Search

Magnesium chloride is a magnesium resource that is widely present in seawater and salt lakes. Therefore, the use of magnesium chloride is of great significance for the low-cost preparation of high-performance magnesium materials. In this work, mechanical ball milling was used for the preparation of magnesium oxide nanoparticles from magnesium chloride. Ball milling improves the unevenness of the reaction process and generates magnesium oxide with a more uniform particle size distribution. First, a magnesium chloride complex was obtained by heating and evaporating a mixture of magnesium chloride and ethanol with a mass ratio of 1:2 at 110 °C. Next, pure magnesium hydroxide with a smaller crystal size was obtained by ball milling the prepared magnesium chloride complex with calcium hydroxide at 600 rpm for 3 h. Finally, the magnesium hydroxide was calcined at 1000 °C for 60 min to obtain nano magnesium oxide particles with a particle size of 670 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is employed for fabricating alumina (Al 2 O 3)-based hydrogen barrier coatings, it becomes customary to enhance the adhesion strength by subjecting the deposited coating to high-temperature annealing. In this study, a functionally-graded Al 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 coating was designed by using the thermal stress module of Ansys software. The influence of different gradient composition distribution indices, number of layers, and layer thickness on the distribution of thermal stress was systematically investigated by simulation. Based on simulation results, the gradient parameters of the functionally-graded coating were determined as follows: a transition layer with three layers, each with a thickness of 0.13 mm; the first layer consisted of Al 2 O 3 to ZrO 2 ratio of 1:3, the second layer with a ratio of 1:1, and the third layer with a ratio of 3:1. Subsequently, the process parameters for EPD of Al 2 O 3 coating were optimized via experimental exploration. Under conditions of deposition time of 120 s, deposition voltage of 60 V, Al 2 O 3 concentration of 8 g L−1 in the electrophoretic solution, and magnesium chloride hexahydrate concentration of 0.6 g L−1, the as-fabricated Al 2 O 3 coating exhibited optimal hydrogen barrier performance. Finally, different proportions of ZrO 2 were sequentially incorporated into the prepared Al 2 O 3 coating to form functionally-graded materials (FGM). Thermal cycling experiments showed that the Al 2 O 3 coating with added ZrO 2 exhibited better stability at high temperatures. Regarding hydrogen barrier performance, the functionally-graded coating outperformed the non-functionally-graded coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal care committees remain ambiguous on the need for anesthetics during experimental procedures on invertebrate taxa due to long-standing questioning of their sentience and pain perception. When used, anesthetizing procedures for invertebrates have commonly been adapted from those developed for vertebrates, under the largely unverified assumption that they afford the same benefits. The present study formally tested the efficacy of four common anesthetics of aquatic invertebrates (ethanol, MgCl2, clove oil, MS-222) using behavioural (reaction to physical contact and presence of a predator), physiological (respiration rate), cellular (coelomocytes), and hormonal (cortisol) biomarkers in the holothuroid Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata). While subjects recovered from exposures to all anesthetics tested, their responses differed markedly. Ethanol did not immobilize the individuals and concurrently increased their respiration rate, and cellular and hormonal stress markers. MgCl2 and clove oil reduced the behavioural and physiological responses, and decreased the cellular markers, but increased the cortisol levels. Only MS-222 fully immobilized the treated individuals and decreased their respiration rate, both during exposure and throughout ulterior interactions with a predator, while keeping coelomocyte counts and cortisol concentrations at baseline levels. MS-222 thus appears to induce the loss of sensation, representing a promising anesthetic and sedative in soft-bodied aquatic invertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, we present a ligand-free nickel(II)-catalyzed halogen exchange of aromatic halides with magnesium chloride. This method effectively facilitates the retro-Finkelstein reaction for a wide range of aryl bromides, iodides and triflates, demonstrating excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies reveal that magnesium plays a crucial role in the challenging reductive elimination from Ni(II) intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron is a naturally occurring trace chemical element. High concentrations of boron in nature can adversely affect biological systems and cause severe pollution to the ecological environment. We examined a method to effectively remove boron ions from water systems using sugarcane bagasse biochar from agricultural waste with NH3 nanobubbles (10% NH3 and 90% N2). We studied the effects of the boron solution concentration, pH, and adsorption time on the adsorption of boron by the modified biochar. At the same time, the possibility of using magnesium chloride and NH3 nanobubbles to enhance the adsorption capacity of the biochar was explored. The carbonization temperature of sugarcane bagasse was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. It was characterized using XRD, SEM, and BET analysis. The boron adsorption results showed that, under alkaline conditions above pH 9, the adsorption capacity of the positively charged modified biochar was improved under the double-layer effect of magnesium ions and NH3 nanobubbles, because the boron existed in the form of negatively charged borate B(OH)4− anion groups. Moreover, cations on the NH3 nanobubble could adsorb the boron. When the NH3 nanobubbles with boron and the modified biochar with boron could coagulate each other, the boron was removed to a significant extent. Extended DLVO theory was adopted to model the interaction between the NH3 nanobubble and modified biochar. The boron adsorption capacity was 36 mg/g at room temperature according to a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorbed boron was investigated using FT-IR and XPS analysis. The ammonia could be removed using zeolite molecular sieves and heating. Boron in an aqueous solution can be removed via adsorption with modified biochar with NH3 nanobubbles and MgCl2 addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a magnesium-based biomolecule metal organic framework (MgGA Bio-MOF) has been synthesized using magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2.6H2O) as a metal cation and an edible linker gallic acid (GA, C6H2(OH)3CO2H) as a organic building unit in water under certain experimental conditions. Initially, MgGA Bio-MOF synthesis has been confirmed through spectroscopic and microscopic analysis techniques. Afterwards, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay has been performed to know the antioxidant activity of MOF. From the DPPH assay, it has been found that MgGA Bio-MOF possesses 70.4% scavenging activity. To proceed further, the drug release studies have been performed through IBU@MgGA Bio-MOF conjugate using UV- vis spectroscopy In investigation of drug release studies, we have observed 79% IBU released up to 150 min from IBU@MgGA Bio-MOF conjugate at neutral pH. After that, a constant absorbance has been observed, indicating the complete release of IBU. Overall, we found the selected BioMOF has excellent biological utility as an antioxidant agent as well as an anti-inflammatory drug carrier in line of its real-world applications Highlights: Synthesis of MgGA Bio-MOF has been performed under certain experimental conditions. Before exploring drug delivery applications, antioxidant properties of MgGA Bio-MOF have been investigated using DPPH assay in line of biological utility evaluation. