155 results on '"Magnuson JS"'
Search Results
2. Transoral robotic-assisted surgery for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: one- and 2-year survival analysis.
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White HN, Moore EJ, Rosenthal EL, Carroll WR, Olsen KD, Desmond RA, and Magnuson JS
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- 2010
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3. Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy: use of intraoperative parathyroid hormone assays after 2 preoperative localization studies.
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Smith N, Magnuson JS, Vidrine DM, Kulbersh B, and Peters GE
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- 2009
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4. Fistula analysis after radial forearm free flap reconstruction of hypopharyngeal defects.
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Andrades P, Pehler SF, Baranano CF, Magnuson JS, Carroll WR, and Rosenthal EL
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- 2008
5. Pretreatment swallowing exercises improve swallow function after chemoradiation.
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Carroll WR, Locher JL, Canon CL, Bohannon IA, McColloch NL, and Magnuson JS
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- 2008
6. Free tissue transfer to manage salvage laryngectomy defects after organ preservation failure.
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Withrow KP, Rosenthal EL, Gourin CG, Peters GE, Magnuson JS, Terris DJ, and Carroll WW
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- 2007
7. In vivo detection of head and neck cancer orthotopic xenografts by immunofluorescence.
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Rosenthal EL, Kulbersh BD, Duncan RD, Zhang W, Magnuson JS, Carroll WR, Zinn K, Rosenthal, Eben L, Kulbersh, Brian D, Duncan, Ryan D, Zhang, Wenyue, Magnuson, J Scott, Carroll, William R, and Zinn, Kurt
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Purpose: To determine whether Cy5.5-labeled antiepidermal growth factor (EGFR) antibody could be used to detect head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) xenografts in vivo.Methods: AntiEGFR antibody (cetuximab) was labeled with Cy5.5, a fluorophore with emission in the near infrared range. The cetuximab-Cy5.5 conjugate was systemically administered in subtherapeutic doses (50 microg) to mice bearing orthotopically xenografted HNSCC cell lines (SCC1, CAL27, and FaDu). As a control, isotype-matched human immunoglobulin (Ig)G1k antibody labeled with Cy5.5 was systemically injected in parallel experiments. All tumor regions (n = 6) were imaged by fluorescent stereomicroscopy at 0, 6, 24, 48, or 72 hours. Tumor size was measured by high-frequency ultrasonography at 72 hours. Transcervical partial and near-total resections were then performed with stereomicroscopic imaging after each resection. The mandible and associated structures were then resected, paraffin embedded, and then serial sectioned for analysis.Results: Tumors could be clearly visualized by near infrared fluorescent stereomicroscopy at 48 and 72 hours after systemic administration of cetuximab-Cy5.5 but not after administration with the labeled isotype control antibody, IgG1k-Cy5.5. Ultrasound measurement of tumors (n = 5) correlated with fluorescent measurements of tumor (Spearman's coefficient, 0.92, P = .01). When fluorescent stereomicroscopic findings were correlated with histologic findings in near-total resections, this technique could accurately identify residual tumor less than 1 mm in size.Conclusion: Fluorescent immunoguided neoplasm detection may be used as a diagnostic tool and to guide surgical therapy by providing real-time imaging information about the extent of disease or the presence of residual disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2006
8. Pretreatment, preoperative swallowing exercises may improve Dysphagia quality of life.
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Kulbersh BD, Rosenthal EL, McGrew BM, Duncan RD, McColloch NL, Carroll WR, and Magnuson JS
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- 2006
9. Tracking the time course of spoken word recognition using eye movements: evidence for continuous mapping models.
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Allopenna PD, Magnuson JS, and Tanenhaus MK
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Eye movements to pictures of four objects on a screen were monitored as participants followed a spoken instruction to move one of the objects, e.g., 'Pick up the beaker: now put it below the diamond' (Experiment 1) or heard progressively larger gates and tried to identify the referent (Experiment 2). The distractor objects included a cohort competitor with a name that began with the same onset and vowel as the name of the target object (e.g., beetle), a rhyme competitor (e.g. speaker), and an unrelated competitor (e.g., carriage). In Experiment 1, there was clear evidence for both cohort and rhyme activation as predicted by continuous mapping models such as TRACE (McClelland and Elman, 1986) and Shortlist (Norris, 1994). Additionally, the time course and probabilities of eye movements closely corresponded to response probabilities derived from TRACE simulations using the Luce choice rule (Luce, 1959). In the gating task, which emphasizes word-initial information, there was clear evidence for multiple activation of cohort members, as measured by judgments and eye movements, but no suggestion of rhyme effects. Given that the same sets of pictures were present during the gating task as in Experiment 1, we conclude that the rhyme effects in Experiment 1 were not an artifact of using a small set of visible alternatives. (c) 1998 Academic Press [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1998
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10. The effects of upper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea on nasal continuous positive airway pressure settings.
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Masdon JL, Magnuson JS, and Youngblood G
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- 2004
11. Challenges in treating oropharyngeal cancer in the elderly: The role of transoral surgery.
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Costantino A, Haughey B, Alamoudi U, and Magnuson JS
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- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Humans, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms surgery
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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- 2024
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12. Safety and Postoperative Outcomes of Transoral Surgery for Oropharyngeal Carcinoma in Older Adults.
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Costantino A, Haughey B, Alamoudi U, Biskup M, and Magnuson JS
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- Humans, Male, Female, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Middle Aged, Age Factors, Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery methods, Treatment Outcome, United States epidemiology, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms surgery, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms mortality, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms pathology, Postoperative Complications epidemiology
- Abstract
Importance: Transoral surgery (TOS) has become the primary surgical treatment for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). However, despite the increasing incidence of OPSCC in older patients, data regarding the safety and postoperative outcomes of TOS in this subgroup are lacking., Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and postoperative outcomes of TOS in patients with OPSCC aged 70 years or older compared with younger individuals., Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study included patients with microscopic diagnostic confirmation of invasive OPSCC diagnosed between 2010 and 2021. Data were obtained from the US National Cancer Database. Data were analyzed in March 2024., Exposure: Minimally invasive TOS not converted to an open approach., Main Outcomes and Measures: Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were constructed to compare postoperative outcomes, adjusting for baseline patient and tumor characteristics. The results are reported as odds ratios (ORs) or mean differences with corresponding 95% CI, as appropriate., Results: A total of 10 430 patients (mean [SD] age, 60.7 [9.6] years; 8744 [83.8%] male) were included, with 1808 patients (17.3%) aged at least 70 years. No clinically meaningful difference was observed in terms of postoperative mortality at 30 days (adjusted OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.65-2.33) or 90 days (adjusted OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.65-1.87). Patients aged 70 years or older were less likely to undergo adjuvant radiotherapy (adjusted OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.57-0.83) and chemotherapy (adjusted OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.51-0.77). In addition, the adjuvant treatment was more frequently not administered in the older population due to patient refusal or comorbidities, despite being clinically indicated (radiotherapy: adjusted OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.05-1.77; chemotherapy: adjusted OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.17-2.45). No meaningful differences were observed regarding the remaining study outcomes, apart from a slightly longer hospitalization time for older patients, with an adjusted mean difference of 0.39 (95% CI, 0.05-0.74) days., Conclusions and Relevance: Findings from this study suggest that age was not independently associated with postoperative mortality in older patients undergoing TOS for OPSCC. However, older patients less frequently received adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy compared with younger patients, and future studies should be conducted to examine the impact on long-term survival.
