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Background: Anal fissures are most caused by damage to the lining of the anus or anal canal, the last part of the large intestine. Most cases occur in people who have constipation when a particularly hard or large stool tears the lining of the anal canal. Postoperative pain relief especially using analgesic drugs with minimal side effects has considerable clinical importance. Aim: - This study was undertaken to compare the role of paracetamol and diclofenac sodium in post-anal fissure surgery pain. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted at NCMCH, Panipat This study included 50 patients who were admitted to IPD, and underwent anal fissure surgery at age 25-60 years. All measurements were performed using standard methods in the literature. A visual analog scale was used to assess the pain score. Side effects of drugs were noted. Results: The study results confirm that Paracetamol was more effective in the management of post-surgical pain. We divided 50 patients into two groups. Group 1 was treated for the management of post-surgical pain with diclofenac sodium and Group 2 with paracetamol. Our findings revealed a statistically significant improvement of 85% in Group 2 as compared to Group 1. Conclusion: - In conclusion, the agent PCM to be used for the management of postoperative anal fissure surgical pain is desired to relieve the pain effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Numerous studies have shown that vitamins reduce the risk of cancers, but the relationship between serum vitamin levels of vitamin D and B12 in breast cancer is still controversial. In this study, we evaluated serum levels of vitamin D and B12 in Haryana, India among patients with carcinoma breast and investigated their association with clinical and laboratory parameters. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to estimate and correlate the serum vitamin D and vitamin B-12 levels in patient with diagnosed carcinoma breast and in control subjects. Materials and Method: The present study comprises 60 subjects of both pre and post menopause women whom 30 are healthy controls and 30 are clinically confirmed cases of Breast Cancer, with an age group ranging from 38 to 70 years. Serum Vitamin D and B12 were estimated by ELISA Method. Results: The levels of vitamin D in serum was significantly (P > 0.05) low in clinically diagnosed breast Cancer patients (9.96 ± 2.45ng/dl) as compared to age and gender-matched healthy control subjects (24.54 ± 6.22ng/dl) and Serum vitamin B12 was significantly (P > 0.05) high in clinically diagnosed breast Cancer patients (1163.83 ± 135.77ng/dl) as compared to healthy control subjects (645.43 ± 134.22ng/dl). Conclusion: Many studies have shown that vitamin deficiency can be the primary cause of breast cancer. The current cogitation proved that raised serum Vitamin D and B12 are linked with the pathogenesis of autoimmune abnormal masses in Breast. It seems that Vitamin B12 level was no significant High and vitamin D levels are significantly low in the cases of Breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]