabolism, Pneumonia, Viral immunology, Respiratory Distress Syndrome immunology, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus metabolism
- Abstract
Background: Globally, the current medical emergency for novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) leads to respiratory distress syndrome and death., Purpose: This review highlighted the effect of COVID-19 on systemic multiple organ failure syndromes. This review is intended to fill a gap in information about human physiological response to COVID-19 infections. This review may shed some light on other potential mechanisms and approaches in COVID -19 infections towards systemic multiorgan failure syndromes., Finding: SARS-CoV-2 intervened mainly in the lung with progression to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2) receptor. Depending on the viral load, infection spread through the ACE2 receptor further to various organs such as heart, liver, kidney, brain, endothelium, GIT, immune cell, and RBC (thromboembolism). This may be aggravated by cytokine storm with the extensive release of proinflammatory cytokines from the deregulating immune system., Conclusion: The widespread and vicious combinations of cytokines with organ crosstalk contribute to systemic hyper inflammation and ultimately lead to multiple organ dysfunction (Fig. 1). This comprehensive study comprises various manifestations of different organs in COVID-19 and may assist the clinicians and scientists pertaining to a broad approach to fight COVID 19., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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