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- 2024
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13. Prognostic Significance of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
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Costantino A, Magnuson JS, Alamoudi U, and Haughey B
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Objectives: The prognostic significance of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has garnered considerable attention due to the increasing reliance on HPV status for clinical decision-making. This study aimed to compare the survival outcomes associated with different HPV genotypes in patients with OPSCC relative to HPV-negative tumors, providing insights into the potential implications for treatment de-intensification strategies., Methods: Patients diagnosed with invasive OPSCC were included from the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Patients were stratified based on HPV status and genotype, with HPV-negative tumors serving as the reference group. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the independent prognostic value of different HPV genotypes., Results: Th majority of patient were classified as HPV-positive (N = 17,358, 70.0%), with HPV 16 being the most common genotype (N = 15410/17358, 88.8%) compared with other high-risk (N = 1217/17,358, 7.0%) and low-risk (N = 731/17,358, 4.2%) HPV genotypes. A significantly lower risk of death was measured for all HPV-positive compared with HPV-negative tumors (HPV 16: adjusted HR 0.51; 95% CI: 0.49-0.54; other high-risk HPV: adjusted HR 0.56; 95% CI: 0.49-0.63; low-risk HPV: adjusted HR 0.59; 95% CI: 0.50-0.68; p < 0.001)., Conclusion: This study highlights the significant prognostic value of HPV genotypes in OPSCC, underscoring the superior survival outcomes of HPV-positive tumors across all genotypes compared with HPV-negative tumors. Detailed HPV subtype analysis can inform better treatment decisions and support de-intensification strategies for patients with low-risk genotypes., Level of Evidence: 3 Laryngoscope, 2024., (© 2024 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)
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- 2024
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14. Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma in the United States: Temporal and geographic patterns associated with HPV testing and positivity.
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Costantino A, Haughey B, Zhu J, Mekhail T, Kandula S, Alamoudi U, Biskup M, and Magnuson JS
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- Humans, Male, Female, United States epidemiology, Middle Aged, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell epidemiology, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell virology, Prevalence, Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms epidemiology, Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms virology, Papillomaviridae, Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Papillomavirus Infections epidemiology, Papillomavirus Infections virology
- Abstract
Objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV) has emerged as a potential etiological factor in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC), but a clear understanding of HPV prevalence and its temporal patterns in SNSCC remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate temporal trends in HPV testing and positivity rates, and explore demographic and geographic factors associated with these trends., Methods: A retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with invasive SNSCC between 2011 and 2017 from the US National Cancer Database (NCDB). Prevalence ratios (PR) of HPV positivity and testing rates were estimated with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI)., Results: The overall HPV testing rate was 45.4 % (N = 1762/3880), and the prevalence of HPV testing significantly decreased during the study period (adjusted PR: 0.97, 95 % CI: 0.95 - 0.99, p < 0.001). Overall HPV positivity frequency was 37.3 % (N = 650/1741), and the overall prevalence of HPV positive tumors significantly increased during the study period (adjusted PR: 1.04, 95 % CI: 1.02 - 1.05, p < 0.001). The increase in HPV positivity rate was observed solely in the white population (unadjusted PR: 1.10, 95 % CI: 1.06 - 1.14; p < 0.001). A significant geographical variation was observed for both HPV testing (range: 28.6 % - 61.7 %) and positivity (range: 28.3 % - 44.7 %)., Conclusions: This study provides novel insights into the temporal trends and demographic factors associated with HPV testing and positivity in SNSCC. Despite increasing HPV positivity rates, disparities in testing rates persist, highlighting the need for standardized testing protocols and targeted interventions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2024
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15. Do They Know It's Christmash? Lexical Knowledge Directly Impacts Speech Perception.
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Luthra S, Crinnion AM, Saltzman D, and Magnuson JS
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- Humans, Cognition, Language, Speech Perception physiology
- Abstract
We recently reported strong, replicable (i.e., replicated) evidence for lexically mediated compensation for coarticulation (LCfC; Luthra et al., 2021), whereby lexical knowledge influences a prelexical process. Critically, evidence for LCfC provides robust support for interactive models of cognition that include top-down feedback and is inconsistent with autonomous models that allow only feedforward processing. McQueen, Jesse, and Mitterer (2023) offer five counter-arguments against our interpretation; we respond to each of those arguments here and conclude that top-down feedback provides the most parsimonious explanation of extant data., (© 2024 Cognitive Science Society LLC.)
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- 2024
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16. Lexical Feedback in the Time-Invariant String Kernel (TISK) Model of Spoken Word Recognition.
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Magnuson JS, You H, and Hannagan T
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The Time-Invariant String Kernel (TISK) model of spoken word recognition (Hannagan, Magnuson & Grainger, 2013; You & Magnuson, 2018) is an interactive activation model with many similarities to TRACE (McClelland & Elman, 1986). However, by replacing most time-specific nodes in TRACE with time-invariant open-diphone nodes, TISK uses orders of magnitude fewer nodes and connections than TRACE. Although TISK performed remarkably similarly to TRACE in simulations reported by Hannagan et al., the original TISK implementation did not include lexical feedback, precluding simulation of top-down effects, and leaving open the possibility that adding feedback to TISK might fundamentally alter its performance. Here, we demonstrate that when lexical feedback is added to TISK, it gains the ability to simulate top-down effects without losing the ability to simulate the fundamental phenomena tested by Hannagan et al. Furthermore, with feedback, TISK demonstrates graceful degradation when noise is added to input, although parameters can be found that also promote (less) graceful degradation without feedback. We review arguments for and against feedback in cognitive architectures, and conclude that feedback provides a computationally efficient basis for robust constraint-based processing., Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare., (Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s).)
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- 2024
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17. Resolving competing predictions in speech: How qualitatively different cues and cue reliability contribute to phoneme identification.
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Crinnion AM, Luthra S, Gaston P, and Magnuson JS
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- Humans, Young Adult, Female, Male, Adult, Cues, Speech Perception physiology, Phonetics
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Listeners have many sources of information available in interpreting speech. Numerous theoretical frameworks and paradigms have established that various constraints impact the processing of speech sounds, but it remains unclear how listeners might simultaneously consider multiple cues, especially those that differ qualitatively (i.e., with respect to timing and/or modality) or quantitatively (i.e., with respect to cue reliability). Here, we establish that cross-modal identity priming can influence the interpretation of ambiguous phonemes (Exp. 1, N = 40) and show that two qualitatively distinct cues - namely, cross-modal identity priming and auditory co-articulatory context - have additive effects on phoneme identification (Exp. 2, N = 40). However, we find no effect of quantitative variation in a cue - specifically, changes in the reliability of the priming cue did not influence phoneme identification (Exp. 3a, N = 40; Exp. 3b, N = 40). Overall, we find that qualitatively distinct cues can additively influence phoneme identification. While many existing theoretical frameworks address constraint integration to some degree, our results provide a step towards understanding how information that differs in both timing and modality is integrated in online speech perception., (© 2024. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.)
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- 2024
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18. Optimizing presurgical education for patients with head and neck cancer receiving laryngectomy and free flap surgery: A qualitative study.
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Mikhael M, Kansara B, Basta A, Hume E, Nguyen OT, Reblin M, Hong YR, Tabriz AA, Patel K, Magnuson JS, and Turner K
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Background: There has been limited study of oncology professionals' perspectives on optimizing delivery of presurgical education for individuals with head and neck cancer (HNC). Therefore, we assessed oncology professionals' perspectives about presurgical education for laryngectomy and free flap surgeries, which have a significant impact on patients' quality of life., Methods: Interviews were conducted with 27 oncology professionals from an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center and a community oncology setting., Results: Participants identified six recommendations to improve presurgical education: (1) establishing preoperative consultations with allied health professionals; (2) educating patients and providers on the concept of team-based care; (3) optimizing education through multimodal strategies; (4) connecting patients with other HNC surgical patients; (5) preparing caregivers for their role; and (6) educating patients on insurance navigation., Conclusions: Study findings demonstrate gaps in the timing, content, and mode of delivery for presurgical education and suggest strategies for further evaluation in future studies., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
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- 2024
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19. Contra assertions, feedback improves word recognition: How feedback and lateral inhibition sharpen signals over noise.
