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Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently experience unpleasant symptoms. These can be gastrointestinal (constipation, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea), psychological (anxiety and sadness), neurological (lightheadedness, headache and numbness), cardiopulmonary (shortness of breath and oedema), dermatological (pruritus and dry skin), painful (muscle cramps, chest pain and abdominal pain) or involve sexual dysfunction, sleep disorders and fatigue. These symptoms often occur in clusters, with one of them as the lead symptom and others as secondary symptoms. Uraemic toxins (also called uremic toxins) are often considered to be the main cause of CKD-associated symptom burden, but treatment of uraemia by dialysis often fails to resolve them and can engender additional symptoms. Indeed, symptoms can be exacerbated by comorbid conditions, pharmacotherapies, lifestyle and dietary regimens, kidney replacement therapy and ageing. Patients with kidney disease, including those who depend on dialysis or transplantation, should feel actively supported in their symptom management through the identification and targeting of unpleasant symptoms via a tailored palliative care approach. Such an approach may help minimize the burden and consequences of kidney disease, and lead to improved patient outcomes including health-related quality of life and better life participation.

A series of carbazolyl ligands has been designed and synthesized through the integration of various electron-donating and electron-accepting motifs, including electron-donating 4-(diphenylamino)aryl and electron-accepting cyano and diphenylphosphine oxide moieties, for the development of a new class of gold(iii) complexes, where the energies of their triplet intraligand and ligand-to-ligand charge transfer excited states can be manipulated for the activation of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Upon excitation, these complexes show high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 80% in solid-state thin films, with short excited state lifetimes down to 1 μs. Vacuum-deposited and solution-processed organic light-emitting devices based on these complexes demonstrate promising electroluminescence (EL) performance with maximum external quantum efficiencies of 15.0% and 11.7%, respectively, and notably small efficiency roll-off values of less than 1% at the practical luminance brightness level of 1000 cd m

A new class of yellow- to red-emitting carbazolylgold(III) complexes containing isomeric thienopyridine or thienoquinoline moieties in the cyclometalating ligand has been designed and synthesized, which showed high photoluminescence quantum yields of over 80% in solid-state thin films. The isomeric effect and extended π-conjugation of the N-heterocycles have been found to remarkably perturb the photophysical, electrochemical and electroluminescence properties of the gold(III) complexes. In particular, the operational lifetimes of organic light-emitting devices based on that incorporated with thieno[2,3-c]pyridine are almost three orders of magnitude longer than that incorporated with thieno[3,2-c]pyridine. This has led to long device operational stability with a LT70 value of up to 63 200 h at a luminance of 100 cd m−2 and a long half-lifetime of 206 800 h, as well as maximum external quantum efficiencies of up to 8.6% and 14.5% in the solution-processed and vacuum-deposited devices, respectively. This work provides insights into the development of robust and highly luminescent gold(III) complexes and the identification of stable molecular motifs for designing efficient emitters.

The saturated-blue phosphorescent OLEDs based on the [3+2+1] coordinated iridium(iii) complexes bearing the phenyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-based (C^C) bidentate ligands, demonstrating an EQE of 11.2% and CIE (x,y) coordinates of (0.16, 0.07).

The majority of Vietnamese do not follow any organized religion, instead participating in one or more practices of folk religions, such as venerating ancestors, or praying to deities, especially during Tết and other festivals. Folk religions were founded on endemic cultural beliefs that were historically affected by Confucianism and Taoism from China, as well as by various strands of Buddhism. These three teachings or tam giáo were later joined by Christianity which has become a significant presence. Vietnam is also home to two indigenous religions: syncretic Caodaism and quasi-Buddhist Hoahaoism.

