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Background: Pressure ulcers last to be a severe and prevalent health condition in hospitals; they have been considered the most physically debilitating and expensive problems of the twentieth century. Advanced pressure ulcers are common in the elderly; about 70% happen in cases 65 years or older, peaking range from 70 and 80. Many pressure ulcers are considered preventable or even treatable with the proper procedures to preserve skin integrity. Objectives: This work aims to evaluate the influence of an instructional film on nurses caring for seniors with pressure ulcers in terms of attitude and knowledge. Materials and Method. The research employed a quasi-experimental design and was conducted in intensive care Units of the General Mansoura Hospital, Specialized Medical Hospital, and Emergency Hospital in Dakhalia governorate. The research surveyed 69 nurses. Two instruments were utilized in this research: the Braden Scale and a two-part structured interview schedule sheet. Results: Following the educational film, the nurse's practice and knowledge increased, plus there was an enhancement in wound healing of pressure ulcers for older adults. Conclusion: This study concluded that nurses' knowledge and attitude have improved after displaying the educational film program.

Precision measurement is one of the important goals of measurement and calibration. Positive measures are designed to provide researches with the highest accuracy and precision levels. In force measurements, force measuring instrument manufacturers are striving to achieve the best force measurement resolution to accompany the high level of calibration measurement capabilities achieved by the primary deadweight machines. In the calibration of the force transducers, polynomial equations which correlate, the applied load on the transducer and its corresponding output signal in mV/V are deduced. These equations contain numerical constants A, B and C. This paper introduces a mechanism to determine the suitable number of significant digits for these constants. Error analysis procedure for the calibration polynomial equation is proposed. This proposed algorithm safeguards the most accurate and realistic method for rounding the calibration constants

Introduction Immunization supply chains (iSC) are essential for ensuring access to vaccines that prevent diseases. Guinea, Madagascar, and Niger initiated iSC system design efforts to conduct analysis of alternative supply chain scenarios to identify areas for improvement. Methodology Key stakeholders from Ministries of Health and immunization programs identified bottlenecks in the current iSC and prioritized five general design scenarios to model in each country. Scenarios included aspects of integration, changing supply chain levels and delivery frequency, ignoring administrative boundaries, and direct delivery. Primary and secondary data were collected and cleaned. Analysis was completed using Supply Chain Guru (Madagascar and Niger) and AnyLogistix (Guinea) modeling software to build a virtual representation of the iSC physical components and operating policies. Results Modeling results were compared using both quantitative and qualitative criteria (total operating costs, cost per dose, cold chain capacity, risk of mishandling, logistics burden on healthcare workers, feasibility to implement, and equity). Using a Stop Light Analysis for user-friendly understanding of positive, negative or minimal impact on scenarios, cost savings were realized in most scenarios in Madagascar (except using autonomous aerial vehicles); proposed scenarios in Guinea increased costs or had minimal impact; in Niger, eliminating regional tiers reduced costs. Facility level cold chain was sufficient in all countries. Effect on qualitative indicators largely depended on the scenario and country context. Discussion Similarities in scenarios selected were seen across the three countries. Results suggest that efficiencies can be found through changes to the iSC design, but the benefits of each scenario must be considered in the country context. Results of the analysis do not provide “the right answer” but rather options and guidance which then must be grounded in the country context and used as evidence for decision making to ensure reliable availability of vaccines.

Tomb 1 at Bir el-Shaghala (Dakhla Oasis) is a mausoleum-like structure belonging to Ta-Ḏḥwty sȝt Ḥr-tȝ (Tathoutis daughter of Herta). The ground floor has an open-air court and an antechamber and two burial chambers with painted wall decoration. The upper floor has a chapel and a pyramid, which is the largest from a private tomb. The upper part witnessed two phases of use: two vaults were added inside the pyramid and two banqueting rooms to its north. The tomb’s layout is modeled on late dynastic pyramidal tombs, but the vaulted rooms isolate it as a distinctive type. The antechamber decoration shows many anomalies: the ba of Re, Tutu, and Horus Great of Strength all have human bodies. An apotheosis scene is unique in a tomb from Roman Egypt, as is the ceiling frieze of ba-birds and an Abydene fetish. The paintings in the rooms show stylistic affinities to the "Kharga Coffin Group" and attest to common motifs used in tombs and funerary objects in the oases. The tomb is datable to late 1st century CE on the basis of its architecture and paintings.