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Magnuson JS, Crinnion AM, Luthra S, Gaston P, and Grubb S
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- Feedback, Language, Noise, Speech Perception physiology
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Whether top-down feedback modulates perception has deep implications for cognitive theories. Debate has been vigorous in the domain of spoken word recognition, where competing computational models and agreement on at least one diagnostic experimental paradigm suggest that the debate may eventually be resolvable. Norris and Cutler (2021) revisit arguments against lexical feedback in spoken word recognition models. They also incorrectly claim that recent computational demonstrations that feedback promotes accuracy and speed under noise (Magnuson et al., 2018) were due to the use of the Luce choice rule rather than adding noise to inputs (noise was in fact added directly to inputs). They also claim that feedback cannot improve word recognition because feedback cannot distinguish signal from noise. We have two goals in this paper. First, we correct the record about the simulations of Magnuson et al. (2018). Second, we explain how interactive activation models selectively sharpen signals via joint effects of feedback and lateral inhibition that boost lexically-coherent sublexical patterns over noise. We also review a growing body of behavioral and neural results consistent with feedback and inconsistent with autonomous (non-feedback) architectures, and conclude that parsimony supports feedback. We close by discussing the potential for synergy between autonomous and interactive approaches., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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20. Investigating the Extent to which Distributional Semantic Models Capture a Broad Range of Semantic Relations.
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Brown KS, Yee E, Joergensen G, Troyer M, Saltzman E, Rueckl J, Magnuson JS, and McRae K
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- Humans, Psycholinguistics, Comprehension, Semantics, Language
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Distributional semantic models (DSMs) are a primary method for distilling semantic information from corpora. However, a key question remains: What types of semantic relations among words do DSMs detect? Prior work typically has addressed this question using limited human data that are restricted to semantic similarity and/or general semantic relatedness. We tested eight DSMs that are popular in current cognitive and psycholinguistic research (positive pointwise mutual information; global vectors; and three variations each of Skip-gram and continuous bag of words (CBOW) using word, context, and mean embeddings) on a theoretically motivated, rich set of semantic relations involving words from multiple syntactic classes and spanning the abstract-concrete continuum (19 sets of ratings). We found that, overall, the DSMs are best at capturing overall semantic similarity and also can capture verb-noun thematic role relations and noun-noun event-based relations that play important roles in sentence comprehension. Interestingly, Skip-gram and CBOW performed the best in terms of capturing similarity, whereas GloVe dominated the thematic role and event-based relations. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our results, make recommendations for users of these models, and demonstrate significant differences in model performance on event-based relations., (© 2023 Cognitive Science Society LLC.)
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- 2023
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21. Using TMS to evaluate a causal role for right posterior temporal cortex in talker-specific phonetic processing.
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Luthra S, Mechtenberg H, Giorio C, Theodore RM, Magnuson JS, and Myers EB
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- Humans, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Temporal Lobe diagnostic imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Phonetics, Speech Perception physiology
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Theories suggest that speech perception is informed by listeners' beliefs of what phonetic variation is typical of a talker. A previous fMRI study found right middle temporal gyrus (RMTG) sensitivity to whether a phonetic variant was typical of a talker, consistent with literature suggesting that the right hemisphere may play a key role in conditioning phonetic identity on talker information. The current work used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test whether the RMTG plays a causal role in processing talker-specific phonetic variation. Listeners were exposed to talkers who differed in how they produced voiceless stop consonants while TMS was applied to RMTG, left MTG, or scalp vertex. Listeners subsequently showed near-ceiling performance in indicating which of two variants was typical of a trained talker, regardless of previous stimulation site. Thus, even though the RMTG is recruited for talker-specific phonetic processing, modulation of its function may have only modest consequences., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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22. Right Posterior Temporal Cortex Supports Integration of Phonetic and Talker Information.
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Luthra S, Magnuson JS, and Myers EB
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Though the right hemisphere has been implicated in talker processing, it is thought to play a minimal role in phonetic processing, at least relative to the left hemisphere. Recent evidence suggests that the right posterior temporal cortex may support learning of phonetic variation associated with a specific talker. In the current study, listeners heard a male talker and a female talker, one of whom produced an ambiguous fricative in /s/-biased lexical contexts (e.g., epi?ode ) and one who produced it in /∫/-biased contexts (e.g., friend?ip ). Listeners in a behavioral experiment (Experiment 1) showed evidence of lexically guided perceptual learning, categorizing ambiguous fricatives in line with their previous experience. Listeners in an fMRI experiment (Experiment 2) showed differential phonetic categorization as a function of talker, allowing for an investigation of the neural basis of talker-specific phonetic processing, though they did not exhibit perceptual learning (likely due to characteristics of our in-scanner headphones). Searchlight analyses revealed that the patterns of activation in the right superior temporal sulcus (STS) contained information about who was talking and what phoneme they produced. We take this as evidence that talker information and phonetic information are integrated in the right STS. Functional connectivity analyses suggested that the process of conditioning phonetic identity on talker information depends on the coordinated activity of a left-lateralized phonetic processing system and a right-lateralized talker processing system. Overall, these results clarify the mechanisms through which the right hemisphere supports talker-specific phonetic processing., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (© 2023 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.)
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- 2023
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23. Transoral Robotic Surgery for Recurrent Tumors of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract (RECUT): An International Cohort Study.
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Hardman JC, Holsinger FC, Brady GC, Beharry A, Bonifer AT, D'Andréa G, Dabas SK, de Almeida JR, Duvvuri U, Floros P, Ghanem TA, Gorphe P, Gross ND, Hamilton D, Kurukulasuriya C, Larsen MHH, Lin DJ, Magnuson JS, Meulemans J, Miles BA, Moore EJ, Pantvaidya G, Roof S, Rubek N, Simon C, Subash A, Topf MC, Van Abel KM, Vander Poorten V, Walgama ES, Greenlay E, Potts L, Balaji A, Starmer HM, Stephen S, Roe J, Harrington K, and Paleri V
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- Cohort Studies, Humans, Margins of Excision, Retrospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell pathology, Head and Neck Neoplasms surgery, Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms, Robotic Surgical Procedures adverse effects
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Background: Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is an emerging minimally invasive surgical treatment for residual, recurrent, and new primary head and neck cancers in previously irradiated fields, with limited evidence for its oncological effectiveness., Methods: A retrospective observational cohort study of consecutive cases performed in 16 high-volume international centers before August 2018 was conducted (registered at clinicaltrials.gov [NCT04673929] as the RECUT study). Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival, disease-specific survivals (DSS), and local control (LC) were calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimates, with subgroups compared using log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards modeling for multivariable analysis. Maximally selected rank statistics determined the cut point for closest surgical resection margin based on LC., Results: Data for 278 eligible patients were analyzed, with median follow-up of 38.5 months. Two-year and 5-year outcomes were 69.0% and 62.2% for LC, 71.8% and 49.8% for OS, 47.2% and 35.7% for disease-free survival, and 78.7% and 59.1% for disease-specific survivals. The most discriminating margin cut point was 1.0 mm; the 2-year LC was 80.9% above and 54.2% below or equal to 1.0 mm. Increasing age, current smoking, primary tumor classification, and narrow surgical margins (≤1.0 mm) were statistically significantly associated with lower OS. Hemorrhage with return to theater was seen in 8.1% (n = 22 of 272), and 30-day mortality was 1.8% (n = 5 of 272). At 1 year, 10.8% (n = 21 of 195) used tracheostomies, 33.8% (n = 66 of 195) used gastrostomies, and 66.3% (n = 53 of 80) had maintained or improved normalcy of diet scores., Conclusions: Data from international centers show TORS to treat head and neck cancers in previously irradiated fields yields favorable outcomes for LC and survival. Where feasible, TORS should be considered the preferred surgical treatment in the salvage setting., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
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- 2022
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24. LexFindR: A fast, simple, and extensible R package for finding similar words in a lexicon.
