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Introduction: Global interest has increased in improving the quality and increasing the number of graduates from surgical training programmes in countries with limited resources. Needs assessment of stakeholders in the training programmes represent the backbone of such process. The aim of this study was to assess the surgical training in Sudan from trainees' perspective in order to inform training delivery., Methods: We adopted mixed methods design using focus group discussion for qualitative data collection and questionnaire survey for quantitative data. NVivo 20 Pro was used to organize qualitative data and SPSS 24.0 was used for quantitative data analysis., Results: Thematic analysis of qualitative data identified three themes. Trainees were overall satisfied that they will make good surgeons after completion of the programme. They identified case volume and collaborations with colleagues as the main strengths of the programme and lacking clear objectives for each year of training and academic activities as the main weaknesses. They suggested motivation of trainers and utilization of online resources and meeting platforms as solutions to improve supervision and academic activities during training., Conclusion: The gaps in training and their suggested solutions highlighted by trainees in this study should form the base for reforming the surgical training in Sudan and countries with similar circumstances., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Kheirelseid et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 10-12% of women of reproductive age. The prevalence of infertility in women with PCOS is high at between 70 and 80%. Treatment initially includes recommendations to follow preconception guidelines, such as lifestyle changes, folic acid therapy and halting the consumption of tobacco and alcohol. Management with pharmacological agents and surgical procedures have been incorporated into treatment regimens to improve fertility. Of these, metformin, an insulin sensitizer used as oral hypoglycemic agent, is gaining popularity., Objectives: The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the role of metformin in improving the reproduction outcomes for non-obese, infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome., Search Methods: In June 2019, we searched PubMed (from inception to present), Ovid Medline, Ovid EMBASE, Scopus, and the Cochrane library without date or language restrictions for relevant RCTs. Search was then updated in April 2020. Bibliographies of included studies were also searched for eligible studies., Selection Criteria: RCTs that compared the effectiveness of metformin with other modalities in treating infertility in non-obese women with PCOS were included. The eligible outcomes for inclusion were pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate, live birth rate, ovarian hyperstimulation (OHSS) and multiple pregnancy., Data Collection and Analysis: Data extraction and study quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers, and any disagreements resolved by consensus or by arbitration by a third reviewer. Where two or more studies reported on the same outcome a meta-analysis was conducted using Cochrane RevMan 5., Results: We found 21 RCTs which were eligible for inclusion in our systematic review, including 2638 patients with PCOS. Our meta-analysis showed that the use of metformin in non-obese women with PCOS is associated with slight increase in clinical pregnancy rate compared to placebo (47.7% vs. 42.9%) (Pooled risk ratio = 1.08 [0.82, 1.42], 95% CI, p = 0.60). It also showed that metformin is comparable to clomiphene citrate (CC) when the outcome is clinical pregnancy rate and the risk of multiple pregnancies tended to be lower (Pooled risk ratio = 0.36 [0.07, 1.92], 95% CI, p = 0.23, 3 studies). However, metformin had a higher risk of miscarriage rate (Pooled risk ratio = 2.41 [0.39, 14.86], 95% CI, p = 0.72). Furthermore, this analysis suggested that adding metformin to CC treatment decreases miscarriage risk by two folds compared to metformin alone (Pooled risk ratio = 2.67 [1.32, 5.39], 95% CI, p = 0.006) and showed no difference compared to CC alone. In comparison to letrozole, combination of metformin and CC is associated with lower clinical pregnancy rate (Pooled risk ratio = 0.52 [0.14, 1.91] 95% CI, p = 0.33) and multiple pregnancies (Pooled risk ratio = 0.45 [0.06, 3.19] 95% CI, p = 0.42)., Conclusion: Although this study illustrated that metformin may be better than placebo for some pregnancy outcomes, stronger, more definitive evidence from sufficiently powered trials are required before considering metformin for treating non-obese infertile women with PCOS within the current recommended guidelines., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hominis, which rarely causes infection after neurosurgical procedures, is a small free-living organism, belonging to the genus Mycoplasma. M. hominis lacks a rigid cell wall and cannot be clearly visualized by routine light microscopy. Thus, it is challenging to diagnose infections caused by this pathogen. Here, we report a case of Mycoplasma hominis causing iatrogenic ventriculitis secondary to extraventricular drain. CASE REPORT A 25-year-old man who was a victim of a road traffic accident developed M. hominis ventriculitis secondary to extraventricular drain. Despite a delay in the diagnosis due to the difficulty of identifying M. hominis, the patient was successfully treated with intravenous ciprofloxacin 400 mg for 14 days. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this case report, coupled with a thorough review of the literature, demonstrate the pathogenic potential of M. hominis. Particularly in developing countries, in which laboratories may have limited access to advanced technologies, such rare infectious diseases remain major diagnostic challenges.