Ruptured renal artery aneurysm (RAA) during pregnancy is unusual, and its presentation is often misdiagnosed or delayed in diagnosis. With its high and preventable feto-maternal mortality, RAAs during pregnancy requires a quick and accurate diagnosis to be managed efficiently. We present a rare case of RAA during labor, managed intra-operatively after a successful caesarian section delivery. We conclude that a multidisciplinary approach with a high margin of suspicion is necessary to improve the outcomes of this occurrence.

Transnasal brain drug targeting could ensure better drug delivery to the brain through the olfactory pathway. Risperidone bioavailability is 66% in extensive metabolizers and 82% in slow metabolizers. The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of the nanovesicular spanlastics to effectively deliver risperidone through the nasal route to the brain and increase its bioavailability. Spanlastics formulae, composed of span and polyvinyl alcohol, were designed based on central composite statistical design. The planned formulae were prepared using ethanol injection method. The prepared formulae were characterized by testing their particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. The optimized formula having the lowest particle size, polydispersity index, the highest zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency was subjected to further investigations including characterization of its rheological properties, elasticity, transmission electron microscopy, in vitro diffusion, ex vivo permeation, histopathology and in vivo biodistribution. The optimized formula was composed of 5mg/mL span and 30mg/mL polyvinyl alcohol. It showed significantly higher transnasal permeation and better distribution to the brain, when compared to the used control regarding the brain targeting efficiency and the drug transport percentage (2.16 and 1.43 folds increase, respectively). The study introduced a successful and promising formula to directly and effectively carry the drug from nose to brain.

We report a 16-year-old boy who sustained a gunshot injury on his upper left side of the chest that resulted in an injury to the left axillary artery and was treated with endovascular repair. An endovascular repair has been increasingly accepted for the management of hemorrhage in critically ill trauma patients; using covered endovascular stents provides an alternative modality for both controlling hemorrhage and preserving flow.

The aim of this study was to enhance the risperidone delivery to the brain through the transnasal route via optimization of cubosomal gel. Cubosomes were prepared using glycerol mono-oleate (GMO), Pluronic F127 (PF127) and Tween 80 (T80). The prepared formulae were characterized by testing their particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release and transmission electron microscopy. Central composite design was planned for the formulae optimization and the selected formula (containing PF127 with concentration 15 mg/g GMO and T80 with concentration of 20 mg/L) was re-prepared in presence of gelling polymer (gellan gum or polyox). The optimal cubosomal gel (containing 0.4% w/v polyox) had been subjected to ex-vivo permeation, histopathological evaluation and in vivo biodistribution studies. It showed significantly higher transnasal permeation and better distribution to the brain, when compared to the used control (drug solution and/or suspension). Finally, the cubosomal gel could be considered as a promising carrier for brain targeting of CNS acting drugs through the transnasal route.