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Li Z, Crinnion AM, and Magnuson JS
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- Humans, Language, Speech Perception
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Language scientists often need to generate lists of related words, such as potential competitors. They may do this for purposes of experimental control (e.g., selecting items matched on lexical neighborhood but varying in word frequency), or to test theoretical predictions (e.g., hypothesizing that a novel type of competitor may impact word recognition). Several online tools are available, but most are constrained to a fixed lexicon and fixed sets of competitor definitions, and may not give the user full access to or control of source data. We present LexFindR, an open-source R package that can be easily modified to include additional, novel competitor types. LexFindR is easy to use. Because it can leverage multiple CPU cores and uses vectorized code when possible, it is also extremely fast. In this article, we present an overview of LexFindR usage, illustrated with examples. We also explain the details of how we implemented several standard lexical competitor types used in spoken word recognition research (e.g., cohorts, neighbors, embeddings, rhymes), and show how "lexical dimensions" (e.g., word frequency, word length, uniqueness point) can be integrated into LexFindR workflows (for example, to calculate "frequency-weighted competitor probabilities"), for both spoken and visual word recognition research., (© 2021. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.)
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- 2022
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25. Attention, task demands, and multitalker processing costs in speech perception.
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Saltzman D, Luthra S, Myers EB, and Magnuson JS
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- Acoustics, Attention, Humans, Phonetics, Speech, Speech Perception
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Determining how human listeners achieve phonetic constancy despite a variable mapping between the acoustics of speech and phonemic categories is the longest standing challenge in speech perception. A clue comes from studies where the talker changes randomly between stimuli, which slows processing compared with a single-talker baseline. These multitalker processing costs have been observed most often in speeded monitoring paradigms, where participants respond whenever a specific item occurs. Notably, the conventional paradigm imposes attentional demands via two forms of varied mapping in mixed-talker conditions. First, target recycling (i.e., allowing items to serve as targets on some trials but as distractors on others) potentially prevents the development of task automaticity. Second, in mixed trials, participants must respond to two unique stimuli (i.e., one target produced by each talker), whereas in blocked conditions, they need respond to only one token (i.e., multiple target tokens). We seek to understand how attentional demands influence talker normalization, as measured by multitalker processing costs. Across four experiments, multitalker processing costs persisted when target recycling was not allowed but diminished when only one stimulus served as the target on mixed trials. We discuss the logic of using varied mapping to elicit attentional effects and implications for theories of speech perception. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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- 2021
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26. Does signal reduction imply predictive coding in models of spoken word recognition?
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Luthra S, Li MYC, You H, Brodbeck C, and Magnuson JS
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- Humans, Language, Speech Perception
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Pervasive behavioral and neural evidence for predictive processing has led to claims that language processing depends upon predictive coding. Formally, predictive coding is a computational mechanism where only deviations from top-down expectations are passed between levels of representation. In many cognitive neuroscience studies, a reduction of signal for expected inputs is taken as being diagnostic of predictive coding. In the present work, we show that despite not explicitly implementing prediction, the TRACE model of speech perception exhibits this putative hallmark of predictive coding, with reductions in total lexical activation, total lexical feedback, and total phoneme activation when the input conforms to expectations. These findings may indicate that interactive activation is functionally equivalent or approximant to predictive coding or that caution is warranted in interpreting neural signal reduction as diagnostic of predictive coding., (© 2021. The Author(s).)
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- 2021
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27. Listener expectations and the perceptual accommodation of talker variability: A pre-registered replication.
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Luthra S, Saltzman D, Myers EB, and Magnuson JS
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- Attention, Humans, Phonetics, Speech, Motivation, Speech Perception
- Abstract
Researchers have hypothesized that in order to accommodate variability in how talkers produce their speech sounds, listeners must perform a process of talker normalization. Consistent with this proposal, several studies have shown that spoken word recognition is slowed when speech is produced by multiple talkers compared with when all speech is produced by one talker (a multitalker processing cost). Nusbaum and colleagues have argued that talker normalization is modulated by attention (e.g., Nusbaum & Morin, 1992, Speech Perception, Production and Linguistic Structure, pp. 113-134). Some of the strongest evidence for this claim is from a speeded monitoring study where a group of participants who expected to hear two talkers showed a multitalker processing cost, but a separate group who expected one talker did not (Magnuson & Nusbaum, 2007, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33[2], 391-409). In that study, however, the sample size was small and the crucial interaction was not significant. In this registered report, we present the results of a well-powered attempt to replicate those findings. In contrast to the previous study, we did not observe multitalker processing costs in either of our groups. To rule out the possibility that the null result was due to task constraints, we conducted a second experiment using a speeded classification task. As in Experiment 1, we found no influence of expectations on talker normalization, with no multitalker processing cost observed in either group. Our data suggest that the previous findings of Magnuson and Nusbaum (2007) be regarded with skepticism and that talker normalization may not be permeable to high-level expectations., (© 2021. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.)
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- 2021
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28. Robotic-Assisted Tubular Transoral Parapharyngeal Approach to the Ventral Craniovertebral Junction.
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Basma J, Rangarajan SV, Michael LM, Magnuson JS, Muhlbauer MS, and Gleysteen JP
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- Adolescent, Cervical Vertebrae diagnostic imaging, Cervical Vertebrae surgery, Endoscopy, Female, Humans, Robotic Surgical Procedures, Robotics
- Abstract
Background: Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has become a routine technique for treating benign and malignant lesions of the oropharynx with the advantage of reducing morbidity compared to open surgical techniques. However, TORS has not been used routinely for accessing lesions of the spine., Objective: To describe how TORS can be used to access spinal lesions., Methods: We describe our technique of accessing the parapharyngeal space using the robotic technique, and then dissecting the prevertebral muscles to expose the ventral craniovertebral junction. Tubular retraction with endoscopic visualization is then employed for surgical resection. We then report a case of a 14-yr-old competitive athlete who presented with an osseous lesion of C1, which underwent resection using this novel TORS approach., Results: Our patient underwent successful resection of a lateral C1 osteoid osteoma utilizing a combined TORS/endoscopic approach. She tolerated soft diet immediately and was discharged on postoperative day 2. Postoperative imaging revealed complete resection of the lesion, and she returned to competitive athletics within 6 wk., Conclusion: Utilizing this novel, robotic-assisted approach can definitively treat osseous cervical spine lesions while reducing morbidity, allowing for early return to normal diet and minimizing overall length of hospital stay., (© Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2021.)
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- 2021
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29. Talker familiarity and the accommodation of talker variability.
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Magnuson JS, Nusbaum HC, Akahane-Yamada R, and Saltzman D
- Subjects
- Humans, Phonetics, Recognition, Psychology, Speech, Speech Perception, Voice
- Abstract
A fundamental problem in speech perception is how (or whether) listeners accommodate variability in the way talkers produce speech. One view of the way listeners cope with this variability is that talker differences are normalized - a mapping between talker-specific characteristics and phonetic categories is computed such that speech is recognized in the context of the talker's vocal characteristics. Consistent with this view, listeners process speech more slowly when the talker changes randomly than when the talker remains constant. An alternative view is that speech perception is based on talker-specific auditory exemplars in memory clustered around linguistic categories that allow talker-independent perception. Consistent with this view, listeners become more efficient at talker-specific phonetic processing after voice identification training. We asked whether phonetic efficiency would increase with talker familiarity by testing listeners with extremely familiar talkers (family members), newly familiar talkers (based on laboratory training), and unfamiliar talkers. We also asked whether familiarity would reduce the need for normalization. As predicted, phonetic efficiency (word recognition in noise) increased with familiarity (unfamiliar < trained-on < family). However, we observed a constant processing cost for talker changes even for pairs of family members. We discuss how normalization and exemplar theories might account for these results, and constraints the results impose on theoretical accounts of phonetic constancy.
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- 2021
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30. Boosting lexical support does not enhance lexically guided perceptual learning.