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding between IBU and Bio-MOF has been confirmed spectroscopic analysis. IBU releases studies have been performed at neutral pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust is an important secondary resource containing metals, such as zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). Recovering Zn from EAF dust can contribute to resource recycling and reduce environmental impacts. However, the high chemical stability of ZnFe2O4 in EAF dust poses challenges to Zn recovery. To address this issue, a facile approach that involves oxygen-assisted chlorination using molten MgCl2 is proposed. This work focused on elucidating the role of O2 in the reaction between ZnFe2O4 and molten MgCl2. The results demonstrate that MgCl2 effectively broke down the ZnFe2O4 structure, and the high O2 atmosphere considerably promoted the separation of Zn from other components in the form of ZnCl2. The presence of O2 facilitated the formation of MgFe2O4, which stabilized Fe and prevented its chlorination. Furthermore, the excessive use of MgCl2 resulted in increased evaporation loss, and high temperatures promoted the rapid separation of Zn. Building on these findings, we successfully extracted ZnCl2-enriched volatiles from practical EAF dust through oxygen-assisted chlorination. Under optimized conditions, this method achieved exceptional Zn chlorination percentage of over 97% within a short period, while Fe chlorination remained below 1%. The resulting volatiles contained 85wt% of ZnCl2, which can be further processed to produce metallic Zn. The findings offer guidance for the selective recovery of valuable metals, particularly from solid wastes such as EAF dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tofu is obtained by heating soymilk, to which a coagulant, such as calcium sulfate or magnesium chloride, is added to make it curdle. This study aimed to parameterize the effects of the following three alternative organic coagulant types: apple, rice, and white vinegars, used in different proportions. Six treatments were established with three concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%), evaluating the coagulation time and curd yield. The treatments with the lowest coagulation time were analyzed for texture by TPA, color through the CIEL*a*b scale, protein content, and moisture. The results showed that the rice vinegar + 3% white vinegar (T6C3) treatment showed the lowest coagulation time (0.78 min). The 5% apple vinegar (T1C5) treatment provided the highest curd yield, averaging 23.73%. This treatment's protein and moisture contents were 3.93% protein and 69.73% moisture, confirming that better texture characteristics are recorded in tofu at lower pH values. The TPA results showed that using apple and rice vinegars as coagulants provided a challenging, less cohesive, more adhesive, and less elastic tofu. White vinegar provided a soft, more cohesive, less adhesive, and more elastic tofu. In the color analysis, it was observed that tofu coagulated with apple vinegar showed a tendency toward a yellow color, and tofu coagulated with rice and white vinegars showed a tendency toward a white color. These findings parameterize the effects of using each type of vinegar as a coagulant. These organic coagulants provide faster coagulation times and desirable texture characteristics, thus offering a practical alternative to traditional coagulants in tofu manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photocatalytic activity of g-C 3 N 4 can be enhanced through precise defect engineering. In this study, hierarchical porous g–C 3 N 4 –containing cyano groups and N vacancies was synthesized by thermally polymerizing dicyandiamide precursor in a hydrochloric acid solution of magnesium chloride. The resulting structure comprised crosslinked rod-shaped units with a high aspect ratio, facilitating efficient light transmission and absorption within the material. Furthermore, introducing N defects reduced the bandgap and optimized the electronic structure, thereby enhancing light absorption and exposing active sites effectively. The synergistic effects of N defects and the hierarchical porous structure disrupted the original electronic distribution of g-C 3 N 4 , leading to directional separation of photogenerated charge carriers and considerably enhancing hydrogen evolution performance. Consequently, the optimized hpCN X -0.05 sample exhibited markedly improved hydrogen evolution rates, achieving 1703.67 μmol g−1 h−1 under visible light irradiation, approximately 3.16 times higher than that of bulk g-C 3 N 4. Overall, this paper presents a promising strategy for synthesizing hierarchical porous g-C 3 N 4 with N defects to achieve highly efficient H 2 production. [Display omitted] • The concentration of N defects in g-C 3 N 4 can be tailored as required. • Hierarchical porous structure g-C 3 N 4 is constructed. • Synergistic effect of cyano group and N vacancy promotes the separation of photo-induced carriers. • The H 2 production of hpCN X -0.05 is 3.16 times higher than g-C 3 N 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium chloride hexahydrate is an important intermediate product in magnesite processing. In order to promote the efficient utilization of magnesite resources, based on the pyrolysis interval of magnesium chloride hexahydrate, the relationship between magnesium oxide with different physicochemical properties and the apparent properties of hydrated magnesium hydroxide was studied. The results show that the effect of temperature on magnesium oxide sintering is stronger than that of holding time. With the increase of calcination temperature and the extension of holding time of magnesium chloride hexahydrate, the calcined product magnesium oxide was sintered into large particle size with the characteristic particle size D50 of 33.89 μm. The crystal was distorted, the chemical activity deteriorated, and the color development time was up to 407 s. When hexahydrate magnesium chloride was calcined at 480 °C with 2 h, it decomposed almost completely. The product, magnesium oxide, consisted of uniformly distributed small coral rod-like particles with strong chemical reactivity and a color development time of 115 s. The particles were small and evenly distributed, with a characteristic particle size D50 of 1.36 μm, and the highest specific surface area reached 7.292 m2/g. The hydrated magnesium hydroxide particles had well-defined edges and corners, with a characteristic particle size D50 of 1.59 μm and a uniform particle size distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a lab-scale for closed thermochemical heat storage reactor design is performed for seasonal thermochemical energy storage using magnesium chloride hexahydrate based on dehydration and hydration processes. Firstly, the closed reactor and plate heat exchanger are studied. Then, reactor layout modifications are examined. The dehydration process is performed under 95°C. During hydration, plates' temperature ranges from 20°C to 30°C. The impact of adding zeolite13X-4A to magnesium chloride hexahydrate is examined. The addition of zeolite13X-4A to magnesium chloride hexahydrate of 1/4 mass ratio improves the hydration process and increases its efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being considered a paraphyletic group, the invertebrates are the most diverse group in the Animalia kingdom. The study of the morphology of these animals is fundamental in knowledge of ecology, habits, taxonomy and in applied research. Most commonly, conservation of invertebrates is done with a solution of 75–95% ethanol or 4–10% formalin. Plastination, a modern and innovative technique, promotes the replacement of tissue water with a curable polymer and produces non-toxic, dry, more resistant and easy-to-maintain specimens. However, the application of the technique to marine invertebrates for tissue conservation was not found in the literature. The objective of this work was to develop a plastination protocol for marine invertebrates, seeking to maintain the most natural appearance possible. In the study, 94 marine invertebrates from different phyla were used and the protocol was followed: anesthesia with magnesium chloride, fixation with 5% formalin, dehydration in pure acetone, impregnation with silicone at room temperature and application of the catalyst to curing the polymer. In general, after plastination, the 94 processed invertebrates were more resistant, durable, easier to handle and maintain, and without toxicity. No major changes in shape, size, or coloration were evident in the animals, except for porifera that lost their pigments and cnidarians that lost part of their volumes. The research results were excellent, with the production of high-quality material, enabling a wide range of applicability of the specimens, whether in the areas of education, research, or exposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studies of composite magnesium oxychloride iron-containing binders. The research is aimed at solving the problem of increasing operational durability and expanding the scope of application of magnesium materials. The purpose of the work is to study hydrate formation, hardening, and properties of composite magnesium binders with varying contents of iron compounds. Compositions of caustic magnesite (magnesium oxide) with iron oxides, with ferruginous minerals (andradite and pyrite), and with waste from the enrichment of magnetite ores have been studied. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the identification of patterns of hydration of magnesium oxychloride binder with a high content (at least 50%) of iron compounds. The mutual influence of magnesium and ferruginous components during hydration and formation of the binder structure has been established. Schemes for the formation of hydrates involving andradite and pyrite have been proposed. The qualitative composition of the main hydrates of composite binders was determined by diffractometric and differential thermal analysis methods. The microstructure of the materials was studied by electron microscopy. The structure of magnesium paste made from a composite binder is formed by crystals of magnesium pentahydroxychloride and amorphous gel-like iron-containing hydrates. In composite binders containing iron oxide or andradite, magnesium hydroxychlorocarbonate is formed. The dependence of the stability of magnesium hydroxychlorocarbonate on the content of magnesium oxide and chloride was revealed. The patterns of the influence of iron compounds on the hydration and hardening of magnesium oxide form the basis for the development of a composite binder containing 50%–70% magnetite ore enrichment waste. A composite binder containing a ferrous man-made component is not inferior in strength properties to caustic magnesite and is characterized by high structural resistance to long-term operational impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tofu, a globally significant plant-based protein source, is traditionally produced using a variety of coagulants, including salts, acids, or enzymes, each of which influences its texture, yield, and nutritional quality. Understanding the role of these coagulants is crucial for optimizing tofu production and enhancing its commercial appeal. This study aimed to investigate the effects of magnesium chloride (MgCl2), glucono-δ-lactone (GDL), and their combination (GDL+MgCl2) on the physicochemical properties and digestibility of tofu. Results indicated that tofu made with GDL showed the highest yield (700.0 ± 10.0 g) but the lowest water retention (41.0 ± 7.5%) and the highest cooking loss (32.0 ± 3.0%). In contrast, tofu produced with MgCl2 exhibited superior water holding capacity (92.2 ± 4.6%) and lower cooking loss (3.4 ± 0.2%). The combination of GDL and MgCl2 synergistically improved water retention and reduced cooking loss to 1.5 ± 0.2%. Electrophoresis analysis revealed that the combined coagulant enhanced protein retention in tofu. During digestion, GDL + MgCl2 tofu showed higher soluble protein and peptide content than tofu prepared with single coagulants, suggesting improved protein breakdown and bioavailability. These findings underscore the significance of coagulant selection in optimizing tofu quality and suggest that composite coagulants can improve physicochemical characteristics and protein digestibility. Future research should consider in vivo studies to validate these findings, further optimize coagulant concentrations, and explore the long-term health benefits of tofu made with composite coagulants. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving tofu quality and advancing the tofu production industry through composite coagulant application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structures of magnesium chloride dimer-water clusters, (MgCl2)2(H2O)n−/0, were investigated with size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations to understand the dissolution of magnesium chloride in water. The most stable structures were confirmed by comparing vertical detachment energies (VDEs) with the experimental measurements. A dramatic drop of VDE at n = 3 has been observed in the experiment, which is in accordance with the structural change of (MgCl2)2(H2O)n−. Compared to the neutral clusters, the excess electron induces two significant phenomena in (MgCl2)2(H2O)n−. First, the planar D2h geometry can be converted into a C3v structure at n = 0, making the Mg–Cl bonds easier to be broken by water molecules. More importantly, a negative charge-transfer-to-solvent process occurs after adding three water molecules (i.e., at n = 3), which leads to an obvious deviation in the evolution of the clusters. Such electron transfer behavior was noticed at n = 1 in monomer MgCl2(H2O)n−, indicating that the dimerization between two MgCl2 molecules can make the cluster more capable of binding electron. In neutral (MgCl2)2(H2O)n, this dimerization provides more sites for the added water molecules, which can stabilize the entire cluster and maintain its initial structure. Specifically, filling the coordination number to be 6 for Mg atoms can be seen as a link between structural preferences in the dissolution of the monomers, dimers, and extended bulk-state of MgCl2. This work represents an important step forward into fully understanding the solvation of MgCl2 crystals and other multivalent salt oligomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterogeneity of natural rocks complicates the study of carbon sequestration within these materials and raises concerns about the reproducibility of experimental results. Consequently, identifying appropriate rock-like materials has become critical. This research examined the impact of various factors—humidity, binder content, curing period, and cold pressure—on the bond strength of magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) through orthogonal testing. The tests utilized a molar ratio of MgO to MgCl2-6H2O to H2O of 7:1:18. Both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to analyze the hydration reactions of MOC and to explore the correlation between the microstructure of the SiO2-MgO-MgCl2 system and its bonding characteristics. The findings indicated that a 5% relative humidity enhances the 7-day bond strength of MOC. Moreover, increasing the curing humidity to 60% relative humidity supports the ongoing hydration of the strength-contributing phases. A binder content ranging from 15% to 25% proved optimal, yielding samples with superior strength and stiffness. While cold pressing initially enhances the bonding properties of MOC, solution loss during the process adversely affects its long-term bonding characteristics. From a mechanical standpoint, the silica-magnesium oxide-magnesium chloride system demonstrates exceptional early strength and resilience, positioning it as a promising rock-like material system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are health concerns with regard to the consumption of sodium. Excessive consumption of sodium is suspected to cause high blood pressure, among other things. Therefore, sodium should be reduced or replaced during the production of food. In the present study, in the first part, raw fermented sausages from pork and turkey meat, produced with reduced NaCl concentrations, were investigated. In a second part, the salts, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, and calcium chloride were added to the sausages, replacing 50% of NaCl. To elucidate, if the reduction or replacement influences the quality of the sausages, physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the products were