Objective: Hyperhidrosis can cause significant professional and social handicaps. Thoracic endoscopic sympathectomy has become the surgical technique of choice for treating intractable palmar hyperhidrosis. Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy can be carried out through multiple ports or by using a single port. A prospective study was undertaken to compare outcomes between two methods. Material and Method: Between January 2008 and June 2012, 71 consecutive patients [30 male and 41 female; aged 22 ± 5.3 years] underwent video-assisted sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis are included in this study. In all cases, the procedure was bilateral. The procedure was performed in one stage in all patients. All patients were seen 1 month and follow-up to one year after the operation. Patients were subdivided into 2 groups: Group A-35 patients underwent multiple ports video-assisted sympathectomy and Group B-36 patients underwent single port video-assisted sympathectomy. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative variables, morbidity, recurrence, and survival are compared in both groups. Results: Successful sympathectomies were performed in 100 % of the patients; the follow-up was from 1 to 12 months (mean 6 ± 3.4 months). There was no recurrence of palmar hyperhidrosis. No Horner’s syndrome was reported. No mortality or serious postoperative complications. There was no conversion to an open procedure. Residual minimal pneumothorax occurred in two patients (5.7%) in group A and in one patient (2.8%) in group B. Minimal hemothorax occurred in one patient (2.9%) in group A and in three patients (8.3%) in group B. Compensatory hyperhidrosis encountered in seven patients (20%) in group A and in eight patients (22%) in group B. Conclusion: No difference between bilateral multiple ports and single port video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathectomies and both are effective, safe and minimally invasive procedures improving permanently the quality of life in patients with palmar hyperhidrosis.

Objective This study was conducted to compare operative variables and postoperative outcomes in adult patients with myasthenia gravis undergoing thymectomy through 3 different operative techniques: total median sternotomy, partial median sternotomy, and video-assisted thoracoscopy. Methods 30 patients aged 20–65 years were included in this study. They were subdivided into: group A: 8 patients undergoing thymectomy through a total median sternotomy; group B: 9 patients undergoing thymectomy through a partial median sternotomy; and group C: 13 patients undergoing thymectomy through video-assisted thoracoscopy. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables, and mortality were compared among groups. Results Preoperative variables were well matched in all groups. Operative time was significantly longer in group C. There was no intraoperative complication in any group. Postoperative length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in group C. Postoperative complications occurred in 3 (10%) patients, mostly in groups A and B. There was no perioperative mortality in any group. Conclusions Video-assisted thymectomy is as effective as the traditional open surgical approaches for thymectomy in the management of patients with myasthenia gravis. In addition, the improved cosmesis of the video-assisted approach ideally should lead to earlier thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis.

Objective Although pectus excavatum repair has evolved to a minimally invasive technique in prepubescent patients, the best approach in adults is less clearly understood. The aim of this study was to identify the preoperative characteristics, operative variables, and postoperative outcomes in adult patients with pectus excavatum undergoing thoracoscopic repair using different bar stabilizers compared with the open surgical repair. Methods We conducted a prospective study between July 2009 and July 2012 in a single institution. Thirty-one patients (26 men and 5 women) aged 18 to 35 years were randomly assigned into three groups: group A, 9 patients underwent modified Ravitch repair; group B, 11 patients underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic repair using metal stabilizers; and group C, 11 patients underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic repair using absorbable stabilizers. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables are compared between all groups. Results In all groups, the preoperative variables were well matched for age, sex, and Haller index. Operative time was 2 hours longer in group A (P = 0.0001). There was no intraoperative complication. Length of hospital stay was 4 days shorter in group A. Morbidity was 23% and composed of pneumothorax (three), wound seroma (two), pleural effusion (one), and stabilizer break (one), occurring more frequently in groups B and C. There was no perioperative mortality. All patients were satisfied with the cosmetic results. Conclusions Repair of pectus excavatum in adult patients can be performed effectively through either open surgical technique or thoracoscopy, with no intraoperative complications and with excellent immediate results. Although the operative time for the Ravitch repair was longer, the hospital stay was significantly shorter than that for the video-assisted method.