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Luthra S, Magnuson JS, and Myers EB
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- Female, Humans, Knowledge, Male, Learning, Phonetics, Speech Perception, Writing
- Abstract
A challenge for listeners is to learn the appropriate mapping between acoustics and phonetic categories for an individual talker. Lexically guided perceptual learning (LGPL) studies have shown that listeners can leverage lexical knowledge to guide this process. For instance, listeners learn to interpret ambiguous /s/-/∫/ blends as /s/ if they have previously encountered them in /s/-biased contexts like epi?ode. Here, we examined whether the degree of preceding lexical support might modulate the extent of perceptual learning. In Experiment 1, we first demonstrated that perceptual learning could be obtained in a modified LGPL paradigm where listeners were first biased to interpret ambiguous tokens as one phoneme (e.g., /s/) and then later as another (e.g., /∫/). In subsequent experiments, we tested whether the extent of learning differed depending on whether targets encountered predictive contexts or neutral contexts prior to the auditory target (e.g., epi?ode). Experiment 2 used auditory sentence contexts (e.g., "I love The Walking Dead and eagerly await every new . . ."), whereas Experiment 3 used written sentence contexts. In Experiment 4, participants did not receive sentence contexts but rather saw the written form of the target word (episode) or filler text (########) prior to hearing the critical auditory token. While we consistently observed effects of context on in-the-moment processing of critical words, the size of the learning effect was not modulated by the type of context. We hypothesize that boosting lexical support through preceding context may not strongly influence perceptual learning when ambiguous speech sounds can be identified solely from lexical information. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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- 2021
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31. Robust Lexically Mediated Compensation for Coarticulation: Christmash Time Is Here Again.
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Luthra S, Peraza-Santiago G, Beeson K, Saltzman D, Crinnion AM, and Magnuson JS
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- Humans, Phonetics, Speech Perception
- Abstract
A long-standing question in cognitive science is how high-level knowledge is integrated with sensory input. For example, listeners can leverage lexical knowledge to interpret an ambiguous speech sound, but do such effects reflect direct top-down influences on perception or merely postperceptual biases? A critical test case in the domain of spoken word recognition is lexically mediated compensation for coarticulation (LCfC). Previous LCfC studies have shown that a lexically restored context phoneme (e.g., /s/ in Christma#) can alter the perceived place of articulation of a subsequent target phoneme (e.g., the initial phoneme of a stimulus from a tapes-capes continuum), consistent with the influence of an unambiguous context phoneme in the same position. Because this phoneme-to-phoneme compensation for coarticulation is considered sublexical, scientists agree that evidence for LCfC would constitute strong support for top-down interaction. However, results from previous LCfC studies have been inconsistent, and positive effects have often been small. Here, we conducted extensive piloting of stimuli prior to testing for LCfC. Specifically, we ensured that context items elicited robust phoneme restoration (e.g., that the final phoneme of Christma# was reliably identified as /s/) and that unambiguous context-final segments (e.g., a clear /s/ at the end of Christmas) drove reliable compensation for coarticulation for a subsequent target phoneme. We observed robust LCfC in a well-powered, preregistered experiment with these pretested items (N = 40) as well as in a direct replication study (N = 40). These results provide strong evidence in favor of computational models of spoken word recognition that include top-down feedback., (© 2021 The Authors. Cognitive Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Cognitive Science Society (CSS).)
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- 2021
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32. Is that a pibu or a pibo? Children with reading and language deficits show difficulties in learning and overnight consolidation of phonologically similar pseudowords.
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Malins JG, Landi N, Ryherd K, Frijters JC, Magnuson JS, Rueckl JG, Pugh KR, Sevcik R, and Morris R
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- Child, Humans, Language, Learning, Verbal Learning, Dyslexia, Language Development Disorders
- Abstract
Word learning is critical for the development of reading and language comprehension skills. Although previous studies have indicated that word learning is compromised in children with reading disability (RD) or developmental language disorder (DLD), it is less clear how word learning difficulties manifest in children with comorbid RD and DLD. Furthermore, it is unclear whether word learning deficits in RD or DLD include difficulties with offline consolidation of newly learned words. In the current study, we employed an artificial lexicon learning paradigm with an overnight design to investigate how typically developing (TD) children (N = 25), children with only RD (N = 93), and children with both RD and DLD (N = 34) learned and remembered a set of phonologically similar pseudowords. Results showed that compared to TD children, children with RD exhibited: (i) slower growth in discrimination accuracy for cohort item pairs sharing an onset (e.g. pibu-pibo), but not for rhyming item pairs (e.g. pibu-dibu); and (ii) lower discrimination accuracy for both cohort and rhyme item pairs on Day 2, even when accounting for differences in Day 1 learning. Moreover, children with comorbid RD and DLD showed learning and retention deficits that extended to unrelated item pairs that were phonologically dissimilar (e.g. pibu-tupa), suggestive of broader impairments compared to children with only RD. These findings provide insights into the specific learning deficits underlying RD and DLD and motivate future research concerning how children use phonological similarity to guide the organization of new word knowledge., (© 2020 The Authors. Developmental Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2021
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33. Transoral robotic parapharyngeal approach to the submandibular space.
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Floros P, Sorrentino M, and Magnuson JS
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- Humans, Mouth Floor, Submandibular Gland surgery, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms surgery, Robotic Surgical Procedures, Robotics
- Abstract
The aim of the study was to demonstrate a novel transoral parapharyngeal approach to the submandibular space. The method used was the clinical case of a patient presenting with an anteriorly based tumor in the left submandibular space. The video shows the transoral robotic technique for access to the submandibular space through the parapharyngeal space for removal of the tumor. This approach allows for high definition visibility and complete access to structures in the submandibular space including the submandibular gland. For robotic head and neck surgeons performing lateral oropharyngectomies, the anatomy is familiar, and the technique avoids potential access issues with traditional floor of mouth incisions. Furthermore, it provides a novel technique for identification of the hypoglossal nerve for potential preservation in oropharyngeal malignancy. The transoral robotic parapharyngeal approach to the submandibular space is safe, reproducible, and avoids unnecessary cervical incisions., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
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- 2020
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34. Friends in Low-Entropy Places: Orthographic Neighbor Effects on Visual Word Identification Differ Across Letter Positions.
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Luthra S, You H, Rueckl JG, and Magnuson JS
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- Humans, Reaction Time, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Reading
- Abstract
Visual word recognition is facilitated by the presence of orthographic neighbors that mismatch the target word by a single letter substitution. However, researchers typically do not consider where neighbors mismatch the target. In light of evidence that some letter positions are more informative than others, we investigate whether the influence of orthographic neighbors differs across letter positions. To do so, we quantify the number of enemies at each letter position (how many neighbors mismatch the target word at that position). Analyses of reaction time data from a visual word naming task indicate that the influence of enemies differs across letter positions, with the negative impacts of enemies being most pronounced at letter positions where readers have low prior uncertainty about which letters they will encounter (i.e., positions with low entropy). To understand the computational mechanisms that give rise to such positional entropy effects, we introduce a new computational model, VOISeR (Visual Orthographic Input Serial Reader), which receives orthographic inputs in parallel and produces an over-time sequence of phonemes as output. VOISeR produces a similar pattern of results as in the human data, suggesting that positional entropy effects may emerge even when letters are not sampled serially. Finally, we demonstrate that these effects also emerge in human subjects' data from a lexical decision task, illustrating the generalizability of positional entropy effects across visual word recognition paradigms. Taken together, such work suggests that research into orthographic neighbor effects in visual word recognition should also consider differences between letter positions., (© 2020 Cognitive Science Society (CSS).)
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- 2020
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35. A novel surgeon credentialing and quality assurance process using transoral surgery for oropharyngeal cancer in ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group Trial E3311.
