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Proper diet and physical activity are a form of prevention of female genital prolapse disorders. The causal substrate of pelvic floor dysfunction is multifactorial. Fifty percent of women over the age of 50 have pelvic organ prolapse, often accompanied by urinary incontinence. It is a complicated social and medical (urogynecological and sexological) problem. The authors conducted a literature review on the role of visceral therapy, Kegel and core stability exercises and diet in pelvic support disorders and urinary incontinence. The eligible articles provided insights into sexological factors, as well as the role of osteopathy and physiotherapy. These results provide new insights into the relevance of clinical practice. In addition to standard treatment methods used in gynaecology, sexology, physiotherapy and osteopathy (e.g., visceral therapy), Kegel muscle and core stability exercises are becoming increasingly important. The aim of visceral therapy is to restore the mobility of the organs while reducing increased tension and improving blood and lymph circulation. This has the effect of reducing pain sensations, thereby influencing the function of the uterus and ovaries.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between PMS (premenstrual syndrome)-related pain among young women following a particular type of diet during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was compared to the period before the pandemic. Furthermore, we aimed to determine whether the increase in the intensification of pain was correlated to their age, body weight, height and BMI, and whether there are differences in PMS-related pain between women who differ in their diet. A total of 181 young female Caucasian patients who met the criteria for PMS were involved in the study. Patients were divided according to the kind of diet they had followed during the last 12 months before the first medical evaluation. The rise in pain score was evaluated according to the Visual Analog Scale before and during the pandemic. Women following a non-vegetarian (“basic”) diet had a significantly higher body weight in comparison to those on a vegetarian diet. Furthermore, a significant difference was noted between the level of intensification of pain before and during the pandemic in women applying a basic diet, a vegetarian and an elimination diet. Before the pandemic, women from all groups felt weaker pain than during the pandemic. No significant difference in the intensification of pain during the pandemic was shown between women with various diets, nor was there a correlation between intensification of pain and the girl’s age, BMI, their body weight and also height for any of the diets applied.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer and genital warts and constitutes one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Cervical cancer is the only reproductive cancer that has a primary prevention programme through the introduction of HPV vaccinations. Even though the majority of European countries have nationally funded HPV vaccination programmes, in Poland these are exclusively local and scarcely funded. Moreover, the majority of local programmes are directed to females only. Meanwhile, Poland has one of the highest cervical cancer incidence rates among high income countries. The aim of this study was to measure HPV vaccination levels among final-year students in Poland and to establish the association between vaccination status and gender, region and level of sexual education received. This study is a part of the POLKA 18 Study, which used original self-reported paper-based questionnaires distributed in schools in six Polish regions. The study was conducted between April and December 2019. The obtained data were analysed in STATA 17. In total, 2701 fully completed questionnaires were collected. Over half of the respondents (58.2%) did not know their HPV vaccination status. Only 16.0% of the respondents replied that they have been vaccinated against HPV (18.2% of females and 14.5% of males). There was no direct association between vaccination status and access to ‘family life education’ classes. The vaccination level significantly differed among the different regions of Poland (p < 0.0001), with the Śląskie and Wielkopolskie regions achieving the highest rates. At least a quarter of adolescents after their sexual debut have not been vaccinated against HPV. Regions with immunization programmes introduced to their provincial capitals had higher vaccination rates. Our findings indicate the need for the introduction of state-funded vaccination programmes at the national level for the vaccination rate to increase, which will have the potential to decrease cervical cancer incidence in the country.

HIV data for 2020 show a decline in the number and rate of new HIV cases diagnosed in the EU during the last decade. The COVID-19 pandemic has paralyzed the functioning of healthcare facilities in Poland and worldwide, also impacting the detection of HIV infection. Early diagnosis of HIV and implementation of antiretroviral treatment limit HIV transmission. A woman with HIV diagnosed during pregnancy should be under the care of a specialist in infectious diseases experienced in antiretroviral treatment. In this way, she will be properly protected during the delivery, and relevant medications can be implemented for the newborn baby. Taking these aspects into account, the medical team should consist of: A specialist in infectious diseases, an obstetrician, a neonatologist and pediatrician, a midwife, and a dermato-venereologist. Every effort should be made to increase the scope and quality of monitoring of the spread of the epidemic in Poland, with special emphasis on diagnostics based on specific tests among populations particularly exposed to HIV infections cooperating with non-governmental organizations.