Living with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with hardships for patients and their care partners. Empowering patients and their care partners, including family members and friends involved in their care, may help minimize the burden and consequences of CKD-related symptoms to enable increased life participation. There is a need to broaden the focus on living well with kidney disease and reengagement in life, including emphasis on the patient being in control. The World Kidney Day (WKD) Joint Steering Committee has declared 2021 the year of “Living Well with Kidney Disease” in an effort to increase education about and awareness of the important goal of patient empowerment and life participation. This calls for the development and implementation of validated patient-reported outcome measures to assess and address areas of life participation in routine care. It could be supported by regulatory agencies as a metric for quality care or to support labeling claims for medicines and devices. Funding agencies could establish targeted calls for research that address the priorities of patients. Patients with kidney disease and their care partners should feel supported to live well through concerted efforts by kidney care communities, including during pandemics. In the overall wellness program for patients with kidney disease, the need for prevention should be reiterated. Early detection with prolonged course of wellness despite kidney disease, after effective secondary and tertiary prevention programs, should be promoted. WKD 2021 continues to call for increased awareness of the importance of preventive measures across populations, professionals, and policy makers, applicable to both developed and developing countries.

Female surgeons are highly underrepresented in Asian countries, where prescriptive gender norms are widespread and more deeply embedded in societies.A nationwide structured questionnaire was completed by 1741 Singaporean third- and fifth-year medical students after the completion of an 8-week general surgery rotation, during 2015-2017. Results were analyzed using mixed-effects hierarchical models which took into account clustering of survey responses under the teaching hospitals which students were posted to and medical students' year of study.Female medical students had a poorer perception of general surgery than male students (3.22 ± 0.91 versus 3.41 ± 0.89; P 0.0001) before the clerkship. However, the clerkship improved female students' opinion to a greater extent than male students (+0.84 ± 1.06 versus +0.59 ± 1.03; P 0.0001), resulting in female and male students having comparable attitudes toward surgery after the clerkship (4.06 ± 0.79 versus 4.00 ± 0.87; P = 0.2435). A total of 40.4% of female students responded that they were inspired to pursue a surgical career after the clerkship, and we identified 13 pedagogical traits of faculty and resident mentors which were associated with female students' career aspirations. Female students were more likely to consider intellectual challenges arising from cases (ratio: 1.045 [95% confidence interval 1.004-1.088, P = 0.0292]) and the presence of role models (ratio: 1.068 [95% confidence interval: 1.020-1.118, P = 0.0048]) as "pull" factors compared with their male contemporaries, but were deterred from a surgical career to a greater extent by eight "push" factors.A surgical clerkship itself could be regarded as an effective intervention for improving female medical students' enthusiasm for surgery, which may help to address the "pipeline problem" of few female students applying for surgical training after medical school. A greater emphasis on "pull factors" and pedagogical qualities of mentors could be used to improve the clerkship experience, to attract more female students to surgery.

A series of platinum(II) calix[4]arene-based molecular tweezers was synthesized. The studies of the host-guest association with a charge-neutral cyclometalated platinum(II) complex showed a drastic color change and the turning on of near-infrared emission resulting from Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt and π-π interactions. Control of the host-guest assembly process by varying the solvent composition can lead to a change from discrete host and guest molecules to high-ordered host-guest oligomers with the formation of sheet-like nanostructures, demonstrating a rare example of three-state supramolecular host-guest system with high solubility in solvents of diverse polarity. The change in host-guest assembly behaviors could be probed by drastic color changes from yellow to orange to green. The present study provides insights into the systematic design of solvent-responsive molecular materials using molecular tweezers-directed host-guest assembly, with potential applications in colorimetric sensing of changes in the micro-environment.

A cationic water-soluble dipicolylamine (DPA)-containing alkynylplatinum(II) terpyridine complex has been synthesized and employed as a dual-selective probe for the detection of cations and anions. The complex was shown to exhibit a strong binding affinity toward Zn2+, whereas the zinc-bound adduct was found to demonstrate the capability of recognizing pyrophosphate (PPi). As evidenced by molecular modeling and various spectroscopic and spectrometric studies, including HR-ESI mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, PXRD measurements, and UV-vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, a PPi anion was found to be capable of bridging two zinc-bound complex molecules in a clip-shaped fashion, which was further oligomerized through intermolecular Pt···Pt and π-π stacking interactions to form nanofibers with a hexagonal columnar phase. This work provides important insights into not only the construction of aesthetically pleasing supramolecular architectures but also the multifunctional probes, which offer great promise to the fields of biosensing and chemical sensing.