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Ferris RL, Flamand Y, Holsinger FC, Weinstein GS, Quon H, Mehra R, Garcia JJ, Hinni ML, Gross ND, Sturgis EM, Duvvuri U, Méndez E, Ridge JA, Magnuson JS, Higgins KA, Patel MR, Smith RB, Karakla DW, Kupferman ME, Malone JP, Judson BL, Richmon J, Boyle JO, Bayon R, O'Malley BW Jr, Ozer E, Thomas GR, Koch WM, Bell RB, Saba NF, Li S, Sigurdson ER, and Burtness B
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surgeons, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms surgery, Quality Assurance, Health Care methods, Robotic Surgical Procedures methods
- Abstract
Purpose: Understanding the role of transoral surgery in oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) requires prospective, randomized multi-institutional data. Meticulous evaluation of surgeon expertise and surgical quality assurance (QA) will be critical to the validity of such trials. We describe a novel surgeon credentialing and QA process developed to support the ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group E3311 (E3311) and report outcomes related to QA., Patients and Methods: E3311 was a phase II randomized clinical trial of transoral surgery followed by low- or standard-dose, risk-adjusted post-operative therapy with stage III-IVa (AJCC 7th edition) HPV-associated OPC. In order to be credentialed to accrue to this trial, surgeons were required to demonstrate active hospital credentials and technique-specific surgical expertise with ≥20 cases of transoral resection for OPC. In addition, 10 paired operative and surgical pathology reports from the preceding 24 months were reviewed by an expert panel. Ongoing QA required <10% rate of positive margins, low oropharyngeal bleeding rates, and accrual of at least one patient per 12 months. Otherwise surgeons were placed on hold and not permitted to accrue until re-credentialed using a new series of transoral resections., Results: 120 surgeons trained in transoral minimally invasive surgery applied for credentialing for E3311 and after peer-review, 87 (73%) were approved from 59 centers. During QA on E3311, positive final pathologic margins were reported in 19 (3.8%) patients. Grade III/IV and grade V oropharyngeal bleeding was reported in 29 (5.9%) and 1 (0.2%) of patients., Conclusions: We provide proof of concept that a comprehensive credentialing process can support multicenter transoral head and neck surgical oncology trials, with low incidence of positive margins and *grade III/V oropharyngeal bleeding., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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36. EARSHOT: A Minimal Neural Network Model of Incremental Human Speech Recognition.
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Magnuson JS, You H, Luthra S, Li M, Nam H, Escabí M, Brown K, Allopenna PD, Theodore RM, Monto N, and Rueckl JG
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Phonetics, Semantics, Computer Simulation, Models, Neurological, Neural Networks, Computer, Speech, Speech Perception
- Abstract
Despite the lack of invariance problem (the many-to-many mapping between acoustics and percepts), human listeners experience phonetic constancy and typically perceive what a speaker intends. Most models of human speech recognition (HSR) have side-stepped this problem, working with abstract, idealized inputs and deferring the challenge of working with real speech. In contrast, carefully engineered deep learning networks allow robust, real-world automatic speech recognition (ASR). However, the complexities of deep learning architectures and training regimens make it difficult to use them to provide direct insights into mechanisms that may support HSR. In this brief article, we report preliminary results from a two-layer network that borrows one element from ASR, long short-term memory nodes, which provide dynamic memory for a range of temporal spans. This allows the model to learn to map real speech from multiple talkers to semantic targets with high accuracy, with human-like timecourse of lexical access and phonological competition. Internal representations emerge that resemble phonetically organized responses in human superior temporal gyrus, suggesting that the model develops a distributed phonological code despite no explicit training on phonetic or phonemic targets. The ability to work with real speech is a major advance for cognitive models of HSR., (© 2020 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.)
- Published
- 2020
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37. Transoral robotic submandibular sialadenectomy: how and when.
- Author
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Capaccio P, Montevecchi F, Meccariello G, Cammaroto G, Magnuson JS, Pelucchi S, Bresciani L, and Vicini C
- Abstract
Traditional removal of the submandibular gland is done through a transcervical approach; new proposals have come into the scientific limelight such as endoscopy-assisted transcervical sialadenectomy or (robot-assisted) submandibular sialadenectomy through a postauricular facelift transcervical approach. Transoral submandibular sialadenectomy has been described in the past, but with the advent of transoral robotic surgery, the proposal of removing the submandibular gland from the oral floor is gaining strength. A transoral robotic submandibular sialadenectomy by the Si Da Vinci Surgical Robot was performed in a 68-years-old female patient under general anaesthesia. The transoral robotic procedure was successful with no major postoperative complications. A mild tingling of the tip of the tongue was described by the patient 3 months after. The surgical time took 110 minutes. No residual gland was observed at ultrasonography. The transoral robotic submandibular sialadenectomy seems to be, with selective indication based on clinical and radiological assessment, a viable and safe alternative to traditional management in patients who refuse a cervical scar and the risk of paralysis of the facial nerve., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/gs.2020.02.04). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2020 Gland Surgery. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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38. Cohesion of Cortical Language Networks During Word Processing Is Predicted by a Common Polymorphism in the SETBP1 Gene.
- Author
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Rakhlin N, Landi N, Lee M, Magnuson JS, Naumova OY, Ovchinnikova IV, and Grigorenko EL
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Brain diagnostic imaging, Child, Cognition, Electroencephalography, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Language, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Russia, Brain physiopathology, Carrier Proteins genetics, Language Development Disorders genetics, Language Development Disorders physiopathology, Nuclear Proteins genetics
- Abstract
The etiological mechanisms of the genetic underpinnings of developmental language disorder (DLD) are unknown, in part due to the behavioral heterogeneity of the disorder's manifestations. In this study, we explored an association between the SETBP1 gene (18q21.1), revealed in a genome-wide association study of DLD in a geographically isolated population, and brain network-based endophenotypes of functional intracortical coherence between major language-related brain areas. We analyzed electroencephalogram (EEG) data from thirty-nine children (twenty-three with, sixteen without DLD) aged 7.17-15.83 years acquired during an auditory picture-word matching paradigm. Variation at a single nucleotide polymorphism in the intronic region of the SETBP1 gene, rs8085464, explained 19% of the variance in intracortical network cohesion (p = .00478). This suggests that the development of these brain networks might be partially associated with the variation in SETBP1., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
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- 2020
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39. Anatomical-based classification for transoral lateral oropharyngectomy.
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De Virgilio A, Kim SH, Magnuson JS, Holsinger C, Remacle M, Lawson G, Wang CC, Mercante G, Malvezzi L, Iocca O, Di Maio P, Ferreli F, Pellini R, and Spriano G
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Pharynx pathology, Robotic Surgical Procedures, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms surgery, Pharynx surgery
- Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the study is proposing a classification of different transoral lateral oropharyngectomy procedures in order to ensure better definitions of post-operative results., Methods: The classification resulted from the consensus of the different authors and was based on anatomical-surgical principles., Results: The classification comprises three types of lateral oropharyngectomy: type 1 is the resection of the palatine tonsil deep to the pharyngobasilar fascia; type 2 is performed by removing the entire palatine tonsil, the palatoglossus muscle, the palatopharyngeal muscle and the superior constrictor muscle; type 3 is performed by removing the entire palatine tonsil, the palatoglossus muscle, the palatopharyngeal muscle, the superior constrictor muscle, the buccopharyngeal fascia with extension to the pterygoid muscle and parapharyngeal space fat content. Based on the extension of the dissection we can use the suffix A (soft palate), B (posterior pharyngeal wall), C (base of tongue) and D (retromolar trigone)., Conclusion: The proposed classification introduces a simple and easy to use categorization of transoral lateral oropharyngectomies into three classes. Resection extensions are easily described using suffixes., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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40. A Next-Generation Single-Port Robotic Surgical System for Transoral Robotic Surgery: Results From Prospective Nonrandomized Clinical Trials.