This work was undertaken to investigate microemulsion (ME) as a topical delivery system for the poorly water-soluble voriconazole. Different ME components were selected for the preparation of plain ME systems with suitable rheological properties for topical use. Two permeation enhancers were incorporated, namely sodium deoxycholate or oleic acid. Drug-loaded MEs were evaluated for their physical appearance, pH, rheological properties and in vitro permeation studies using guinea pig skin. MEs based on polyoxyethylene(10)oleyl ether (Brij 97) as the surfactant showed pseudoplastic flow with thixotropic behavior and were loaded with voriconazole. Jojoba oil-based MEs successfully prolonged voriconazole release up to 4 h. No significant changes in physical or rheological properties were recorded on storage for 12 months at ambient conditions. The presence of permeation enhancers favored transdermal rather than dermal delivery. Sodium deoxycholate was more effective than oleic acid for enhancing the voriconazole permeation. Voriconazole-loaded MEs, with and without enhancers, showed significantly better antifungal activity against Candida albicans than voriconazole supersaturated solution. In conclusion, the studied ME formulae could be promising vehicles for topical delivery of voriconazole.

OBJECTIVES The approach to the pericardial window in patients with pericardial effusion (PE) remains undefined as to whether a surgical (transthoracic or subxiphoid) or a thoracoscopic pericardial window is the optimal operative approach to PE. We hypothesized that the window into the pleural space created by the thoracoscopy might improve the outcome. METHODS We conducted a prospective study between September 2007 and October 2009. All patients with PE diagnosed by echocardiography who attended the Cardiothoracic Department in King Fahd Hospital are included in this study. They were 30 patients (18 males, 12 females aged 44±1.22 years). Patients were subdivided into two groups. Group A, 15 patients underwent the surgical (transthoracic or subxiphoid) procedure and Group B, 15 patients underwent the video-assisted thoracoscopy procedure. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative variables, morbidity, recurrence, and survival were compared in both groups. RESULTS Preoperative variables were well-matched for age, sex, preoperative tamponade, echocardiographical characteristics and co-morbidities between both groups. No recurrence of effusion was observed in the two groups. Operative time was statistically highly significant (P

In this paper, a simple model for the UHF low power rectifier circuit is proposed. Using a novel approach to model the rectifier current waveform, simple analytical equations are derived. The output DC voltage and the efficiency of the rectifier are derived analytically. Simulation results of the rectifier using actual models are very close to those predicted by the proposed model. The derived formulas for the output DC voltage and the efficiency are simple and physically meaningful and can be used to optimize the performance of the rectifier.

Endobronchial carcinoid tumor is an extremely rare neoplasm in children and adolescence. Herein, a case of endobronchial carcinoid tumor in a 15 year old female presented with recurrent chest infection for a long time and after a careful examination and investigation, the case was diagnosed.

Symptomatic cases of Bochdalek’s hernia are uncommon in adults; symptoms arise only due to complications. Most of symptomatic cases are related to a left-sided hernia. We describe the case of a 50-year-old woman with Bochdalek’s hernia containing duodenum and pancreas. The patient was successfully treated by a surgical approach.

BACKGROUND Hyperhidrosis can cause significant professional and social handicaps. Thoracic endoscopic sympathectomy has become the surgical technique of choice for treating intractable palmar hyperhidrosis and can be performed through multiple ports or a single port. This prospective study compares outcomes between the two methods. METHODS The study followed 71 consecutive patients who underwent video-assisted sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis between January 2008 and June 2012. In all patients, the procedure was bilateral and performed in one stage. The multiple-port method was used in 35 patients (group A) and the single-port method in 36 patients (group B). Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables; morbidity, recurrence; and survival were compared in both groups. RESULTS The procedure was successful in 100% of the patients; none experienced a recurrence of palmar hyperhidrosis, Horner syndrome (oculosympathetic palsy), or serious postoperative complications, and none died. No patients required conversion to an open procedure. Residual minimal pneumothorax occurred in two patients (5.7%) in group A and in one patient (2.8%) in group B. Minimal hemothorax occurred in one patient (2.9%) in group A and in three patients (8.3%) in group B. Compensatory hyperhidrosis occurred in seven patients (20%) in group A and in eight patients (22.2%) in group B. CONCLUSION No difference was found between the multiple- and single-port methods. Both are effective, safe minimally invasive procedures that permanently improve quality of life in patients with palmar hyperhidrosis.