Here, we report the design and synthesis of a new class of fused heterocyclic alkynyl ligand-containing gold(iii) complexes, which show tunable emission colors spanning from the yellow to red region in the solid state and exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties. These complexes display high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 0.87 and short excited-state lifetimes in sub-microsecond timescales, yielding high radiative decay rate constants on the order of up to 106 s−1. The observation of the drastic enhancement in the emission intensity of the complexes with insignificant change in the excited-state lifetime upon increasing the temperature from 200 to 360 K indicates an increasing radiative decay rate. The experimentally estimated energy splitting between the lowest-lying singlet excited state (S1) and the lowest-lying triplet excited state (T1), ΔES1–T1, is found to be as small as ∼0.03 eV (250 cm−1), comparable to the value of ∼0.05 eV (435 cm−1) obtained from computational studies. The delicate choice of the cyclometalating ligand and the fused heterocyclic ligand is deemed the key to induce TADF through the control of the energy levels of the intraligand and the ligand-to-ligand charge transfer excited states. This work represents the realization of highly emissive yellow- to red-emitting gold(iii) TADF complexes incorporated with fused heterocyclic alkynyl ligands and their applications in organic light-emitting devices., We report the design of a new class of fused heterocyclic alkynyl ligand-containing gold(iii) complexes, which shows tunable emission colors spanning yellow to red region and exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties.

A series of photochromic triethylene glycol (TEG)-containing spiropyrans (SPs) has been designed and synthesized. UV–Vis absorption and emission studies demonstrated that their photophysical and photochromic properties can be modulated by varying the linker group between the TEG and the SP components. TEG-containing SPs in THF–water mixtures were found to undergo solvent-induced ring-opening reactions without the need for photoirradiation, which could be attributed to the stabilization of the merocyanine (MC) form in polar solvents. Counterintuitively, a much slower thermal bleaching process of the open MC form has been observed in non-polar solvent media, possibly due to the stabilization of the zwitterionic open form through supramolecular self-assembly. Furthermore, the formation of spherical aggregates resulting from the planarized open MC form has been revealed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. Such rational molecular designs, together with the tuning of the solvent polarity and controlled UV light irradiation, have led to the self-assembly of this class of TEG-containing spiropyran derivatives, achieving the systematic and controlled formation of self-assembled functional materials.

A new class of C^C^N ligand-containing carbazolylgold(iii) dendrimers has been designed and synthesized. High photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 82% in solid-state thin films and large radiative decay rate constants in the order of 105 s−1 are observed. These gold(iii) dendrimers are found to exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), as supported by variable-temperature emission spectroscopy, time-resolved photoluminescence decay and computational studies. Solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on these gold(iii) dendrimers have been fabricated, which exhibit a maximum current efficiency of 52.6 cd A−1, maximum external quantum efficiency of 15.8% and high power efficiency of 41.3 lm W−1. The operational stability of these OLEDs has also been recorded, with the devices based on zero- and second-generation dendrimers showing maximum half-lifetimes of 1305 and 322 h at 100 cd m−2, respectively, representing the first demonstration of operationally stable solution-processed OLEDs based on gold(iii) dendrimers., A new class of carbazolylgold(iii) C^C^N dendrimers with thermally activated delayed fluorescence properties has been designed and synthesized for the realzaqtion of operationally stable solution-processed organic light-emitting devices.

Phosphorescent dopants are promising candidates for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Although it has been established that the out-coupling efficiency and overall performances of vacuum-deposited OLEDs can be significantly improved by a horizontal orientation of the dopants, no horizontally oriented gold(III) complexes have been reported to date. Herein, a novel class of tetradentate C^C^N^N ligand-containing gold(III) complexes with a preferential horizontal orientation successfully generated through a one-pot reaction is reported. These complexes demonstrate high photoluminescence quantum yields of 70 % and a high horizontal dipole ratio of 0.87 in solid-state thin films. Green-emitting OLEDs based on these complexes operate with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 20.6 % with an estimated out-coupling efficiency of around 30 %. A promising device stability has been achieved in the vacuum-deposited OLEDs, with operational half-lifetimes of around 37 500 h at 100 cd m-2 .

