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Nanotechnology and VLSI goes hand in hand. Modernization of electronics and communication systems has demanded for compactness of the devices with low power and high speed. Conventionally CMOS logic is preferred due to its low power and its high speed benefits. Researches demand a new logic style that can effectively replace conventional CMOS. Many styles including Domino logic are already gaining attention in this regard. The proposed work introduces Single Electron Transistors (SET) instead of NMOS in Pull Down Network and Keeper transistor of Domino Logic. As SETs are predominant in Nanotechnology, when employed in domino logic circuits as a fusion with normal MOS transistors will contribute effectively in terms of area, power and delay. The parameters are estimated with Cadence 45nm (SET- Spice Model) technology. The proposed domino logic architectures come up with an average of 68% energy efficiency when compared with conventional CMOS circuit and its Domino logic predecessors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of phenolic glycoside esters, saccharumoside-B and its analogs (9b-9n, 10) have been synthesized by the Koenigs-Knorr reaction. Antiproliferative activities of the compounds (9b-9n, 10) were evaluated on various cancer cell lines including, MCF-7 breast, HL-60 leukemia, MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic, DU145 prostate, HeLa cervical and CaCo-2 colon, as well as normal human MCF10A mammary epithelial and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by MTT assay. Compounds (9b-9n, 10) exhibited considerable antiproliferative effects against cancer cells with IC 50 range of 4.43 ± 0.35 to 49.63 ± 3.59 µM, but they are less cytotoxic on normal cells (IC 50  > 100 µM). Among all the compounds, 9f showed substantial antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 and HL-60 cells with IC 50 of 6.13 ± 0.64 and 4.43 ± 0.35, respectively. Further mechanistic studies of 9f were carried out on MCF-7 and HL-60 cell lines. 9f caused arrest of cell cycle of MCF-7 and HL-60 cells at G0/G1 phase. Apoptotic population elevation, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, increase of cytosolic cytochrome c and Bax levels, decrease of Bcl-2 levels and enhanced caspases-9 and -3 activities were observed in 9f-treated MCF-7 and HL-60 cells. These results demonstrate anticancer and apoptosis-inducing potentials of 9f in MCF-7 and HL-60 cells via intrinsic pathway.

Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in alveolar bone height by means of radiographic examination and Straumann implant survival rate following maxillary sinus lift augmentation using autogenous bone in combination with platelet rich plasma (PRP) versus venous blood (VB)., Methods: Fifty patients requiring sinus lift augmentation procedure included in the study were divided into two groups (n = 25). During the procedure the sub antral sinus cavity was augmented using autogenous bone taken from mandibular ramus area and mixed with PRP in one group and autogenous bone mixed with VB in the other group. Orthopantomograms were taken preoperatively, immediate, at 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. Height of alveolar bone at the site of sinus augmentation was measured on the radiographs. One hundred and twenty-one Straumann dental implants were placed after healing period., Results: Age of the patients in the study groups ranged from 36 to 69 years. Differences in mean values of bone height measurements recorded in the PRP series revealed significant differences among the three subgroups (P = 0.001). Significant differences were noted between immediate postop and 6 month (P < 0.01), immediate postop and year (P < 0.01). In the VB series also significant differences were revealed among the three subgroups (P = 0.0280). Significant differences were noted between immediate postop and 6 month (P < 0.05). Comparison of results of subgroups of the two series at the three intervals revealed significant differences at 'immediate postop' values (P = 0.0002) and 'sixmon' values (P = 0.0435). Differences between 'year' values were not significant. Two implants were lost in PRP group., Conclusion: The results of this limited study reveals that both groups recorded a good increase in the alveolar bone height after sinus augmentation and showed no significant differences between these groups when compared to each other at 1 year postoperatively. When both sub groups compared with immediate postop to year, PRP group showed significant difference and blood group showed no significant difference.