Patients with endometriosis had limited possibilities for contemporary diagnosis and treatment during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. Surgeries that may have eliminated pain or restored fertility were postponed. Endometriosis may affect the vagina, peritoneum, bladder, or other organs outside the pelvis and impact women’s sexual health, especially during pandemics. Holistic care of patients is crucial to improving their lives and sexual health. A scoping review was conducted to analyze the relevant literature in light of our experience in gynecology and physiotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction. In gynecology, the proper selection of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, including conservative and/or surgical procedures, plays an important role. An outline of these issues is presented in the context of static disorders of female genital organs. The period of a woman’s life predisposing to pelvic organ prolapse is menopause, especially the period of senium, which is associated with hypoestrogenism. An analysis of the factors affecting the risk of disorders of genital statics indicates that pelvic floor exercises and a proper diet, which does not lead to constipation or obesity, are important in the prevention of genital static disorders. Aim. The aim of the study is to analyze the problem of disorders of the statics of genital organs, which is significant in nursing and medicine, in the light of the literature data.

One of the most important problems in anti-aging medicine, family medicine, gynecology and sexology are disorders of the statics of female genital organs, usually resulting in sexual dysfunction and urogynecological problems. Although in the era of a pandemic, the fight against SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infections is a priority. COVID-19, and in this context one of the most important problems also related to family medicine are geriatric issues – issues related to aging societies, and the more elderly people there are, the more attention should be paid to them in the context of their health – also in terms of sexual health.

Family doctors play a huge role in the holistic care of patients, including oncological prophylaxis also in the context of gynecology of developmental age. In the prevention of neoplastic diseases, for example, all activities in the field of family medicine are very important, and regarding pro-health education from an early age: providing patients with knowledge about the harmful effects of smoking, alcohol consumption, the role of physical activity and diet. Although cases of malignant neoplasms in children are not frequent, the specific gravity of the problem makes this issue particularly important in the context of gynecology of developmental age and family medicine. These issues discussed in the paper are also important in the context of developmental medicine. It is a branch of clinical and theoretical medicine dealing with tracking the regularities and disorders of human somatic and mental development from the moment birth until the end of the puberty process. Unfortunately, health problems, including oncological diseases, also occur in the developmental period.

The persistent or recurrent difficulties of the woman to allow vaginal entry of a penis, a finger, and/or any object, despite the woman's expressed wish to do so" is vaginismus. Early traumatic sexual experiences (e.g. sexual abuse), religious orthodoxy, low self-esteem and body image, negative attitudes about sexuality, lack of knowledge about sex and fear responses are some of the traditional etiological correlates of vaginismus. Vaginismus is largely a diagnosis of exclusion. An interview is crucial in differentiating the causes of this disease and it should involve the following key questions: -whether the contraction of the vaginal muscles was recorded from the first sexual contact and still remains a need for sexual satisfaction is achieved without relations vaginal or -symptom occurs for some time and what circumstances it bound or -contraction of the muscles is independent of the will, reflex and is at the very idea of sexual intercourse, and -that the contraction of the vaginal muscles occurs when you try to enter the member into the vagina which is very painful. The physical, gynecological and sexuological examinations exclude local causes of the disease. The mainstay of treatment in the majority of cases is psychosexual support. The cause of organic vaginismus is congenital malformation of the genital tract. It results from abnormal development of genital paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts and the urogenital sinus, which are structures involved in the process of oviduct, uterus, and vagina organogenesis. This has strong implications in the practices of gynecology and sexuology in general, not only in adolescent gynecology and sexuology. Vaginismus with congenital malformation is an important problem in these fields.