A new class of sky-blue- to green-emitting carbazolylgold(III) C^C^N complexes containing pyrazole or benzimidazole moieties has been successfully designed and synthesized. Through the judicious choice of the N-heterocycles in the cyclometalating ligand and the tailor-made carbazole moieties, maximum photoluminescence quantum yields of 0.52 and 0.39 have been realized in the green- and sky-blue-emitting complexes, respectively. Solution-processed and vacuum-deposited organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) based on the benzimidazole-containing complexes have been prepared. The sky-blue-emitting device shows an emission peaking at 484 nm with a narrow full-width at half-maximum of 57 nm (2244 cm-1 ), demonstrating the potential of this class of complexes in the application of OLEDs with high color purity. In addition, high maximum external quantum efficiencies of 12.3 % and a long operational half-lifetime of over 5300 h at 100 cd m-2 have been achieved in the vacuum-deposited green-emitting devices.

Here, we report the use of an amphiphilic Pt(II) complex, K[Pt{(O3SCH2CH2CH2)2bzimpy}Cl] (PtB), as a model to elucidate the key role of Pt···Pt interactions in directing self-assembly by combining temperature-dependent ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, stopped-flow kinetic experiments, quantum mechanics (QM) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Interestingly, we found that the self-assembly mechanism of PtB in aqueous solution follows a nucleation-free isodesmic model, as revealed by the temperature-dependent UV-Vis experiments. In contrast, a cooperative growth is found for the self-assembly of PtB in acetone–water (7:1, vol/vol) solution, which is further verified by the stopped-flow experiments, which clearly indicates the existence of a nucleation phase in the acetone–water (7:1, vol/vol) solution. To reveal the underlying reasons and driving forces for these self-assembly processes, we performed QM calculations and show that the Pt···Pt interactions arising from the interaction between the pz and dz2 orbitals play a crucial role in determining the formation of ordered self-assembled structures. In subsequent oligomer MD simulations, we demonstrate that this directional Pt···Pt interaction can indeed facilitate the formation of linear structures packed in a helix-like fashion. Our results suggest that the self-assembly of PtB in acetone–water (7:1, vol/vol) solution is predominantly driven by the directional noncovalent Pt···Pt interaction, leading to the cooperative growth and the formation of fibrous nanostructures. On the contrary, the self-assembly in aqueous solution forms spherical nanostructures of PtB, which is primarily due to the predominant contribution from the less directional hydrophobic interactions over the directional Pt···Pt and π−π interactions that result in an isodesmic growth.

A series of arylgold(III) complexes of tridentate diphenylpyridine ligand incorporated with fluorene and its heterocyclic spiro derivatives, spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthene] and spiro[acridine-9,9'-fluorene], as auxiliary ligands has been prepared. This class of complexes exhibits high decomposition temperatures of up to 387 °C, excellent film morphologies in solid-state thin films with a root-mean-square roughness smaller than 0.20 nm, as well as high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 0.72 in solid-state thin films. Solution-processed organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) fabricated from this series of complexes as dopants show intense electroluminescence in the sky-blue region with maximum external quantum efficiencies of 10.0%. Taking advantage of their high thermal stability, vacuum-deposited OLEDs have also been fabricated and satisfactory operational lifetimes of ∼300 h have been recorded.

Self-assembly of three-dimensional (3D) metallosupramolecular cages has drawn increasing attention for their potential to interconvert between different architectures due to the dynamic and reversible features of the coordination bond. These supramolecular transformations can provide unique approaches for the construction of stimuli-responsive supramolecular model systems to mimic biological transformation processes. While gold(I) clusters have attracted much interest due to their propensity to exhibit aurophilic interactions, the construction of 3D gold(I) cluster cages has remained a challenging and daunting task. Here, we proposed a "de-aurophilic" interaction strategy, which involves the prevention of aurophilic interaction formation between the basic [(μ3-S)Au3]+ units, to construct 3D gold(I) cluster cages. Through the judicious design of diphosphine ligands, an unprecedented class of gold(I) cluster cages with adaptive structures has been constructed. These gold(I) cluster cages are found to show intriguing stimuli-responsive structure transformation and interconversion. This work not only provides a strategy for the design and construction of novel 3D supramolecular cages based on cluster nodes but also offers a paradigm to study the stimuli-responsive structural interconversion between the unique structures of these gold(I) cluster cages.