analyzed. The data show that a reduction of sodium chloride partly influences the hardness and water activity results of raw fermented sausages, made from pork and turkey meat, the redness and nitrite content of the pork sausages, and the ripening losses and total viable counts of the turkey products. Raw fermented sausages with potassium, magnesium, and calcium as partial substitutes for sodium had differing water activity, pH, hardness, and microbiological results using pork and differing pH, hardness, and microbiological results using turkey meat. A bactericidal effect was observed in raw fermented sausages with calcium chloride in inoculation tests with Listeria monocytogenes due to the pH reduction due to calcium. The results indicate that reduction and replacement of NaCl can influence the final products. Therefore, the producers should carefully evaluate before alteration the NaCl content, if this change influences the product acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing magnesium chloride (MgCl2) in the ammonia method to prepare magnesium hydroxide (MH) flame retardant products holds significant importance. This study introduces a novel approach for MH preparation, leveraging atomization technology to enhance the ammonia method. An experimental device for atomization-enhanced MH synthesis was developed. Atomization technology alters the reaction scale of the original reactor, generating microscale droplets that diminish the macroscopic reaction scale to the microscale. Computational fluid dynamics simulations demonstrate that adjusting gas and liquid supply pressures effectively enhances atomization performance. Optimal atomization is achieved at a gas supply pressure of 0.3 MPa and liquid supply flow rate of 60 l/h, producing micrometer-level droplets. Experimental results reveal sharp x-ray diffraction diffraction peaks in the transformed MH product, exhibiting a smooth substrate, high intensity, absence of impurities, and high purity. The MH conversion rate peaks at 76.2%. This study pioneers a novel avenue for future nanomaterial reactor development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel composite coagulant, magnetic polymerized ferric magnesium chloride (MPFMC), was prepared based on traditional inorganic coagulants of polymeric ferric chloride (PFC). It was used to remove polystyrene (PS), a major component of microplastics that is easily suspended in water. The distribution of Fe species under different preparation conditions was investigated, and the physical and chemical properties of MPFMC were characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and VSM. The effects of dosage, pH and temperature on the removal of PS by MPFMC and the floc structures were also investigated. PS removal was maximized when n(Fe) : n(Mg) = 4 : 1, n(OH)/n(Fe + Mg) = 0.4 and MFe3O4 : MFe = 2 : 1. The content of Fe(b), the most critical component of the iron salt coagulant, increased compared with that of PFC after the introduction of appropriate amounts of magnesium salt and Fe3O4. In addition, MPFMC has a wide adaptability to pH and temperature. When the dosage of MPFMC was 0.12 mmol L−1 (pH of 4.5–9.5, temperature of 19–34 °C, rapid stirring at 300 rpm for 2 min, slow stirring at 100 rpm for 10 min, and external magnetic field settling for 10 min), the coagulation performance was excellent, and the removal of PS was greater than 85%. The fractal dimension peak value of the flocs formed reached 1.87, and the floc structure was dense. In conclusion, the modification of introducing magnetic particles and magnesium salt into PFC has proven to be an effective strategy for improving the removal efficiency of microplastics by iron salt coagulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of distributed fiber optic strain and temperature measurement can be utilized to address a multitude of measurement tasks across a diverse range of fields, particularly in the context of structural health monitoring in the domains of building construction, civil engineering, and special foundation engineering. However, a comprehensive understanding of the influences on the measurement method and the sensors is essential to prevent misinterpretations or measurement deviations. In this context, this study investigated the effects of moisture exposure, including various salt solutions and a high pH value, on a distributed strain measurement using Rayleigh backscattering. Three fiber optic sensors with different coating materials and one uncoated fiber were exposed to five different solutions for 24 h. The study revealed significant discrepancies (∼38%) in deformation between the three coating types depending on the surrounding solution. Furthermore, in contrast to the prevailing literature, which predominantly describes swelling effects, a negative deformation (∼−47 μ ε ) was observed in a magnesium chloride solution. The findings of this study indicate that corresponding effects can impact the precision of measurement, potentially leading to misinterpretations. Conversely, these effects could be used to conduct large-scale monitoring of chemical components using distributed fiber optic sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examined differences between modified and non-modified binders regarding corundum brick cracking and strength variations pre and post-modification. Comparing samples treated with magnesium chloride hexahydrate at 200 °C before and after modification highlighted the importance of basic magnesium chloride in filling corundum gaps and aiding dehydration, affecting initial strength. The transformation from the 518 phase (5 Mg(OH) 2 ·MgCl 2 ·8H 2 O) to magnesium chlorocarbonate phase (Mg 2 CO 3 (OH)Cl·2H 2 O) enlarged grain size, explaining later-stage strength differences in hydration. TEM analysis after FIB fixed-point cutting of the cracked site of the ninth-day hydrated corundum brick sample indicated that the significant mismatch in lattice spacing between the magnesium chlorocarbonate phase and corundum resulted in the generation of a large number of misfit dislocations at the binding site. Additionally, the transformation from the 518 phase to the magnesium chlorocarbonate phase generated numerous dislocations during structural transformation. The internal stress generated by hydration pushes these dislocations to form a stress field, causing the samples to crack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of reduction and/or partial replacement of sodium chloride with other chloride salts in pork ham. Calcium chloride, potassium chloride and magnesium chloride were selected at various contents and combinations. After processing, physico-chemical, microstructural, microbiological and sensory analyses were performed. The samples that showed acceptability in the sensory analysis were evaluated for pH, colour, aw, humidity, peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) during storage (10, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days). The reduction and/or replacement of NaCl in the tested proportions significantly affected (p < 0.05) the quality of physical parameters (texture and colour), chemicals (composition, TBARS and PV) and structure. The formulations with 10 g·kg-1 NaCl and 5 g·kg-1 KCl replacement provided the best results for the evaluated technological parameters, resulting in lower losses. The obtained structures were similar to the muscular structure, well-organised and with the formation of a protein network, they presented good sensory acceptability and characteristics very similar to those of the standard formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cortisol is a key stress biomarker in humans and animals, including fishes. In aquafarming, stress monitoring using cortisol quantification can help to optimize aquaculture practices for welfare and productivity enhancement. However, most current methods for cortisol detection rely on invasive tissue sampling. In this work, we developed a gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based cortisol sensor to address the demand of detecting picomolar ranges of cortisol from complex fish tank water matrices as a non-invasive alternative for more effective stress monitoring. We first identified a DNA