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An open clinical trial conducted to access the safety and efficacy of Pachai Karpoora Vadagam (PKV) and Vaeppa Ennai (VE) in the management of Azhal Keel Vayu (AKV) is one among 10 types of Keel Vayu diseases particularly occurring in joints. The trial was conducted at OPD/IPD of Ayothidoss Pandithar Hospital, in accordance with the standard study protocol duly approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) of National Institute of Siddha. The clinical study is registered in Clinical Trials Registry – India. Duly signed informed consent was obtained from every patient before trial enrollment. Among 40 subjects, 20 subjects were treated on OPD basis and remaining 20 subjects were admitted in IPD for 48 days. Trial subjects were screened and documented by the standard screening proforma. Universal pain assessment scale was used to assess the trial outcome. Clinical assessment was done on every 7th day and prognosis was noted in the prescribed proforma, daily in IPD subjects. Paired‘t’ test was used to test the significance of treatment. The study revealed statistical significance of pain score before and after treatment of Pachai Karpoora Vadagam (PKV) and Vaeppa Ennai (VE) (p

Elektrodialisis merupakan suatu proses yang menggunakan perbezaan keupayaan elektrik sebagai daya penggerak yang menyebabkan pergerakan ion-ion dalam sesuatu elektronit. Membran yang digunakan dalam proses ini akan membenarkan sama ada cas-cas positif atau negatif sahaja melaluinya bergantung kepada kumpulan berfungsi yang terikat pada membran. Objektif projek penyelidikan ini adalah untuk menghasilkan membran pertukaran kation yang digunakan dalam proses elektrodialisis. Membran-membran pertukaran kation yang dihasilkan terbahagi kepada lima jenis, dan diberi nama sebagai BERL–30, 40, 50, 60, dan 70. Kelima-lima jenis membran ini berbeza dari segi kandungan resin yang berfungsi sebagai vektor pertukaran cas kation. Di samping penyediaan membran, penyelidikan ini juga meliputi aspek pencirian membran tersebut serta perbandingan dengan membran komersial. Kriteria yang dikaji adalah ketebalan membran, sifat kebolehtelapan membran, kapasiti pertukaran ion, kapasiti kepekatan ion kumpulan berfungsi, morfologi struktur membran, ujian kestabilan kimia dan kandungan air membran. Secara keseluruhannya, didapati peratus kandungan resin yang tinggi boleh meningkatkan kapasiti pertukaran ion, peratus kebolehtelapan membran serta kapasiti kepekatan ion kumpulan berfungsi. Antara membran yang dihasilkan, membran pertukaran kation jenis BERL–70 merupakan membran yang berpotensi dalam penggunaan proses elektrodialisis. Kata kunci: Membran pertukaran kation, polisulfona, resin pertukaran ion, ciri-ciri membran, elekrodialisis The objective of this work is to prepare an anion exchange membrane from polysulfone binder–ion exchange resin, which can be used in electrodialysis process. The cation exchange membranes were prepared by the solution casting method. The prepared anion exchange membranes are different from the conventional cation exchange membranes because its functional group is not derived from chlorosulfonic acid but from the absorption of anion exchange resins. The content of resins in each set of the prepared cation exchange membrane varied and were named as BERL–30, 40, 50, 60, and 70. In addition, the performance and behaviour of the prepared anion exchange membrane were evaluated and compared with the commercial cation exchange membranes. The physico-chemical properties of anion exchange membrane were determined by measuring the membrane thickness, permselectivity, and concentration of ion exchange capacity, chemical stability, water content, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that the increase in the quantity of resin (%) would increase the capacity of ion exchange, percentage of permselectivity, and capacity concentration of ion exchange group. The experimental results showed that cation exchange membrane has the potential to be used in electrodialysis process. Keywords: Cation exchange membrane, electrodialysis, polysulfone, ion exchange resin, membrane characterisation

Elektrodialisis merupakan suatu proses yang menggunakan perbezaan keupayaan elektrik sebagai daya penggerak (driving force) yang menyebabkan pergerakan ion-ion dalam sesuatu elektrolit. Membran yang digunakan dalam proses ini akan membenarkan sama ada cas-cas positif atau negatif sahaja melaluinya bergantung kepada kumpulan berfungsi yang terikat pada membran. Objektif utama projek penyelidikan ini adalah untuk menghasilkan membran pertukaran anion yang digunakan dalam proses elektrodialisis. Membran-membran pertukaran anion yang dihasilkan terbahagi kepada enam jenis, dan diberi nama sebagai BERL-A30, A40, A50, A60, A70, dan A80. Keenam-enam jenis membran ini berbeza dari segi kandungan resin yang berfungsi sebagai vektor pertukaran cas anion. Di samping penyediaan membran, penyelidikan ini juga meliputi aspek pencirian membran tersebut serta perbandingannya dengan membran komersial. Kriteria yang dikaji adalah ketebalan membran, sifat kebolehtelapan, sifat pembengkakan membran dalam air, kapasiti pertukaran ion, kapasiti kepekatan ion kumpulan berfungsi dan morfologi membran. Secara keseluruhannya didapati peratus kandungan resin yang tinggi boleh meningkatkan kapasiti pertukaran ion, peratus kebolehtelapan membran serta kapasiti kepekatan ion kumpulan berfungsi. Di antara membran yang dihasil, membran pertukaran anion jenis BERL-A70 merupakan membran yang berpotensi dalam penggunaan proses elektrodialisis. Kata kunci: membran pertukaran anion; polisulfon; resin pertukaran ion; ciri-ciri membran; elektrodialisis The objective of work was to fabricate a locally produced anion exchange membrane, which can be used in electrodialysis process. The anion exchange membranes were fabricated using polysulfone as binder and anion exchange resin powder as polyelectrolyte by the solution casting method. The synthesised anion exchange membranes were different from the conventional anion exchange membranes because its functional group is not derived from chlorosulfonic acid but from absorption of anion exchange resin. The content of resin in each set of the synthesised anion exchange membrane was varied to test the optimum resin content to be used in the synthesised membrane. In addition, the performance and behavior of the synthesised membrane were evaluated and compared with the commercial anion exchange membranes. The analysed criteria were the membrane thickness, permselectivity, and concentration of ion exchange group, ion exchange capacity, chemical stability, water content and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that the increase in quantity of resin (%) would increase the capacity of ion exchange, percentage of permselectivity and capacity concentration of ion exchange group. The experimental results showed that anion exchange membrane having a good selectivity and permeability was successfully synthesised in the lab. Key words: Anion exchange membrane; electrodialysis; polysulfone; ion exchange resin; membrane characterisation

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