A new class of amphiphilic spiropyran derivatives has been designed and synthesized. Their photophysical and photochromic properties have been investigated. Under UV light irradiation, the ring-closed hydrophobic spiropyrans have been shown to undergo photoinduced ring-opening to give the zwitterionic ring-opened merocyanine forms, which resulted in the amphiphilic properties of the compounds. These compounds were also found to display self-assembly behavior with the formation of H-aggregation in organic solvents under UV irradiation to give different morphologies with diverse nano-structures, leading to promising candidates for the design of a new class of small-molecule photo-responsive materials. The H-aggregate formation has been further supported by computational studies and noncovalent interaction (NCI) analysis of the dimer of the merocyanine form. This represents the first demonstration of the use of NCI analysis on the role played by noncovalent interactions in H-aggregate formation of the spiropyran derivatives.

A simple one-pot two bond-forming reaction for the rapid construction of cyclometalated gold(III) complexes with fully π-conjugated tetradentate ligand is reported. The coupling of the bifunctional gold(III) precursor with the bifunctional aromatic compound has led to the formation of two regioisomers with either C- or N-coordination. Through monitoring by high-throughput high performance liquid chromatography, the regioselectivity of the reaction has been effectively tuned toward the formation of a single isomer, allowing easy separation of the metal complexes. The structures of the complexes have been determined by X-ray crystallography, and the photophysical, electrochemical, and electroluminescence (EL) studies have been carried out. Computational study has been performed to provide insights into the nature of the excited states. Isomeric effect has been shown to have a significant influence on the EL behavior of the organic light-emitting devices.

A new class of amphiphilic tridentate cyclometalated gold(III) complexes has been designed and synthesized as luminescent supramolecular building blocks. Positively charged trimethylammonium (-CH2NMe3+) containing alkynyl ligands have been incorporated to introduce the electrostatic interactions. The X-ray crystal structures of two of the complexes have been determined, and the existence of π-π interactions between molecules has been observed. Steady-state and time-resolved absorption and emission studies have been carried out to investigate the nature of the excited states. The complexes are found to exhibit self-assembly properties with the assistance of π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions and possibly weak Au···Au interaction, resulting in notable emergence of low-energy absorption bands and luminescence changes. The presence of a large hydrophobic moiety is found to be crucial for the formation of aggregates, especially in polar media where hydrophobic interactions play an important role. The nature of the counterion has been shown to have a significant effect on the extent of self-assembly in different media. Upon aggregation, nanofibers are formed in polar media, while nanorods are observed in nonpolar media in one of the representative complexes. Interestingly, a small modification on the alkynyl ligand resulted in the formation of nanoribbons instead. Intriguing luminescence mechanochromic properties have also been observed. This orthogonal and rational molecular design strategy has been shown to be effective in the construction of gold(III)-based smart and multiresponsive materials.

A series of luminescent cyclometalated rhodium(III) complexes have been designed and prepared. The improved luminescence property is realized by the judicious choice of a strong σ-donor cyclometalating ligand with a lower-lying intraligand (IL) state that would raise the d-d excited state and introduction of a lower-lying emissive IL excited state. These complexes exhibit high thermal stability and considerable luminescence quantum yields as high as up to 0.65 in thin film, offering themselves as promising light-emitting materials in OLEDs. Respectable external quantum efficiencies of up to 12.2% and operational half-lifetimes of over 3000 h at 100 cd m-2 have been achieved. This work demonstrates a breakthrough as the first example of an efficient rhodium(III) emitter for OLED application and opens up a new avenue for diversifying the development of OLED materials with rhodium metal being utilized as phosphors.

With the rapidly growing exploration of artificial molecular machines and their applications, there is a strong demand to develop molecular machines that can have their motional states and configuration/conformation changes detectable by more sensitive and innovative methods. A visual artificial molecular hinge with phosphorescence behavior changes is designed and synthesized using square-planar cyclometalated platinum(II) complex and rigid aromatic alkynyl groups as the building blocks to construct the wings/flaps and axis, respectively. The molecular motions of this single molecular hinge and its reversible processes can be powered by both solvent and temperature changes. The rotary motion can be conveniently observed by the visual phosphorescence changes from deep-red to green emission in real time.