aptamer with effective binding to cortisol and then conjugated the thiol-labelled aptamer to AuNPs together with a blocker molecule (CALNN) to form an Au-Apt-CALNN conjugate that is stable in fish tank water. The cortisol detection principle is based on magnesium chloride (MgCl2)-induced particle aggregation, where the cortisol-bound aptamer on the AuNPs folds into a tertiary structure and provides greater protection for Au-Apt-CALNN against MgCl2-induced aggregation due to steric stabilization. At an optimum MgCl2 concentration, the differential stability of particles with and without cortisol binding offers a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 pM for cortisol within a 35 min reaction. The aptasensor has been validated on recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) fish tank water samples by the HPLC method and was able to detect changes in water cortisol induced by two different stress paradigms. This on-site deployable and non-invasive sensor offers opportunities for more efficient and real-time fish stress monitoring for the optimization of aquaculture practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of ultrasound (us) for the determination of main component (NaCl) and main admixtures (CaCl2, MgCl2) of natural brine was investigated. The NaCl content was determined using us of ultrahigh frequency (10 to 25 MHz with the optimum at 20–22 MHz) and of 20 W·cm−2 intensity. The admixture concentrations were determined with the simultaneous application of us of ultrahigh (10–25 MHz) and low (18–23 kHz) frequencies at intensities of 20 and 1.3–1.5 W·cm−2, respectively. This approach reduced the lower determination boundary down to 0.1 g·dm−3, i.e., by a factor of 5. An analytical routine of complex determination of sodium chloride and macroimpurities content in brines of different origin was developed using sonoluminescence spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Darbhanga district has many highly productive wetlands, which are rich in flora and fauna and hold significance from the biodiversity. Maran Chaur, is one of them. The present investigation was undertaken to find the status of physicochemical parameters and zooplankton in the Maran Chaur. Monthly changes in physico-chemical parameters such as Temperature (ÚC), pH, Turbidity, TDS, Transparency, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Dissolved Oxygen, Free CO2, Nitrate, Chloride and Magnesium were analyzed for a period of one year from August 2020 to July 2021. All parameters were within the permissible limits. The maximum total zooplankton abundance (18%) was found in November and the minimum (10%) in June. The zooplankton population shows a positive significant correlation with physico-chemical parameters like, temperature, alkalinity, phosphate, hardness and biological oxygen demand, whereas negatively correlated with rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride (PAMC) flocculant was prepared from gangue as a raw material, and the effects of pH, the polymerization time, and the polymerization temperature on the performance of the PAMC were investigated by a one-factor test, based on which, orthogonal experiments (three-factor and two-level) were conducted to optimize the relevant parameters. Meanwhile, FTIR and SEM were used to characterize the polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride, and the sample was applied in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment. The results showed that a pH value of 2.2 and a reaction at 60 °C for 4.5 h were the optimal preparation conditions; the characterization analysis showed that the synthesized product was polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride; the turbidity removal rate of the PAMC for printing and dyeing wastewater was increased by 2.1%, the COD removal rate was increased by 3.1%, the ammonia nitrogen removal rate was increased by 2.1%, and the chromaticity removal rate was increased by 9.2% compared with that of PAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the properties of a binder based on high-calcium fly ash and silica fume with a complex additive consisting of calcium nitrate and magnesium chloride. The strength characteristics, the characteristics of the hydration process, and the phase composition of the hydration products of the binder were investigated. Silica fume was used to suppress the expansion of fly ash during hydration. A complex additive (CA) consisting of Ca(NO3)2 and MgCl2 provided a higher strength of binder than each of these salts separately. When testing a mortar with sand, the CA additive ensured that the strength of the specimens was 43.5% higher than the strength of the mortar with the addition of Ca(NO3)2 and 7.5% higher than the strength of the mortar with the MgCl2 additive. Calcium nitrate greatly accelerated the process of heat release in the first 60 min of binder hydration, and subsequently, conversely, slowed it down. The addition of MgCl2 gave a significantly greater thermal effect than Ca(NO3)2. When the two salts acted together, even a small fraction of magnesium chloride (0.2 of CA) compensated for the retarding effect of calcium nitrate and provided heat release for the binder that was almost as good as that of MgCl2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sintering red mud (SRM) is an industrial alkaline waste residue generated from the sintering process in alumina production, which is often directly discarded and causes environmental issues. In this study, an innovative magnesium-modified wet carbonation method was proposed to convert sintering red mud to valuable calcium carbonate whiskers using CO 2 -containing flue gas. The effects of carbonation conditions including temperature, MgCl 2 concentration, and duration on the composition, microstructure, and morphology of carbonated products were systematically investigated. It was found that a high whisker content of 60% with an aspect ratio of ∼6 could be obtained under the optimal conditions of 80 °C, 0.4 M MgCl 2 , and 2 h reaction time. Besides the formation of whiskers, amorphous aluminosilicate gel was also generated during SRM carbonation. The effects of the as-prepared whisker-rich materials as partial cement replacement on the mechanical properties of cement paste were evaluated with 5 wt% replacement, the 28 d compressive strength was significantly improved by 20.5% compared to the control specimen. The effective reinforcement was ascribed to the fibrous whiskers and enhanced interfacial bonding. This method enables high-value utilization of SRM waste and CO 2 fixation, providing a green and low-cost approach to producing high-performance cementitious materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, magnesium Selenide (MgSe) thin films were synthesized on glass substrate using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method for thermoelectric power generation. After cleaning of glass substrate, selenium powder was dissolved in nitric acid to produce SeO 2 and magnesium chloride was then introduced as the source of magnesium. Both SeO 2 and MgCl 2 were dissolved in 100 ml of dI water and later, these solutions were unified gradually. After that, the cleaned glass substrates were placed in the solution, while keeping the reaction temperature constant at 50o C for the deposition durations of 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. A number of characterization techniques, namely X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were performed for structural and surface analysis of grown thin films. The effect of deposition time duration on the thermoelectric properties was investigated in depth using the Seebeck and Hall systems. It was found that the values of the Seebeck coefficient and power factor obey the increasing trend with maximum values 196.93 μV/K and 21.5 × 10−8 W/mK2 respectively. These observed values are seems to be the highest values for magnesium selenide thin film ever reported in the literature according to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, we have concluded that MgSe thin films supposed to be emerging material for thermoelectric power generation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "desolvation inability" is