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), Cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) are arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes and their inhibitors have been developed as therapeutic molecules for cancer and inflammation related disorders. In the present study, PLA2, COX 1&2 and 5-LOX inhibitory studies of Borassus flabellifer seed coat extract were carried out and substantial 5-LOX inhibitory activity was found. Dammarane triterpenoid 1 (Dammara-20,23-diene-3,25-diol) was isolated according to 5-LOX activity guided isolation, and screened for COX (1 & 2) inhibitory activities. Dammarane triterpenoid 1 inhibited carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and TNF-α secretion levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 human monocytes. Anticancer activity studies demonstrated the antiproliferative effect of dammarane triterpenoid 1 on various cancer cell lines including MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic, DU145 prostate, HL-60 leukemia and Caco-2 colon cancers. Dammarane triterpenoid 1 showed good antiproliferative activity on MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cell line with IC50 of 12.36±0.33 µM, among other tested cell lines. Apoptosis inducing activity of dammarane triterpenoid 1 was confirmed based on increased sub-G0 phase cell population in cell cycle analysis, loss of mitochondrian membrane potential, elevated levels of cytochrome c, nuclear morphological changes and DNA fragmentation in MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells. Therefore, dammarane triterpenoid skeleton may raise the hope of developing novel anti-inflammatory and anticancer drugs in the future.

To compare and evaluate the effectiveness of 2.0 mm locking miniplates versus 2.0 mm standard miniplates in treatment of mandible fractures. Sixty randomly selected patients who sustained mandibular fractures were selected for this study. The fractured fragments were stabilized using 2.0 mm locking miniplates in 30 cases and in the remaining 30 cases the fractured fragments were fixed with conventional 2.0 mm miniplates. Post-operative stability was assessed with radiographs at 7th day, 1st, and 3rd months. The stability of the reduced fracture was assessed clinically and both the types of plates were assessed with an OPG or conventional radiographs. This study shows favorable results on use of locking miniplates in mandibular fractures. The results show that there were no significant differences in the post-operative complications between the conventional and the locking plate/screw mandibular systems. The locking plate/screw system was more rigid than conventional plate/screw system, thereby reducing the need and duration of intermaxillary fixation (IMF).

To compare the skeletal stability of rigid versus semirigid fixation for advancement genioplasty by the assessment of vertical and horizontal measurements pre-operatively and post-operatively on lateral cephalometric radiographs. The study comprised of patients who underwent standard advancement genioplasty by inferior osteotomy of the chin with broadest musculoperiosteal pedicle with either rigid fixation or wire fixation. The displacements of vertical and horizontal measurements resulting following surgery was derived by calculating the difference between preoperative, immediate post-operative and 1 year post-operatively on lateral cephalometric radiographs. Preoperative measurements were marked as T1, immediate post-operative as T2, 1 year follow up post-operative as T3. In the semirigid group a mean horizontal advancement of 5.97 mm was accompanied by a relapse of 1.623 mm during a period of minimum 1 year. The mean superior repositioning of menton was 0.7 mm. This was accompanied by a relapse of 0.325 mm during a period of 1 year. In the rigid group a mean horizontal advancement of 4.815 mm was accompanied by a relapse of 0.2 mm during a period of 1 year. The mean superior repositioning of menton was 0.975 mm. This was accompanied by a relapse of 0.1 mm during a period of 1 year. This study confirms the findings of several previous studies that contribute data specific towards the use of rigid fixation in advancement genioplasty. In our study we also observed that, in cases where large advancements are necessary, wire fixation may offer insufficient means of fixation particularly if the movement is complex and asymmetrical, in which case rigid fixation devices are more helpful.