Objective to evaluate the role of surgery (anterior thoracotomy versus video-assisted thoracoscopy) in avoidance of stroke by obliteration of the left atrial appendage in patients with chronic nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Methods in a prospective study, 58 patients (35 men and 23 women, aged 62±13.2 years) with chronic nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation were divided into 2 groups: group A was 29 patients who underwent an anterior thoracotomy, and group B was 29 patients who had video-assisted thoracoscopic obliteration of the left atrial appendage. All patients were followed up for at least 2 years. Results the 2 groups were well matched for age, sex, and comorbidities. No stroke was observed in either group. Operative time was significantly longer in group B. There was no intraoperative or postoperative complication, except for 2 cases of superficial wound infection in group A. Conclusions in chronic atrial fibrillation, prophylactic left atrial appendage exclusion is suggested to prevent occurrence of stroke, which can be achieved by a surgical or thoracoscopic approach, but a video-assisted thoracoscopic approach is effective, less invasive, and avoids the complications of a surgical approach.

Objectives To identify the preoperative characteristics and compare operative variables and postoperative outcomes in adult patients with pectus excavatum undergoing thoracoscopic repair using different bar stabilizers or open surgical repair. Methods 31 patients were randomly divided into 3 groups: group A was 9 patients who underwent a modified Ravitch repair, group B was 11 patients who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic repair using metal stabilizers, and group C was 11 patients who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic repair using absorbable stabilizers. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables and mortality were compared among groups. Results In all groups, preoperative variables were well-matched for age, sex, and Haller index. Operative time was significantly longer in group A. The postoperative length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in group A. Postoperative complications occurred in 7 (22.6%) patients, mostly in groups B and C. All patients were satisfied with the cosmetic result. Conclusions Repair of pectus excavatum in adult patients can be performed effectively either through an open surgical technique or thoracoscopy, with no intraoperative complications and excellent immediate results, but video-assisted thoracoscopic repair using metallic or absorbable bar stabilizers gives a better cosmetic result; however, absorbable bar stabilizers are more vulnerable and break more easily than metal stabilizers.

A novel series of heterocyclic systems linked with quinolin-2-one was efficiently synthesized from reaction of ethyl 4-(1-ethyl-1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxoquinolin-3-yl) -2,4-dioxobutanoate ( 1 ) with a variety of nitrogen and/or carbon nucleophiles. A variety of heterocyclic systems such as pyrazoles, pyrimidines, pyrazines, oxazines and triazines containing quinoline moiety were synthesized. Structures of the new synthesized products were deduced on basis of their analytical and spectral data.

To evaluate the efficacy of the 3 treatment modalities (intrapleural instillation of streptokinase, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, thoracotomy and decortication) in the management of complicated parapneumonic effusion and empyema, a prospective study was conducted between January 2008 and June 2010. The 69 patients (52 men and 17 women, aged 18–50 years) were divided into 3 groups: 20 patients underwent intrapleural administration of streptokinase, 25 underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, and 24 had thoracotomy and decortication. Perioperative variables, mortality, and procedure success were compared among groups. In all groups, preoperative variables were well matched for age, sex, and clinical stage according to Light’s classification. No allergic or hemorrhagic complication occurred. Operative time was significantly shorter in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. There was no intraoperative complication in the 2 surgically treated groups. Length of hospital stay and duration of chest drainage were significantly shorter after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Procedure success was 50% after streptokinase, 92% after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, and 100% after thoracotomy and decortication. There was no perioperative mortality in any group. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is a safe and effective treatment modality for complicated parapneumonic effusion and pleural empyema. Earlier intervention with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery may produce better clinical results.