proposed in order to describe the alteration of the original chemical structure of a solute ("decomposition") prior to the solvent's full removal upon the heating of the solvate. This behavior has been sporadically reported; however, it is much more frequent, and it is the basis of various, seemingly unrelated, effects/processes, e.g., the vinegar syndrome of cellulose acetate cinematographic films, in thermal energy storage. An explanation and a criterion/index for the prediction of this behavior are provided based on the comparison of the Gibbs free energies of decomposition and desolvation. A new approach for the expression of the Gibbs free energy of desolvation is proposed by reversing the roles of the solute and solvent and by regarding water as the solute rather than as the solvent, while the solute is treated as a solid solvent. This approach results in lower solvation/desolvation Gibbs free energy values. Based on the above, the experimentally observed thermal behavior of three inorganic hydrates is predicted and explained. Theoretically and experimentally, it is supported that decomposition is possible at sub-zero (°C) temperatures and the regarded simultaneous drying and protection of heat-sensitive substances by freeze-drying, at least in some cases, e.g., for the case of gallic acid, is an unverified myth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopharmaceutical products, in particular messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), have the potential to dramatically improve the quality of life for patients suffering from respiratory and infectious diseases, rare genetic disorders, and cancer. However, the quality and safety of such products are particularly critical for patients and require close scrutiny. Key product-related impurities, such as fragments and aggregates, among others, can significantly reduce the efficacy of mRNA therapies. In the present work, the possibilities offered by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) for the characterization of mRNA samples were explored using state-of-the-art ultra-wide pore columns with average pore diameters of 1000 and 2500 Å. Our investigation shows that a column with 1000 Å pores proved to be optimal for the analysis of mRNA products, whatever the size between 500 and 5000 nucleotides (nt). We also studied the influence of mobile phase composition and found that the addition of 10 mM magnesium chloride (MgCl2) can be beneficial in improving the resolution and recovery of large size variants for some mRNA samples. We demonstrate that caution should be exercised when increasing column length or decreasing the flow rate. While these adjustments slightly improve resolution, they also lead to an apparent increase in the amount of low-molecular-weight species (LMWS) and monomer peak tailing, which can be attributed to the prolonged residence time inside the column. Finally, our optimal SEC method has been successfully applied to a wide range of mRNA products, ranging from 1000 to 4500 nt in length, as well as mRNA from different suppliers and stressed/unstressed samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the molten salt electrolysis of magnesium production, water in the magnesium chloride (MgCl2) feedstock poses significant interference, reducing the current efficiency. Employing rare earth chlorides (RECl3) to assist in dehydrating MgCl2 and producing Mg-RE master alloys emerges as an effective strategy. This study investigated the transformation process in the hydrolysis reaction of low-hydrate MgCl2 within the molten salt, examining the electrochemical activity of its hydrolysis products using Cyclic voltammetry (CV). Additionally, a thermodynamic analysis of the reaction between hydrolyzate MgO and RECl3 was performed at electrolysis temperatures. By integrating CV and Square wave voltammetry (SWV) with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the study explored the alterations in the electrochemically active components of the molten salt system following the addition of RECl3 to the KCl-NaCl molten salt containing MgO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was performed on the stress corrosion cracking of F304 stainless steel immersed in boiling magnesium chloride solution. Earlier, the Stress Corrosion Cracking behaviour (SCC) of induced residual stress on F304 stainless steel has not been stated widely in the literature. Researchers have used different techniques to understand SCC behaviours. However, the ASTM G36 method is extensively used for SCC testing under U-bend. In this work, the residual stresses were induced by U-Bend, and then the SCC behaviour of F304 Stainless steel was observed in a chloride environment of boiling MgCl2.6 H2O. The combined effect of residual stress and corrosion environment were applied with the help of the U-bend technique. Further, the upper surface of the U-bend was focused on as an investigation area. XRD Stress Analyser measured the residual stresses. The selected spot of stress analysis was the upper surface, end of U-bend curvature, and lower end. Moreover, the heat treatment process was performed to reduce the effect of machining. The results reveal the SCC susceptibility, the magnitude of residual stresses, and elements composition around the cracked surfaces. Similarly, the study also highlights SCC behaviour under the influence of boiling magnesium chloride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncertainty surrounds the role of pH in tofu-like precipitate (TLP) formation using MgCl2. In this study, to clarify the role of MgCl2-induced pH decrease in TLP formation, the protein concentration in the supernatant, weight of wet precipitate, and the solubility in 2 M urea at constant pH (6.5 or 6.2) were measured using a buffer and comparing the buffering effect under variable pH conditions to the effect observed without buffer. Analysis of protein concentration in the supernatant showed no precipitation of soymilk proteins under stable pH conditions of 6.5. Wet precipitate formation varied substantially during TLP formation at three different pHs; the weight slightly increased with the increase in MgCl2 concentration up to 20 mM at a constant pH of 6.5. However, wet precipitation was substantially enhanced by MgCl2 (≥10 mM) at a constant pH of 6.2 but rapidly increased by MgCl2 (≥7 mM) under variable pH conditions. The protein concentrations and wet precipitate weight at 20 mM MgCl2 under constant pH conditions showed contrasting patterns. However, the weight of dry precipitate was almost the same under both constant pH (6.5 and 6.2) conditions. Urea solubility under constant and variable pH conditions differed; no urea-insoluble precipitates were produced under constant pH conditions. These results suggest that pH decrease is essential for bringing proteins closer together for MgCl2-mediated TLP formation. This study will aid in understanding the mechanisms underlying TLP formation and support further discovery of new coagulants for the effective production of new tofu-like and tofu-based foods.

The use of an appropriate amount of anesthetic can prevent the sacrifice of oysters during experimental sampling or seedling rearing. In this study, we assessed the effects of air exposure and three concentrations of magnesium chloride (10, 40, and 70 g L–1) on the anesthetic efficiency for Crassostrea hongkongensis. We examined the recuperative capacity of the oysters post-tissue sampling. The results indicated that 36 h of air exposure could significantly enhance the anesthetic efficiency of C. hongkongensis while ensuring the oysters’ survival. A 40 g L–1 solution of magnesium chloride had the optimal anesthetic effect on C. hongkongensis across all oyster sizes. In addition, smaller oysters (119.10 g) had a higher relaxation rate than larger oysters (191.00 g). The oysters anesthetized with 40 g L–1 magnesium chloride also demonstrated the best recovery. No deaths were observed among the non-anesthetized oysters, anesthetized-recovered oysters, or non-recovered oysters during a seven-day post-farming period. In terms of live sampling, the control group (100 %), gonad group (100 %), mantle group (98.67 %), gill group (89.33 %), and adductor muscle group (97.33 %) all showed high survival rates after anesthesia. Observation of tissue growth post-sampling revealed the presence of focal green areas in tissues between days 7 and 14. By day 30, the adductor muscle and mantle tissues had fully healed, and the regrown tissue in the gills had approached its original length. A 40 g L–1 magnesium chloride solution had no significant effects on gametes in terms of fertilization rate, growth rate, and attachment rate. The present findings indicated that C. hongkongensis could be effectively anesthetized using a 40 g L–1 magnesium chloride solution following 36 h of aerial exposure. Post-anesthesia tissue and gamete sampling did not result in significant mortality, and the tissues had fully recovered within 30 days post-sampling. The anesthesia did not have any adverse effects on the progeny.

