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A 14-year-old girl was admitted to the Emergency department for abdominal pain. An abdominal mass of 7-8 cm was detected and surgically resected. At anatomopathology a solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas was observed. This tumour is rare and is included in the pancreatic cystic neoplasms. It frequently concerns 20-30-year-old girls. In all cases, the treatment consists of surgical resection, even in the rare cases with metastases. Prognosis is usually good, but careful follow-up is mandatory.

The ultrasound contrast agent is composed by microbubbles of sulfur hexafluoride. It is now recognized to the characterization of liver lesions. Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a benign lesion of the liver. It is found in the majority of cases among women with a sex ratio 1M/8F, no typical clinical presentation or malignancy is described. When the liver lesion was found in B-mode ultrasound, injection of contrast can be realized immediately by the radiologist. The study of the lesion during the arterial, portal and late phases with the contrast-enhanced ultrasound allows the diagnosis of FNH with a specificity of 97%. In arterial phase, the prescence of a central artery and scarring, centrifugal progression of enhancement, a transient unenhanced zone and in portal and late phases, isoechogenicity compared to adjacent parenchyma are the main features of FNH described in the literature.

Endoleaks represent the most common complication of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. With the increasing use of endovascular techniques for aortic aneurysm repair, the prevalence of endoleaks has risen. While maintaining pressurization of the aneurysm sac, endoleaks expose to persistent risks of an evolution towards rupture. Long-term surveillance with imaging studies is necessary to reduce the incidence of these specific complications that may require intervention. The objective of this article is to draw the attention to the possible occurrence of these complications and to report the elements of diagnosis and treatment.

A pleuro-pericardial cyst represents an uncommon form of congenital disease. We relate the case of an initially symptomless female patient presenting with a voluminous mediastinal mass. The fortuitous discovery of an asymptomatic mediastinal mass should always prompt consideration, among others, of the diagnosis of a pleuro-pericardial cyst.

The ankle is the most frequently injured joint. The most common causes include sports injuries, highway accidents and household or workplace accidents. The therapeutic decision is based on radiological and clinical interpretation. This article aims to assist the clinician in deciding the role of radiography in diagnosis, care and treatment. It is also a reminder for the radiologist.

Purpose: To prospectively determine if superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging could help visualize leukocyte phagocytic activities in human abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs)., Materials and Methods: This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee; all patients gave informed consent. Preoperative MR imaging data, including unenhanced and SPIO-enhanced T1-, T2*-, and T2-weighted transverse images of the entire AAA, obtained 1 hour after contrast enhancement from 15 patients (mean age, 72.7 years +/- 8.2; range, 60-83 years), 10 men (mean age, 73.5 years +/- 7.9; range, 60-83 years) and five women (mean age, 71.2 years +/- 9.4; range 60-82), were retrospectively evaluated. Morphologic appearance and semiquantitative and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) analyses of the thrombi were performed. Thrombi were analyzed semiquantitatively at microscopy after staining with hematoxylin-eosin, CD68, and CD66b. Levels of promatrix metalloproteinase (pro-MMP)-2 and pro-MMP-9, MMP-2 and MMP-9, and their mRNA located in the thrombus were assessed by using zymography and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. Nonparametric statistics of the Spearman rank correlation were calculated to evaluate correlations between the aneurysm thrombus signal level decrease after SPIO and the levels of CD68(+), CD66b(+) cells, pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9, MMP-2 and MMP-9, and MMP-9 mRNA., Results: The pre-SPIO CNRs in the luminal sublayer of the thrombus and the deeper thrombus were -10.20 +/- 12.69 and -5.68 +/-10.38, respectively. After SPIO, the CNRs decreased to -21.34 +/-13.07 (P < .001) and -12.44 +/- 14.56, respectively (P < .012). There was a significant linear correlation between the thrombus signal level decrease and the levels of CD68(+) and CD66b(+) cells, pro-MMP-9, and MMP-9 mRNA (P < .05)., Conclusion: MR imaging allows in vivo demonstration of SPIO uptake at the luminal interface of the thrombus. This uptake is correlated to the abundance of leukocytes., Supplemental Material: http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.09090657/-/DC1., ((c) RSNA, 2010)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and accuracy of accelerated free-breathing and breath-hold gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography of the main renal arteries compared with digital subtraction angiography., Materials and Methods: Renal MR angiograms and catheter angiograms of 47 patients (19 men, 28 women; mean age, 68.1 +/- 15.1 years; range, 28-86 years) were reviewed. Thirty-one of the patients underwent free-breathing and 16 underwent breath-hold MR angiography with the same accelerated multiphase imaging protocol. Images were analyzed for examination quality, percentage narrowing of the main renal artery, and visibility of the branches. Diagnostic values of MR angiography were calculated with catheter angiography as the standard of reference., Results: Sixty-five arteries, 24 of which (37%) had > 49% narrowing, were evaluated in the free-breathing group, and 37 arteries, six of which (16%) had > 49% narrowing, were evaluated in the breath-hold group. Comparison with digital subtraction angiography showed 100% (24/24) sensitivity and 95% (39/41) specificity for > 49% renal artery stenosis and 88% sensitivity (15/17) and 100% (48/48) specificity for > 74% renal artery stenosis in the free-breathing group. In the breath-hold group, sensitivity was 100% (6/6) and specificity 97% (30/31) for > 49% renal artery stenosis, and sensitivity was 100% (5/5) and specificity 100% (32/32) for > 74% renal artery stenosis. None of the examinations was nondiagnostic for the main renal arteries, but a smaller number of visible arterial tree subdivisions were found in the free-breathing group (average, 3.64 per patient) than in the breath-hold group (average, 5.87 per patient) (p = 0.035)., Conclusion: Like breath-hold examinations, accelerated free-breathing MR angiographic examinations are feasible and accurate in evaluation of the main renal arteries.