A new class of four-coordinate donor-acceptor fluoroboron-containing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) compounds bearing a tridentate 2,2'-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)diphenolate (dppy) ligand has been successfully designed and synthesized. Upon varying the donor moieties from carbazole to 10H-spiro[acridine-9,9'-fluorene] to 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine, these boron derivatives exhibit a wide range of emission colors spanning from blue to yellow with a large spectral shift of 2746 cm-1 , with high PLQYs of up to 96 % in the doped thin film. Notably, vacuum-deposited organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) made with these boron compounds demonstrate high performances with the best current efficiencies of 55.7 cd A-1 , power efficiencies of 58.4 lm W-1 and external quantum efficiencies of 18.0 %. More importantly, long operational stabilities of the green-emitting OLEDs based on 2 with half-lifetimes of up to 12 733 hours at an initial luminance of 100 cd m-2 have been realized. This work represents for the first time the design and synthesis of tridentate dppy-chelating four-coordinate boron TADF compounds for long operational stabilities, suggesting great promises for the development of stable boron-containing TADF emitters.

A new class of red- to near-infrared (NIR)-emitting cyclometalated alkynylgold(III) complexes was designed and synthesized. Red to NIR emission in the alkynylgold(III) complexes was realized, with the emission band maxima of the complexes in both solution and solid-state thin films found to extend to 823 and 730 nm, respectively. A small energy gap of down to 1.51 eV was achieved in the NIR-emitting complexes, as revealed from the electrochemical studies. Moreover, a large bathochromic shift of ∼1370 cm–1 can be obtained by simply changing the alkynyl ligand. NIR-emitting solution-processable organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) were also realized, as exemplified by the electroluminescence properties with band maximum at 720 nm and Commission International de L’Eclairage coordinates of (0.67, 0.33) for devices based on complex 1b. This work not only demonstrates a design strategy to extend the emission of gold(III) complexes into the NIR regime but also represents the first report on gold(III)-based NIR...

Living with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with hardships for patients and their care partners. Empowering patients and their care partners, including family members or friends involved in their care, may help minimize the burden and consequences of CKD-related symptoms to enable life participation. There is a need to broaden the focus on living well with kidney disease and re-engagement in life, including an emphasis on patients being in control. The World Kidney Day (WKD) Joint Steering Committee has declared 2021 the year of ‘Living Well with Kidney Disease’ in an effort to increase education and awareness on the important goal of patient empowerment and life participation. This calls for the development and implementation of validated patient-reported outcome measures to assess and address areas of life participation in routine care. It could be supported by regulatory agencies as a metric for quality care or to support labeling claims for medicines and devices. Funding agencies could establish targeted calls for research that address the priorities of patients. Patients with kidney disease and their care partners should feel supported to live well through concerted efforts by kidney care communities including during pandemics. In the overall wellness program for kidney disease patients, the need for prevention should be reiterated. Early detection with a prolonged course of wellness despite kidney disease, after effective secondary and tertiary prevention programs, should be promoted. WKD 2021 continues to call for increased awareness of the importance of preventive measures throughout populations, professionals and policymakers, applicable to both developed and developing countries.