- Author
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Holsinger FC, Magnuson JS, Weinstein GS, Chan JYK, Starmer HM, Tsang RKY, Wong EWY, Rassekh CH, Bedi N, Hong SSY, Orosco R, O'Malley BW Jr, and Moore EJ
- Abstract
Importance: Transoral endoscopic head and neck surgery now plays an important role in the multidisciplinary management of oropharyngeal carcinoma. Previous generations of robotic surgical systems used a multiport system with a rigid stereo-endoscope and 2 wristed instruments that facilitated transoral robotic surgery., Objective: To evaluate a new single-port robotic surgical system in head and neck surgery prospectively through concurrent nonrandomized clinical trials., Design, Setting, and Participants: Two prospective clinical trials were conducted from December 16, 2016, to December 26, 2017, to assess the safety, feasibility, and performance of a flexible single-port robotic surgical system in 4 institutions, including 3 in the United States and 1 in Hong Kong. A total of 47 patients with tumors of the oropharynx were enrolled and underwent surgery. All patients were classified as having American Society of Anesthesiologists class I to III status and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status 0 to 1. An initial cohort of 7 patients underwent staging and endoscopic procedures for benign disease. The remaining 40 patients all had malignant tumors of the oropharynx., Main Outcomes and Measures: Safety was measured by the incidence of device-related serious adverse events. Feasibility and performance were measured by the conversion rate from the use of the single-port robotic surgical system to either open surgery or the use of any other transoral technology required to complete the planned procedure. Secondary end points of swallowing function and surgical margins were also measured., Results: All 47 patients (8 women and 39 men; mean [SD] age, 61 [8] years) safely underwent transoral resection with the single-port robotic surgical system without conversion to open surgery, laser surgery, or multiport robotic surgery. There were no intraoperative complications or device-related serious adverse events. Mean (SD) estimated intraoperative blood loss per procedure was 15.4 (23.9) mL; no patients received a transfusion. Two patients underwent a planned tracheotomy owing to medical comorbidity (previous chemoradiotherapy; obesity and severe sleep apnea). Two patients (4%) had grade III or IV postoperative hemorrhage, requiring a return to the operating room; however, both patients had medical comorbidities requiring the use of antithrombotic medication. The incidence of positive margins for patients with oropharyngeal malignancy was 3% (1 of 40). Within 30 days, 45 patients (96%) were eating by mouth and without the need for a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube., Conclusions and Relevance: This study describes the results of phase 2 clinical testing of a next-generation, robotic surgical system using a single-port architecture. The use of the device appears to be feasible, safe, and effective for transoral robotic surgery of oropharyngeal tumors., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT03010813 and NCT03049280.
- Published
- 2019
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41. Individual differences in subphonemic sensitivity and phonological skills.
- Author
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Li MYC, Braze D, Kukona A, Johns CL, Tabor W, Van Dyke JA, Mencl WE, Shankweiler DP, Pugh KR, and Magnuson JS
- Abstract
Many studies have established a link between phonological abilities (indexed by phonological awareness and phonological memory tasks) and typical and atypical reading development. Individuals who perform poorly on phonological assessments have been mostly assumed to have underspecified (or "fuzzy") phonological representations, with typical phonemic categories, but with greater category overlap due to imprecise encoding. An alternative posits that poor readers have overspecified phonological representations, with speech sounds perceived allophonically (phonetically distinct variants of a single phonemic category). On both accounts, mismatch between phonological categories and orthography leads to reading difficulty. Here, we consider the implications of these accounts for online speech processing. We used eye tracking and an individual differences approach to assess sensitivity to subphonemic detail in a community sample of young adults with a wide range of reading-related skills. Subphonemic sensitivity inversely correlated with meta-phonological task performance, consistent with overspecification.
- Published
- 2019
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42. Universal Features in Phonological Neighbor Networks.
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Brown KS, Allopenna PD, Hunt WR, Steiner R, Saltzman E, McRae K, and Magnuson JS
- Abstract
Human speech perception involves transforming a countinuous acoustic signal into discrete linguistically meaningful units (phonemes) while simultaneously causing a listener to activate words that are similar to the spoken utterance and to each other. The Neighborhood Activation Model posits that phonological neighbors (two forms [words] that differ by one phoneme) compete significantly for recognition as a spoken word is heard. This definition of phonological similarity can be extended to an entire corpus of forms to produce a phonological neighbor network (PNN). We study PNNs for five languages: English, Spanish, French, Dutch, and German. Consistent with previous work, we find that the PNNs share a consistent set of topological features. Using an approach that generates random lexicons with increasing levels of phonological realism, we show that even random forms with minimal relationship to any real language, combined with only the empirical distribution of language-specific phonological form lengths, are sufficient to produce the topological properties observed in the real language PNNs. The resulting pseudo-PNNs are insensitive to the level of lingustic realism in the random lexicons but quite sensitive to the shape of the form length distribution. We therefore conclude that "universal" features seen across multiple languages are really string universals, not language universals, and arise primarily due to limitations in the kinds of networks generated by the one-step neighbor definition. Taken together, our results indicate that caution is warranted when linking the dynamics of human spoken word recognition to the topological properties of PNNs, and that the investigation of alternative similarity metrics for phonological forms should be a priority.
- Published
- 2018
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43. TISK 1.0: An easy-to-use Python implementation of the time-invariant string kernel model of spoken word recognition.
- Author
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You H and Magnuson JS
- Subjects
- Humans, Behavioral Research methods, Computer Simulation, Recognition, Psychology, Software, Speech Perception
- Abstract
This article describes a new Python distribution of TISK, the time-invariant string kernel model of spoken word recognition (Hannagan et al. in Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 563, 2013). TISK is an interactive-activation model similar to the TRACE model (McClelland & Elman in Cognitive Psychology, 18, 1-86, 1986), but TISK replaces most of TRACE's reduplicated, time-specific nodes with theoretically motivated time-invariant, open-diphone nodes. We discuss the utility of computational models as theory development tools, the relative merits of TISK as compared to other models, and the ways in which researchers might use this implementation to guide their own research and theory development. We describe a TISK model that includes features that facilitate in-line graphing of simulation results, integration with standard Python data formats, and graph and data export. The distribution can be downloaded from https://github.com/maglab-uconn/TISK1.0 .
- Published
- 2018
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44. Interaction in Spoken Word Recognition Models: Feedback Helps.
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Magnuson JS, Mirman D, Luthra S, Strauss T, and Harris HD
- Abstract
Human perception, cognition, and action requires fast integration of bottom-up signals with top-down knowledge and context. A key theoretical perspective in cognitive science is the interactive activation hypothesis: forward and backward flow in bidirectionally connected neural networks allows humans and other biological systems to approximate optimal integration of bottom-up and top-down information under real-world constraints. An alternative view is that online feedback is neither necessary nor helpful; purely feed forward alternatives can be constructed for any feedback system, and online feedback could not improve processing and would preclude veridical perception. In the domain of spoken word recognition, the latter view was apparently supported by simulations using the interactive activation model, TRACE, with and without feedback: as many words were recognized more quickly without feedback as were recognized faster with feedback, However, these simulations used only a small set of words and did not address a primary motivation for interaction: making a model robust in noise. We conducted simulations using hundreds of words, and found that the majority were recognized more quickly with feedback than without. More importantly, as we added noise to inputs, accuracy and recognition times were better with feedback than without. We follow these simulations with a critical review of recent arguments that online feedback in interactive activation models like TRACE is distinct from other potentially helpful forms of feedback. We conclude that in addition to providing the benefits demonstrated in our simulations, online feedback provides a plausible means of implementing putatively distinct forms of feedback, supporting the interactive activation hypothesis.
- Published
- 2018
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45. Neural representations for newly learned words are modulated by overnight consolidation, reading skill, and age.