In a steel / plastic laminated sheet with a core resin as an intermediate layer. shear deformation is concentrated on the resin layer during the forming in which a shearing force appears due to a considerable difference in strength between the skin steel sheets and the core resin, leading to forming problems such as shear between the two skin steel sheets and stinkhing. It was found that these forming problems are greatly affected by the bonding strength, tensile strength and ductility of che core resin and that good formability is obtained with a bonding strength of 23 8 MPa. Comparing the variable blank holding force with the constant blank holding force, the drawability of steel / plastic laminated sheet of 1.05 mm thick - is improved when using the variable BHF. Three kinds of room temperature laminated steel sheets with polyester, polypropylene, und nylon as corc resin were chosen as investigated materials.

Numerical simulation models have been used to optimize oil recovery since the 1960's. Typical steps to create a simulation model include 1) building a static model based on all available geological and petrophysical data; 2) history matching the static model to tune it to the available production and measured data; and 3) using the conditioned model to design drill-wells, predict pressure evolution, and forecast flow streams for business decisions. Today it is generally accepted that the best models result from using interdisciplinary teams to ensure geologic consistency is maintained during the history matching modifications – e.g. Sibley (1997), Landis (2005). We discuss herein a unique approach to efficiently manage and expedite the history matching of a giant carbonate reservoir using a team of simulation engineers. The workflow was developed based on domain decomposition principles to divide the problem into manageable sector models with coordinated updates between the sector and full field model to obtain the full-field history match. With this approach, dynamic history matching is divided among many simulation engineers in a way that maintains the base geologic model, vets regional modifications, and transmits local lessons to the full-field model. The workflow relies on fast extraction, creation, and management of sector models (or subdomains) from the full field. Each sector is linked to the full field by incorporating flux boundary conditions obtained from either a larger sector model or the full-field model. The proposed approach allows for the acceleration of the history match by effectively dividing the work among a team of simulation engineers. The "sector" approach of making smaller models from one large model speeds up the model build and run times making it convenient to have the multiple iterations necessary to achieve a satisfactory history match in a complex, high-contrast flow strata geologic environment. The goal of the work was to reduce the time to achieve the history match to one year, as opposed to the previous experience requiring several years for similarly sized models. Some critical advantages and lessons from the workflow will be discussed through its application using actual history matching examples from a giant offshore, Middle Eastern, carbonate reservoir having over four decades of production history.

In this paper, an idea for a new frequency divider architecture is proposed. The divider is based on a coarse-fine architecture. The coarse block operates at a low frequency to save power consumption and it selectively enables the fine block which operates at the high input frequency. The proposed divider has the advantages of synchronous divider, but with lower power consumption and higher operation speed. The design can achieve a wide division range with a minor effect on power consumption and speed. The architecture was implemented on a complex programmable logic device (CPLD) to verify its operation. Experimental measurements validate system operation with power reduction greater than 40%.

To determine the relative hardness of GI-based restorative materials using both LED and QTH curing lights at different post-irradiation intervals.Four restorative materials (Z250, Beautifil, Dyract AP and Fuji II LC) with shade A3.5 were tested in conjunction with three LCUs (Astralis 3, Blue phase and Radii). The specimens were prepared using specially constructed molds, irradiating only the top surface to an equivalent energy density (J/CM). Vickers microhardness measurements were performed for both the top and bottom surfaces of all specimens following dry storage for 15 minutes in the dark. The measurements were repeated after 24 hours and 7 days. Mean VHNs and SD of the top and bottom surfaces of each specimen were calculated. Relative hardness values (RH) were also determined and mean RH was calculated for each group.The top surface of the Z250, Beautifil and Dyract materials were significantly harder than the bottom surface (p0.05) with all LCUs and at all time intervals. Conversely, a different trend was observed with Fuji II LC, where bottom surface VHNs were significantly higher than top surface values (p0.05). Blue phase was the only LCU that recorded RH values above 80% for all tested material at all post-irradiation intervals.A high-intensity LED LCU used for 10 seconds resulted in RH values greater than 80%, with all four restoratives tested indicating a sufficient degree of monomer conversion with such a short curing cycle.