Living with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with hardships for patients and their care-partners. Empowering patients and their care-partners, including family members or friends involved in their care, may help minimize burden and consequences of CKD-related symptoms to enable life participation. There is a need to broaden the focus on living well with kidney disease and re-engagement in life, including emphasis on patients being in control. The World Kidney Day (WKD) Joint Steering Committee has declared 2021 the year of "Living Well with Kidney Disease" in an effort to increase education and awareness on the important goal of patient empowerment and life participation. This calls for the development and implementation of validated patient-reported outcome measures to assess and address areas of life participation in routine care. It could be supported by regulatory agencies as a metric for quality care or to support labeling claims for medicines and devices. Funding agencies could establish targeted calls for research that address the priorities of patients. Patients with kidney disease and their care-partners should feel supported to live well through concerted efforts by kidney care communities including during pandemics. In the overall wellness program for kidney disease patients, the need for prevention should be reiterated. Early detection with prolonged course of wellness despite kidney disease, after effective secondary and tertiary prevention programs, should be promoted. WKD 2021 continues to call for increased awareness of the importance of preventive measures throughout populations, professionals, and policy makers, applicable to both developed and developing countries.Vivre avec l’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) représente un fardeau pour les patients et leurs partenaires soignants, dont leurs familles et amis. Une façon d’alléger ce fardeau et de réduire les conséquences des symptômes de l’IRC sur la participation à la vie serait de favoriser une plus grande autonomie des patients et de leurs partenaires soignants. Pour ce faire, l’accent mis sur le bien vivre avec la maladie et sur la participation à la vie doit être élargi en privilégiant notamment de mettre les patients en contrôle. Pour accroître l’éducation et la sensibilisation sur la responsabilisation des patients et, ultimement, encourager leur participation à la vie, le Comité directeur bipartite de la Journée Mondiale du Rein (JMR) a déclaré 2021 l’année du « bien vivre avec une maladie rénale ». Une stratégie qui nécessite l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de mesures validées des résultats signalés par le patient afin d’aborder la participation à la vie dans les soins courants. Cette stratégie pourrait être appuyée par les organismes de réglementation comme mesure de qualité des soins ou pour appuyer les demandes relatives à l’étiquetage des médicaments et des dispositifs. Les organismes subventionnaires pourraient quant à eux établir des appels d’offres à objectifs de recherche définis afin de répondre aux priorités des patients. Les patients et leurs partenaires soignants devraient se sentir soutenus, même en contexte de pandémie, par des efforts concertés des communautés de soins en santé rénale. Dans le cadre du program de bien-être global destiné aux patients atteints d’une néphropathie, il convient de réitérer la prévention. À la suite de programs efficaces de prévention secondaire et tertiaire, il convient également de promouvoir une détection précoce avec une évolution prolongée du bien-être malgré une maladie rénale. La JMR 2021 continue d’appeler à une plus grande sensibilisation des populations, des professionnels et des décideurs quant à l’importance de mesures préventives applicables tant dans les pays développés que dans les pays en développement.

The rational design of a new class of photoresponsive tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum(III) (Alq3) complexes has been developed. By incorporating the photochromic dithienylethene units with different peripheral heterocycles into the Alq3 framework, the photochromic properties as well as photoswitching efficiency can be readily modulated, through effective photocyclization of the Al(III) complex. Such intrinsic photochromic behavior leads to the unprecedented enhancement in the electron-transporting properties as demonstrated by the as-fabricated electron-only device, rendering the realization of photoswitchable electron mobility. In addition, one of these complexes is capable of serving as an active layer for solution-processable resistive memory devices. Photocontrollable memory performance has been achieved with a binary memory behavior, with high ON/OFF ratio and long retention time. This work represents not only the first example of photoresponsive Alq3-based electron-transporting materials but also the solution-processable Alq3-based optical and resistive memory devices with photocontrollable performance.

It is of great significance to track the platinum drugs in real time with super-resolution to elucidate their mechanism of action, such as their behavior and distribution in live cells. Such information is required for further drug development. However, it is always challenging to design platinum complexes suitable for such research. Herein, we design a luminescent building block (L) for metal complexes and a dinuclear platinum complex (Pt2 L) for super-resolution imaging. Because of its super-large Stokes shift and excellent photophysical properties, Pt2 L is capable of serving as an ideal candidate for super-resolution imaging with extremely low luminescence background and high photobleaching resistance. Moreover, upon light stimulation, a matter flux of Pt2 L escaping from autolysosomes to nucleus was observed, which represents a new transportation path. Utilizing the photoactivated escape properties, we can regulate the nuclear accessibility of Pt2 L form autolysosomes with photo-selectivity, which provides a new way to improve the targeting of platinum drugs.