- Author
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Landi N, Malins JG, Frost SJ, Magnuson JS, Molfese P, Ryherd K, Rueckl JG, Mencl WE, and Pugh KR
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Association Learning physiology, Brain diagnostic imaging, Brain Mapping, Humans, Individuality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pattern Recognition, Visual physiology, Semantics, Sleep physiology, Young Adult, Brain physiology, Memory Consolidation physiology, Psycholinguistics, Reading, Speech Perception physiology, Vocabulary
- Abstract
Word learning depends not only on efficient online binding of phonological, orthographic and lexical information, but also on consolidation of new word representations into permanent lexical memory. Work on word learning under a variety of contexts indicates that reading and language skill impact facility of word learning in both print and speech. In addition, recent research finds that individuals with language impairments show deficits in both initial word form learning and in maintaining newly learned representations over time, implicating mechanisms associated with maintenance that may be driven by deficits in overnight consolidation. Although several recent studies have explored the neural bases of overnight consolidation of newly learned words, no extant work has examined individual differences in overnight consolidation at the neural level. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by investigating how individual differences in reading and language skills modulate patterns of neural activation associated with newly learned words following a period of overnight consolidation. Specifically, a community sample of adolescents and young adults with significant variability in reading and oral language (vocabulary) ability were trained on two spoken artificial lexicons, one in the evening on the day before fMRI scanning and one in the morning just prior to scanning. Comparisons of activation between words that were trained and consolidated vs. those that were trained but not consolidated revealed increased cortical activation in a number of language associated and memory associated regions. In addition, individual differences in age, reading skill and vocabulary modulated learning rate in our artificial lexicon learning task and the size of the cortical consolidation effect in the precuneus/posterior cingulate, such that older readers and more skilled readers had larger cortical consolidation effects in this learning-critical region. These findings suggest that age (even into late adolescence) and reading and language skills are important individual differences that affect overnight consolidation of newly learned words. These findings have significant implications for understanding reading and language disorders and should inform pedagogical models., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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46. Individual differences in decoding skill, print exposure, and cortical structure in young adults.
- Author
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Johns CL, Jahn AA, Jones HR, Kush D, Molfese PJ, Van Dyke JA, Magnuson JS, Tabor W, Mencl WE, Shankweiler DP, and Braze D
- Abstract
This exploratory study investigated relations between individual differences in cortical grey matter structure and young adult readers' cognitive profiles. Whole-brain analyses revealed neuroanatomical correlations with word and nonword reading ability (decoding), and experience with printed matter. Decoding was positively correlated with grey matter volume (GMV) in left superior temporal sulcus, and thickness (GMT) in right superior temporal gyrus. Print exposure was negatively correlated with GMT in left inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis) and left fusiform gyrus (including the visual word form area). Both measures also correlated with supramarginal gyrus (SMG), but in spatially distinct subregions: decoding was positively associated with GMV in left anterior SMG, and print exposure was negatively associated with GMT in left posterior SMG. Our comprehensive approach to assessment both confirms and refines our understanding of the novel relation between the structure of pSMG and proficient reading, and unifies previous research relating cortical structure and reading skill.
- Published
- 2018
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47. Breaking Down the Bilingual Cost in Speech Production.
- Author
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Sadat J, Martin CD, Magnuson JS, Alario FX, and Costa A
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Speech Production Measurement, Young Adult, Language, Multilingualism, Speech, Vocabulary
- Abstract
Bilinguals have been shown to perform worse than monolinguals in a variety of verbal tasks. This study investigated this bilingual verbal cost in a large-scale picture-naming study conducted in Spanish. We explored how individual characteristics of the participants and the linguistic properties of the words being spoken influence this performance cost. In particular, we focused on the contributions of lexical frequency and phonological similarity across translations. The naming performance of Spanish-Catalan bilinguals speaking in their dominant and non-dominant language was compared to that of Spanish monolinguals. Single trial naming latencies were analyzed by means of linear mixed models accounting for individual effects at the participant and item level. While decreasing lexical frequency was shown to increase naming latencies in all groups, this variable by itself did not account for the bilingual cost. In turn, our results showed that the bilingual cost disappeared when naming words with high phonological similarity across translations. In short, our results show that frequency of use can play a role in the emergence of the bilingual cost, but that phonological similarity across translations should be regarded as one of the most important variables that determine the bilingual cost in speech production. Low phonological similarity across translations yields worse performance in bilinguals and promotes the bilingual cost in naming performance. The implications of our results for the effect of phonological similarity across translations within the bilingual speech production system are discussed., (Copyright © 2015 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.)
- Published
- 2016
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48. The real-time prediction and inhibition of linguistic outcomes: Effects of language and literacy skill.
- Author
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Kukona A, Braze D, Johns CL, Mencl WE, Van Dyke JA, Magnuson JS, Pugh KR, Shankweiler DP, and Tabor W
- Subjects
- Adult, Aptitude, Comprehension, Computer Systems, Eye Movements physiology, Female, Humans, Individuality, Male, Reading, Language, Literacy, Psycholinguistics
- Abstract
Recent studies have found considerable individual variation in language comprehenders' predictive behaviors, as revealed by their anticipatory eye movements during language comprehension. The current study investigated the relationship between these predictive behaviors and the language and literacy skills of a diverse, community-based sample of young adults. We found that rapid automatized naming (RAN) was a key determinant of comprehenders' prediction ability (e.g., as reflected in predictive eye movements to a white cake on hearing "The boy will eat the white…"). Simultaneously, comprehension-based measures predicted participants' ability to inhibit eye movements to objects that shared features with predictable referents but were implausible completions (e.g., as reflected in eye movements to a white but inedible white car). These findings suggest that the excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms that support prediction during language processing are closely linked with specific cognitive abilities that support literacy. We show that a self-organizing cognitive architecture captures this pattern of results., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Hemostatic Options for Transoral Robotic Surgery of the Pharynx and Base of Tongue.
- Author
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Crawford JA, Bahgat AY, White HN, and Magnuson JS
- Subjects
- Hemostatic Techniques, Humans, Blood Loss, Surgical prevention & control, Hemostasis, Surgical methods, Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures adverse effects, Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures methods, Pharyngeal Diseases surgery, Postoperative Hemorrhage etiology, Postoperative Hemorrhage prevention & control, Robotic Surgical Procedures adverse effects, Robotic Surgical Procedures instrumentation, Robotic Surgical Procedures methods, Tongue Diseases surgery
- Abstract
Surgery with transoral robotic surgery (TORS) offers significant advantages compared with traditional open surgical approaches and potentially minimizes the long-term side effects of organ preservation therapy with chemoradiation. Angled telescopes and wristed instruments allow visualization and access to areas of the pharynx that are difficult to reach with line-of-sight instrumentation. Although the application of TORS in head and neck surgery has expanded considerably, there are still only limited data available on the postoperative complications and their management. As further data become available, it is likely that further risk factors and treatment strategies will become available., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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50. Genome-Wide Association and Exome Sequencing Study of Language Disorder in an Isolated Population.
- Author
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Kornilov SA, Rakhlin N, Koposov R, Lee M, Yrigollen C, Caglayan AO, Magnuson JS, Mane S, Chang JT, and Grigorenko EL
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Language Disorders epidemiology, Middle Aged, Russia epidemiology, Young Adult, Exome genetics, Genome-Wide Association Study methods, Language Disorders diagnosis, Language Disorders genetics, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA methods
- Abstract
Background and Objective: Developmental language disorder (DLD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder associated with negative outcomes in different domains; the etiology of DLD is unknown. To investigate the genetic underpinnings of DLD, we performed genome-wide association and whole exome sequencing studies in a geographically isolated population with a substantially elevated prevalence of the disorder (ie, the AZ sample)., Methods: DNA samples were collected from 359 individuals for the genome-wide association study and from 12 severely affected individuals for whole exome sequencing. Multifaceted phenotypes, representing major domains of expressive language functioning, were derived from collected speech samples., Results: Gene-based analyses revealed a significant association between SETBP1 and complexity of linguistic output (P = 5.47 × 10(-7)). The analysis of exome variants revealed coding sequence variants in 14 genes, most of which play a role in neural development. Targeted enrichment analysis implicated myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2)-regulated genes in DLD in the AZ population. The main findings were successfully replicated in an independent cohort of children at risk for related disorders (n = 372)., Conclusions: MEF2-regulated pathways were identified as potential candidate pathways in the etiology of DLD. Several genes (including the candidate SETBP1 and other MEF2-related genes) seem to jointly influence certain, but not all, facets of the DLD phenotype. Even when genetic and environmental diversity is reduced, DLD is best conceptualized as etiologically complex. Future research should establish whether the signals detected in the AZ population can be replicated in other samples and languages and provide further characterization of the identified pathway., (Copyright © 2016 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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