Purpose: To prospectively evaluate the learning curves and reading times of inexperienced readers who used the virtual dissection reading method for retrospective computed tomographic (CT) colonography data sets, with and without concurrent computer-aided detection (CAD)., Materials and Methods: An Institutional Review Board approved this study; informed consent was waived. Four radiologists without experience in CT colonography evaluated 100 optical colonoscopy-proved data sets of 100 patients (49 men, 51 women; mean age, 59 years +/- 13 [standard deviation]; range, 21-85 years) by using the virtual dissection reading method. Two readers used concurrent CAD. Data sets were read during five consecutive 1-day sessions (20 data sets per session). Polyp detection and false-positive rates, receiver operating characteristics (ROCs), and reading times were calculated for individual, CAD group, and non-CAD group readings. Diagnostic values were compared by calculating the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) around the relative risk. Areas under ROC curves (AUCs) (Hanley and McNeil for paired analysis and z statistics for unpaired analysis) and reading times (Wilcoxon signed rank test) were compared across the sessions, within each session and for the whole study., Results: The range of detection rates was 79 of 111 (.71 [95% CI: .61, .79]) to 91 of 111 (.82 [95% CI: .73, .88]). The range of false-positive rates was 17 of 111 (.15 [95% CI: .09, .23]) to 22 of 111 (.20 [95% CI: .12, .28]). All readers' AUCs rose from session 1 to session 4; this rise was significant (P < .05) for the non-CAD group. Only during session 1 was the CAD group AUC (.83) higher than the non-CAD group AUC (.54) (P < .05). Comparison of CAD and non-CAD reading times showed no significant difference for the whole study or during each session (P > .05)., Conclusion: The virtual dissection reading technique allows short learning curves, which may be improved by the concurrent use of CAD, without significant effect on average reading time., (RSNA, 2008)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of asymptomatic coronary heart disease in patients with cardiovascular risk factors and evaluate the diagnostic value of myocardial stress perfusion magnetic resonance as screening test in these patients. We performed a retrospective analysis of 103 consecutive asymptomatic patients with at least one clinical risk factor for cardiovascular disease, who have undergone myocardial stress perfusion magnetic resonance. For respective evaluation of ischemic myocardium and infracted myocardium, magnetic resonance imaging protocol included the study of both myocardial viability by late enhancement imaging and first-pass perfusion at rest and during maximal stress (adenosine). The reference standard was catheter coronary angiography for 10 patients and clinical follow-up for 93 patients. The incidence of coronary heart disease was 22/103 (21%), including 6/103 (6%) ischemia and 16/103 (15%) infarcts. Respective sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values for myocardial stress perfusion magnetic resonance in detecting ischemic myocardium were 100, 97, 67 and 100%. Myocardial stress perfusion magnetic resonance can be regarded and further investigated as screening test for the detection of asymptomatic coronary heart disease in high-risk subjects. Prospective studies, larger study groups and cost-effectiveness analysis are needed.

This article reviews the interest and potential applications of whole body MR and presents a new technical concept of the technique. Preliminary experience with this new technology is presented.

Wrist tendons may be affected by a variety of pathologic conditions, including those caused by trauma and overuse, inflammatory and metabolic disorders, or infection. Sonography is a very sensitive means of detecting tendinous pathology because of its spatial resolution and its comparative and dynamic capabilities. Its wide availability makes it the preferred first-line imaging modality in the case of wrist pain. This article reviews the pathologic conditions that may involve the wrist and their sonographic appearances., (2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Stepping-table MR angiography of the upper limb arteries is reported in a patient with clinical and sonographic signs of ischemia. Advantages and limitations of the technique are discussed.