Gold(iii) complexes are attractive candidates as phosphorescent dopants in organic light-emitting devices for high-luminance full-colour displays. However, no data on the stability of such devices have been reported to date. Through rational molecular design and synthesis, we have successfully generated a new class of cyclometalated gold(iii) C^C^N complexes with tunable emission colours spanning from sky-blue to red. These complexes exhibit high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 80% in solid-state thin films, excellent solubility and high thermal stability. Solution-processable and vacuum-deposited organic light-emitting devices based on these complexes operate with external quantum efficiencies of up to 11.9% and 21.6%, respectively, and operational half-lifetimes of up to 83,000 h at 100 cd m−2. Cyclometalated gold(iii) complexes are shown to offer tunable emission colours spanning from sky-blue to red and enable the fabrication of phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices with high external quantum efficiency and long lifetimes.

A series of cyclometalating tridentate N^C^N and tetradentate N^C^N^O ligand-containing complexes of earth-abundant nickel(II) has been designed and synthesized. Among them, the carbazolylnickel(II) complex demonstrates, for the first time, an orange color room-temperature luminescence. Such a complex is also found to exhibit intense luminescence with excited state lifetimes in the submicrosecond regime at 77 K, suggesting the triplet nature of the emissive state. Meanwhile, the self-assembly property of the tetradentate ligand-containing nickel(II) complex in solution has been investigated. Owing to its nearly perfect square planar geometry, as evidenced by X-ray crystal structure determination, it is found to exhibit self-assembly properties with the aid of π-π interactions and possibly weak Ni···Ni interactions, which have been supported by DFT calculations and NCI plot. Indeed, the ground-state aggregation behavior of this complex has been confirmed by concentration-dependent UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. Moreover, in the solution-induced aggregation studies, upon the addition of nonsolubilizing solvents, the emergence of low-energy absorption bands has been realized, and such a complex is found to demonstrate interesting self-assembly behaviors to offer well-defined and highly ordered supramolecular architectures.

The side-by-side assembly of gold nanorods (GNRs) was shown to be directed by the supramolecular scaffolds formed by sulfonate-containing alkynylplatium(II) terpyridine complexes. Driven by Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt and π-π stacking interactions, the PtII complex has a high propensity to assemble in water with the head-to-tail stacking arrangement to construct supramolecular scaffolds, in which the sulfonate groups on the terpyridine ligand at the peripheral position preferentially bind to the sides of the GNRs. The extent of the assembly of the GNRs into ladder rung-like nanostructures can be modulated by the concentration of the PtII complex. The Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt interaction-assisted formation of the scaffolds and its directed assembly of GNRs were characterized by UV/Vis spectroscopy, quantum-chemical modeling, electron microscopy, energy dispersed X-ray (EDX) analysis, and SERS. This work provides insights for the construction of higher-ordered nano-assemblies using both Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt interactions and template-directed approaches.

A series of bipyridine platinum(II) complexes with different sizes of triangular metallacycles and alkyl/oligoether chains has been synthesized and characterized. They are packed in a zig-zag fashion with the formation of dimeric structures according to their X-ray crystal structures. Different emission origins are observed due to the different sizes of the triangular ligands. Their morphologies could be tuned by the modification of the molecular structures with different metallacyclic alkynyl ligands and alkyl/oligoether chains and solvents. More interestingly, unusual electronic absorption changes and upfield shifts of the aromatic proton resonances are observed upon increasing the temperature, suggesting further aggregation of the architectures. Near-infrared (NIR) emission is also realized through the tuning of the π-π stacking, Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt interactions, and the packing of planar metallacycles.

Various rhodium(I) pincer complexes with different structural features have been prepared and found to display interesting self-assembly properties due to the extensive Rh(I)···Rh(I) interactions. The incorporation of electron-withdrawing −CF3 substituent has been found to improve the stability of the complexes and also facilitate the directed assembly of complex molecules, providing an opportunity for the systematic investigation of the various noncovalent interactions in their versatile self-assembly behaviors and insights into the structure–property relationship in governing the intermolecular interactions. An isodesmic growth mechanism is identified for the solvent-induced aggregation process. The complex molecules exhibit intense low-energy absorption bands corresponding to the absorptions of the dimers, trimers, and higher order oligomers upon aggregation, with energies related to the electronic properties of the tridentate N-donor ligand. Chiral auxiliaries have also been introduced into the rhodiu...