Thermochemical processes used to produce clean hydrogen (H 2) on a large scale by utilizing renewable energy and nuclear power sources are considered one of the most environmentally friendly strategies. In this study, the neutronic performance and hydrogen production potential of the PACER fusion blanket have been investigated during the operation period. Firstly, neutronic calculations have been performed to produce an electrical energy of 1000 MW from fusion explosions of 8.36 TJ to be repeated every 40 min with Monte Carlo Calculation Method (MCNP). Minor actinide flouride (MA) fuel out of the nuclear waste of LWRs with volume fractions of 2% have been mixed homogenously in the Flibe coolant. Tritium breeding ratio (TBR) at startup is calculated as 1.27. TBR and energy multiplication factor (M) decrease gradually. TBR >1.05 can be kept over 7 years for a self-sustained reactor. The M due to higher fissionable fuel content in the molten salt computes as 3.3 at initial. The burn up exceeds ∼800 GWd/tM at the end of operation period. Secondly, the potential of hydrogen production for four step iron chloride (Fe–Cl) and three step magnesium chloride (Mg–Cl) thermochemical cycles of the hydrogen unit PACER fusion blanket. The ratio of thermal power (1 − ψ), total thermal power (P hpf) and rate of mass flow of hydrogen ( m ˙ H 2 ) depends on M for Fe–Cl, Mg–Cl (option I) and Mg–Cl (option II) thermochemical cycle have been presented. The ratio of thermal power (1 − ψ) for Fe–Cl, Mg–Cl (option I) and Mg–Cl (option II) have been obtained as 0.6494, 0.131 and 0.095 whereas, total thermal power (P hpf) have been computed as 5298.8, 3608.43 and 3488.925 MW, respectively, at start up. The produced of hydrogen amount for Fe–Cl, Mg–Cl (option I) and Mg–Cl (option II) have been calculated as ∼ 534.65; ∼1236.82 and ∼806.03 kg/year, respectively, at startup. • Burning value of the PACER computed as ∼800 GWd/tM. • Hydrogen production obtained as 12.82 (Fe–Cl) and 39.22 (Mg–Cl) kg/s. • Energy efficiency calculated as 45% (Fe–Cl) and 68% (Mg–Cl). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freeze-thaw cycles significantly impact construction by altering soil properties and stability, which can lead to delays and increased costs. While soil-stabilizing additives are vital for addressing these issues, stabilized soils remain susceptible to volume changes and structural alterations, ultimately reducing their strength after repeated freeze-thaw cycles. This study aims to introduce a different approach by employing magnesium chloride (MgCl2) as an antifreeze and soil stabilizer additive to enhance the freeze-thaw resilience of clay soils. We investigated the efficiency of MgCl2 solutions at concentrations of 4%, 9%, and 14% on soil by conducting tests such as Atterberg limits, standard proctor compaction, unconfined compression, and freeze-thaw cycles under extreme cold conditions (−10 °C and −20 °C), alongside microstructural analysis with SEM, XRD, and FTIR. The results showed that MgCl2 reduces the soil's liquid limit and plasticity index while enhancing its compressive strength and durability. Specifically, soil treated with a 14% MgCl2 solution maintained its volume and strength at −20 °C, with similar positive outcomes observed for samples treated with 14% and 9% MgCl2 solutions at −10 °C. This underlines MgCl2's potential to enhance soil stability during initial stabilization and, most importantly, preserve it under cyclic freeze-thaw stresses, offering a solution to improve construction practices in cold environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pyrolysis separation of calcium and magnesium from phosphate tailings is an important process due to its high-value resource utilization. In this paper, aiming to address the problems of high energy consumption, a slow decomposition rate and the low activity of decomposition products in the high-temperature pyrolysis of phosphate tailings, the medium-temperature pyrolysis of phosphate tailings under a H2O atmosphere was carried out, and the phase reconstruction and activation of pyrolysis process were discussed. The results showed that compared with N2, air and CO2 atmospheres, the pyrolysis process of phosphate tailings in a H2O atmosphere was changed from two stages to one stage, the starting decomposition temperature was reduced to 500 °C and the decomposition time was shortened to 30 min. The order of the influence of each factor on the pyrolysis of phosphate tailings was temperature > H2O pressure > holding time. Under the optimized pyrolysis conditions, the yield of CaMg(CO3)2 decomposition of phosphate tailings into MgO and CaO was 97.3% and 98.1%, respectively, and the reactivity of MgO was 31.6%. The distribution of Ca and Mg elements in the phosphate tailings after pyrolysis showed a negative correlation, and both of them no longer formed associated compounds; Ca mainly existed in the form of Ca(OH)2, Ca5(PO4)3F, CaSiO3 and CaF2, and Mg mainly existed in the form of MgO, MgF2 and Mg(OH)2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentrating simple organic molecules, such as amino acids, in the adsorbed phase could have been an early step in prebiotic evolution towards more complex bio-macromolecules on the early Earth. Smectite clay minerals represent potential selective sorbents for prebiotic molecules because of their negative structural charge and high surface area. This study evaluated the adsorption behavior of amino acids to montmorillonite, a well-characterized smectite, at varying pH and fluid compositions. At both pH 5 and 7 in a sodium chloride fluid, amino acids with basic sidechains (L-arginine and L-lysine), which are primarily cationic under these conditions, were selectively adsorbed to montmorillonite with Langmuir constants much greater than amino acids that were predominantly zwitterionic or anionic in solution. On average, the Langmuir constants for the cationic amino acids were 30 (pH 5) and 50 (pH 7) times greater than the constants for zwitterionic amino acids and 120 (pH 5) and 80 (pH 7) times greater than the constants for L-glutamic acid. Under the same pH conditions in a magnesium chloride solution, the adsorption of L-arginine and L-lysine was substantially inhibited with Langmuir constants ∼ 10 times smaller. These observations suggest that cation exchange is the dominant adsorption mechanism for amino acids on montmorillonite. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy indicate that L-arginine and L-lysine enter the smectite interlayer where the protonated amino sidechain has the strongest interactions with the mineral surface, further supporting adsorption driven primarily through electrostatic interactions. Therefore, smectites on the early Earth may have selectively concentrated cationic amino acids, providing a potential template for the polymerization of α-amine linked peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study centers on a novel approach of high flexural strength rankinite (3CaO·2SiO2, abbreviated as C3S2) cement benefiting from in-situ formation of aragonite whisker (AW) during carbonation curing. The manufacturing parameters including MgCl2 concentration and reaction temperature play key influence on formation of AW. The results showed that high temperature favored AW formation and AW with length-diameter ratio of 15 ∼ 30 could be generated with concentration of Mg2+/Ca2+ molar ratio of 0.1 at 70 °C. Under this condition, the flexural strength of the C3S2 cement reached 7.5, and 15.6 MPa after 3d and 28d and the corresponding compressive strengths were 30.2 and 71.1 MPa, respectively. The results also showed that 40.9% of CO2 by mass was consolidated in rankinite paste after 48 h, suggesting a promising prospect for calcium silicate-containing waste residue and cement to capture CO2 and simultaneously manufacturing high-performance materia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A composite material composed of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO), carbon (C), and magnesium oxide (MgO) was developed for CO2 capture applications. Inspired by the bryophyte organism, the AAO/C/MgO composite mirrors two primary features of these species—(1) morphological characteristics and (2) elemental composition—specifically carbon, oxygen, and magnesium. The synthesis process involved two sequential steps: electroanodization of aluminum foil followed by a hydrothermal method using a mixture of glucose and magnesium chloride (MgCl2). The concentration of MgCl2 was systematically varied as the sole experimental variable across five levels—1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, and 5 mM—to investigate the impact of MgO formation on the samples' chemical and physical properties, and consequently, their CO2 capture efficiency. Thus, scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the AAO substrate's porous structure, with pore diameters measuring 250 ± 30 nm. The growth of MgO on the AAO substrate resulted in spherical structures, whose diameter expanded from 15 nm ± 3 nm to 1000 nm ± 250 nm with increasing MgCl2 concentration from the minor to major concentrations explored, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that carbon serves as a linking agent between AAO and MgO within the composite. Notably, the composite synthesized with a 4 mM MgCl2 concentration exhibited the highest CO2 capture efficiency, as determined by UV-Vis absorbance studies using a sodium carbonate solution as the CO2 source. This efficiency was quantified with a 'k' constant of 0.10531, significantly higher than those of other studied samples. The superior performance of the 4 mM MgCl2 sample in CO2 capture is likely due to the optimal density of MgO structures formed on the sample's surface, enhancing its adsorptive capabilities as suggested by the XPS results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, highly efficient fluoride removal of nano MgO was successfully synthesized using a simple hydrothermal precipitation method. Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTMAB) was utilized as a surfactant. Its long-chain structure tightly wrapped around the precursor crystal of basic magnesium chloride, inhibiting the growth of precursor crystals, reducing their size, and improving crystal dispersion. This process enhanced the adsorption capacity of nano MgO for fluoride. The adsorption performance of nano MgO on fluoride was investigated. The results indicate that pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model can describe the adsorption behavior for fluoride, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 122.47 mg/g. Methods such as XRD, SEM, XPS, and FTIR were employed to study the adsorption mechanisms of the adsorbent. Additionally, factors potentially affecting adsorption performance in practical applications, such as pH and competing ions, were examined. This study enhances our profound understanding of the defluorination effectiveness and mechanisms of nano MgO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the adsorption performance of municipal sludge biochar on Cd(II), modified sludge biochar was prepared by sodium hydroxide/magnesium chloride (NaOH/MgCl2) graded activation, and the Cd(II) adsorption performance on sludge biochar (BC), NaOH-activated sludge biochar (NBC) and NaOH/MgCl2 activated sludge biochar (NBC-Mg) was investigated. The results showed that NaOH/MgCl2 graded activation upgraded the surface structure and enhanced the graphitization of sludge biochar. The adsorption experiments indicated that the adsorption kinetic and adsorption isotherm for Cd(II) were in accordance with the pseudo second-order kinetic and Langmuir model. The adsorption capacity of NBC-Mg (143.49 mg/g) for Cd(II) was higher than that of BC (50.40 mg/g) and NBC (85.20 mg/g). The mechanism of Cd(II) adsorption included ion exchange, complexation, cation-π interaction, and mineral precipitation. After five regeneration, the removal efficiency of Cd(II) by NBC-Mg remained above 90%. This work indicated that sludge biochar prepared by multistage activation could be an effective material for Cd-containing wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large natural magnesium resources, consisting primarily of magnesium chloride hexahydrate, are being wasted and not used efficiently in certain areas of the world. With the shortage of aluminum and iron resources, the transformation of natural magnesium resources into products has become a challenging task. Ethanol, a lower, saturated monohydric aliphatic alcohol known for being green, non-toxicity, and capable of dissolving magnesium chloride hexahydrate, offers a potential solution. This paper focuses on introducing magnesium chloride hexahydrate into ethanol and investigating the recovered samples from the magnesium chloride-ethanol solution by isothermal evaporation at different temperatures, to explore the possibility of extracting magnesium chloride hexahydrate from magnesium salt minerals using ethanol. Results showed that magnesium chloride hexahydrate can be completely recovered at 130 °C. The composition of the recovered sample is mainly magnesium chloride hexahydrate. The good thermal stability is due to high crystallinity and the existence of a strong coordination bond of ethanol in the magnesium chloride crystal structure. All recovered samples have a high current density in ethanol. This research shows that introducing magnesium salt minerals into ethanol to extract magnesium chloride hexahydrate can be a viable option for recycling natural magnesium resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji is the property of Gazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Compelling evidence indicates that nitric oxide (NO) exerts a significant influence on the central nervous system, participates in the modulation of neurotransmitter release, contributes to the regulation of cognitive functions, and plays a crucial role in modulating various aspects of neural activity. We aimed to explore the influence of two NO donors, molsidomine (MSD) and V-pyrro/NO, on the innate spontaneous psychomotor abilities and short-term memory in rats. Using an actimeter test, the locomotor activity, stress-sensitive behavior, and anxiety level were investigated. The influence on the animal's cognitive functions was evaluated usingthe Y-maze test to assess the spontaneous alternation percentage, number of arms visited, number of alternations, and the preference index. Four distinct groups of five white male Wistar rats were exposed to the intraperitoneal treatments as follows: Control batch—0.3 mL/100 g of body weight saline solution, Mg batch—200 mg/kbwof magnesium chloride, MSD batch—1 mg/kbw of molsidomine, and V-pyrro/NO batch—5 mg/kbwof V-pyrro/NO. The intraperitoneal administration of MSD resulted in a significant reduction in spontaneous behavior and exploratory skills but was less pronounced than the positive control drug, magnesium chloride. Conversely, treatment with V-pyrro/NO led to only a slight decrease in horizontal movements during the actimeter test. MSD administration, but not V-pyrro/NO, notably increased the rate of spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test. Additionally, the use of MSD resulted in an increase in the blood level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the intensification of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity. In our experimental setup, we demonstrated that MSD exposure led to a decrease in spontaneous behavior, showed anxiolytic effects and antioxidant activity, and improved spatial memory acquisition in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]