In our institution, MRCP is actually replacing diagnostic ERCP. This study is addressing its accuracy in the diagnosis of symptomatic choledocholithiasis. 137 MRCP were performed in patients with upper abdominal pain and biological anomalies (n = 48), pain with cholelithiasis at sonography (n = 69) or non-alcoholic acute pancreatitis (n = 20) on a 1.5 T system with high gradients using a standardized combination of breath-hold HASTE and RARE sequences. We included in our study 74 patients who underwent as second test ERCP (n = 36), peroperative cholangiography (n = 13), or extensive follow-up with laboratory tests and/or sonography (n = 25). All examinations were judged as diagnostic, discrepancies between direct cholangiography and MRCP being noted in 4 patients (5.4%). Lithiasis was misinterpreted on MRCP as bubbles in 2 patients after sphincterotomy or surgery. We had two false positive diagnoses on MRCP: in one patient peroperative cholangiography was negative and in the other one ERCP was negative. With a sensitivity and PPV of 92%, a specificity and NPV of 96% MRCP in our experience is shown as an accurate diagnostic tool for the detection of stone in the common bile duct replacing ERCP.

Duplex examination is presently established as a safe non-invasive and accurate method of evaluating patients with extracranial cerebrovascular disease which usually provides complete information about the extent of carotid artery narrowing Arteriography, in this indication, is an invasive procedure with a total complication rate of 3-4% with 1% of permanent stroke. If it is currently accepted that in emergency conditions (ictus ingravescens, pre-occlusive plaque) or if iodinated contrast media are contraindicated, thrombendarteriectomy can be performed without arteriography it could be extended to most cases. The authors stress the criteria to increase the number of those patients, summarize the pre-requisites to achieve this goal, and comment on the future alternative position of MRA.

Ultrasonography and CT-scanner remain the first choice nowadays concerning detection and preoperative work-up of pancreatic cancer. MRI offers interesting options for the detection of liver metastases, and high quality of ductal and vascular examination. Actually, while we await a larger diffusion of MR systems and radiological expertise this technique is preferentially indicated as a third-step procedure when ultrasonography and CT-scanner are normal despite a real suspicion. Otherwise, MRI permits with a single non-invasive examination a complete work-up useful to prepare palliative therapy in case of unresectable tumor.

Abdominal ultrasonography in acute conditions gives sometimes the definite diagnosis or at least indicates a strategy for further examinations. This technique is constantly accurate for the upper part of the abdomen, and its classical indications are dominated by cholecystitis, biliary and urinary lithiasis, pancreatic and aortic painful circumstances. However, its role has been emphasized recently, after famous publications about the usefulness of high resolution ultrasonography for appendicitis and various gut-related acute conditions. The efficacity of abdominal ultrasonography is enhanced by color-doppler and power-doppler, to characterize some inflammatory or ischemic diseases. For the pelvis, endocavitary examination is a "must" for studying uterus and adnexae. The main drawbacks of abdominal ultrasonography are well known: its physical limitations and mainly its operator-dependence.

There are three milestones in the history of thoracic radiology. Thoracic radiology started in 1897 when Williams developed thoracic fluoroscopy and introduced the basic concepts of roentgenologic interpretation. At the same time, the first chest films were performed allowing decisive improvement in the diagnosis of many chest diseases. Continuous technical improvement is responsible for the fact that, even today, the conventional chest film remains a highly accurate and frequently used imaging modality. A third milestone was the development of digital radiography and its use in the chest. Computerised tomography changed thoracic imaging dramatically; in a first step mainly as a tool to visualise soft tissue abnormalities and, later on, also as a modality to study lung disease. The recent development of the digital chest radiograph has again added new perspectives to the approach and diagnosis of chest disease.

One hundred and twenty-one peritoneal, retroperitoneal and pelvic abscesses were treated percutaneously using CT or US guidance. The lesions developed after abdominal surgery. Sixty-three abscesses (52%) were situated in the peritoneal cavity, 31 (26%) in the retroperitoneal cavity and 27 (22%) in the pelvis. A definitive treatment was obtained in 74% of peritoneal abscesses, 67% of retroperitoneal abscesses and 82% of pelvic abscesses. Failure most commonly occurred with multiloculated lesions or lesions associated with fistulous communication. There was a low rate of complication (1%). percutaneous drainage avoids the risks inherent in surgery and anesthesia, saves considerable time and meets greater patient acceptance. If a total cure is not systematic, a beneficial temporizing effect may however be obtained by percutaneous drainage. This procedure should be indicated for the initial treatment of postsurgical abscesses.