11 ÖZET `Yabancılara Arapça Öğretiminde el-Kitâbu'1-Esâsî'nin Değerlendirilmesi` adlı bu çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm öğretmenin dil öğretimi esnasında okuma, yazma, dinlediğini anlama gibi dil becerileri öğretiminde düştüğü hatalar ele alınmış, bu konuda uzman görüşlere yer verilmiş ve dil öğreticisinin istifadesine sunulan sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Öte yandan öğretim işlemi öğretmen, öğrenci ve ders kitabı unsurlarından meydan gelmektedir. Bu nedenle öğrencilerin dil öğrenirken sık sık yaptıkları hatalar irdelenmiş ve bu hataların analizi yapılmış, bu konuda uzman görüşleri ışığında bir takım yönlendirici sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise yabancı dil öğretiminde ders kitabının yeri incelenmiştir. Bu bölümde `iyi bir ders kitabı nasıl olmalıdır` sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. Yabancı dil öğretiminde kullanılan bir ders kitabında bulunması gereken özellikler ele alınarak bir takım sabit kriterler saptanmıştır. Bu bölümde çalışmanın konusunu oluşturan yabancılara Arapça öğretiminde el-Kitâbu'1-Esâsî serisinin birinci kitabı değerlendirilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde ise el-Kitâbu'1-Esâsî serisinin ikinci ve üçüncü kitapları yabancı dil öğretiminde kullanılan ders kitabı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirilmeye, söz konusu serinin ders kitabı olarak okutulduğu izmir 9 Eylül Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi öğrencileri katılmıştır. Ayrıca aynı fakültede söz konusu seriyi okutan öğretim elemanlarının dizi hakkındaki görüşlerine başvurulmuştur. Araştırma konusu ders kitabı serisinin üç cildi, öğrenci anketleri ve öğretim elemanları görüşleri ışığında değerlendirilerek, elde edilen sonuçlardan bir dizi önerilerle çalışma sonuca bağlanmıştır. 11 ÖZET `Yabancılara Arapça Öğretiminde el-Kitâbu'1-Esâsî'nin Değerlendirilmesi` adlı bu çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm öğretmenin dil öğretimi esnasında okuma, yazma, dinlediğini anlama gibi dil becerileri öğretiminde düştüğü hatalar ele alınmış, bu konuda uzman görüşlere yer verilmiş ve dil öğreticisinin istifadesine sunulan sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Öte yandan öğretim işlemi öğretmen, öğrenci ve ders kitabı unsurlarından meydan gelmektedir. Bu nedenle öğrencilerin dil öğrenirken sık sık yaptıkları hatalar irdelenmiş ve bu hataların analizi yapılmış, bu konuda uzman görüşleri ışığında bir takım yönlendirici sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise yabancı dil öğretiminde ders kitabının yeri incelenmiştir. Bu bölümde `iyi bir ders kitabı nasıl olmalıdır` sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. Yabancı dil öğretiminde kullanılan bir ders kitabında bulunması gereken özellikler ele alınarak bir takım sabit kriterler saptanmıştır. Bu bölümde çalışmanın konusunu oluşturan yabancılara Arapça öğretiminde el-Kitâbu'1-Esâsî serisinin birinci kitabı değerlendirilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde ise el-Kitâbu'1-Esâsî serisinin ikinci ve üçüncü kitapları yabancı dil öğretiminde kullanılan ders kitabı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirilmeye, söz konusu serinin ders kitabı olarak okutulduğu izmir 9 Eylül Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi öğrencileri katılmıştır. Ayrıca aynı fakültede söz konusu seriyi okutan öğretim elemanlarının dizi hakkındaki görüşlerine başvurulmuştur. Araştırma konusu ders kitabı serisinin üç cildi, öğrenci anketleri ve öğretim elemanları görüşleri ışığında değerlendirilerek, elde edilen sonuçlardan bir dizi önerilerle çalışma sonuca bağlanmıştır. 137