The adverse effects produced by chlorpyrifos (CPF) or cold stress alone in humans and animals are well documented, but there is no information available relating to the consequences of their co- exposure in an age-related manner. In this study, effects of sublethal doses of CPF were carried out in vivo, for 48 h to assess the biochemical perturbations in relation to interactions with cold stress (15°C and 20°C) in different age group rat CNS. A positive interaction of CPF with age of animal and cold exposure was observed resulting in marked decrease in the activity levels of AChE (P<0.05), ChAT (P<0.05), Na(+), K(+)-ATPase (P<0.05), Ca(2+)-ATPase (P<0.05), and Mg(2+)-ATPase (P<0.05). The ANOVA and posthoc analysis showed that regulatory enzymes decreased significantly (P<0.05) on CPF exposure. Overall, the effect of co-exposure was appreciably different from either of the exposures. Synergistic interaction of CPF and cold stress at 15°C showed higher inhibition in comparison with CPF and cold stress alone and together at 20°C. Further, this study reveals that young animals are significantly vulnerable and sensitive than adults.

Background and Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of ocular fundus pathology in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study, a multicenter, longitudinal study of individuals with varying stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD)., Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: In this cross-sectional study, 45 degree digital photos of the disc and macula in both eyes were obtained by nonophthalmologic personnel using a nonmydriatic Canon CR-DGI fundus camera in 1936 individuals who participated in the CRIC study. Photographs were assessed in a masked manner by graders and a retinal specialist at a central photograph reading center. The purpose of this review was to inform participants quickly of conditions that warranted a complete eye examination by an ophthalmologist., Results: Among the 1936 participants who were photographed, 1904 (98%) had assessable photographs in at least one eye. Eye pathologies that required a follow-up examination by an ophthalmologist were identified in 864 (45%) of these 1904 participants. These eye pathologies included, among others, retinopathy (diabetic and/or hypertensive), a finding that was observed in 482 (25%) of these 1904 participants. Three percent (65 participants) of the 1904 participants had serious eye conditions that required urgent follow-up and treatment. Lower estimated GFR and cardiovascular disease were associated with greater eye pathology. Estimated GFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) was associated with a three times higher risk for retinopathy., Conclusions: We found a high prevalence of fundus pathology in participants with CKD. This finding supports recommendations for regular complete eye examinations in the CKD population.

Aim: To investigate the presence of the cag-pathogenicity island and the associated histological damage caused by strains with complete cag-PAI and with partial deletions in correlation to the disease status., Methods: We analyzed the complete cag-PAI of 174 representative Helicobacter pylori (H pylori ) clinical isolates obtained from patients with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, gastric cancer, and non-ulcer dyspepsia using eight different oligonucleotide primers viz cagA1, cagA2, cagAP1, cagAP2, cagE, cagT, LEC-1, LEC-2 spanning five different loci of the whole cag-PAI by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)., Results: The complete screening of the genes comprising the cag-PAI showed that larger proportions of subjects with gastric ulcer (97.8%) inhabited strains with complete cag-PAI, followed by gastric cancer (85.7%), non-ulcer dyspepsia (7.1%), and duodenal ulcer (6.9%), significant differences were found in the percentage distribution of the genes in all the clinical groups studied. It was found that strains with complete cag-PAI were able to cause severe histological damage than with the partially deleted ones., Conclusion: The cag-PAI is a strong virulent marker in the disease pathogenesis as it is shown that a large number of those infected with strain with complete cag-PAI had one or the other of the irreversible gastric pathologies and interestingly 18.5% of them developed gastric carcinoma. The presence of an intact cag-PAI correlates with the development of more severe pathology, and such strains were found more frequently in patients with severe gastroduodenal disease. Partial deletions of the cag-PAI appear to be sufficient to render the organism less pathogenic.

Urinary bladder perforation due to bladder catheterization in neonates is a rare iatrogenic complication. It has been reported secondary to various causes and a variety of surgical settings in neonates. A case of urinary bladder perforation due to catheterization in a premature baby with Down syndrome, who presented with progressive renal failure and mild-to-moderate ascites, is reported. Urinary bladder perforation should be considered in a case of neonatal ascites with renal failure, which is unexplainable by other causes. We recommend that bladder catheterization in a baby with Down syndrome, whose urinary bladder may be at an increased risk for perforation as part of their generalized hypotonia, should be performed cautiously. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of bladder perforation due to urinary bladder catheterization in a case of Down syndrome.