Symptoms of female developmental changes associated with puberty appear at the age of 9 to 14 years. These include the formation of secondary sexual characteristics that begin with breast development followed by rapid growth and, finally, the first menstruation (menarche), after which fertility is achieved. There is no fixed age limit for puberty in girls. It may start early or late. It may be also disturbed by endocrinopathies. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which develops at a late stage of puberty, is one of them. The syndrome is associated with hyperandrogenism and overweight. At the same time, it is one of the most common causes of hyperandrogenism in women. Polycystic ovary syndrome is manifested by the lack of menstruation, hirsutism, obesity and significantly enlarged cystic ovaries. Girls with clinical signs of polycystic ovary syndrome show a different pattern of GnRH secretion during early adolescence, which may lead to abnormal stimulation of the maturing ovary. Therefore, polycystic ovary syndrome is not only a problem in adult gynaecology, but also in adolescent gynaecology.

Dermatological-gynaecological problems in girls are an important issue also in the practice of a family doctor. In the case of girls before menarche, vulvovaginal inflammation accounts for 75% of all gynaecology reports. However, there is a need to differentiate inflammatory diseases of the vulva from dermatoses. Symptoms of vulval diseases, which are reported by patients, often require consultation and dermatological treatment. Since dermatoses are not limited to genitals, the vulva is only one of possible locations of the disease process; therefore, the whole skin of the patient should be inspected. Vaginal and vaginal inflammation is a gynaecological problem in patients of all ages ? from neonatal period to old age. In developmental age gynaecology, it is often found in 3-10-year-old patients. The etiopathogenesis of vulvovaginitis in girls depends on child's age, systemic diseases, and often dermatological problems. For example, such factors as diabetes, long-term antibiotic therapy, immunosuppression, congenital immunodeficiency, allergic diseases and allergic rhinitis predispose to infections in girls. Lactobacillus plays an important role in bacterial protection against infection and inflammation. A balanced diet is also important.

The rights of a child stem from the dignity and uniqueness of a child as an individual and are entitled to every young human being. For the first time children's rights were included in the Geneva Declaration in 1924, and their full collection was enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child prepared by the United Nations in 1989. A child has the right to live without violence. In addition to physical trauma, the effects of sexual abuse of a child disrupt normal psychosexual development. Bullying of children is also punished. The law allows gentle discipline only by parents. Mental bullying, so-called systematic harassment of the child, humiliation, ridicule or insult. Sexual violence is a particular issue here. Sexual violence is defined by WHO as an abuse of children for sexual pleasure by adults or elder peers. The article discusses some issues of medical opinion in the case of sexual violence against a child. This is especially difficult for a disabled child. The knowledge of an experienced clinician, yet without the knowledge about rules of jurisprudence and with shortcomings of basic legal knowledge, is not always enough for competent opinion-making.

Biological rhythms, in particular sleep-wake cycle, have a significant effect on the functioning of the body. Disturbances in this rhythm often result from an unhealthy lifestyle. Unfortunately, this phenomenon concerns both adults and adolescents. It can result in many psychosomatic problems and negatively affect child's development. In adults, it has negative effects on many aspects of life, including psychosexual life. Sleep disorders were once attributed only to elderly. Currently, this negative phenomenon has been occuring increasingly among young people. Fortunately, persons suffering from sleep disorders report these problems to family doctors and psychiatrists. Sleep disorders should be regarded as a medical condition. Nowadays, the approach to sleep disorders has changed significantly. Sleep disorders often require specialist, comprehensive treatment in sleep disorders clinincs.

In our health care system, family doctor is the first physician that patients have contact with. Family medicine provides basic health care. In his daily work, family doctor independently consults both children and adults regardless of the reason of visit, if necessary, cooperating with consulting physicians working in outpatient specialist centers or referring patients for diagnosis and treatment in specialist centers (hospitals). This also applies to pregnant women. Two specific issues requiring consultation with gynecology clinics are discussed: tocolytic treatment after premature rupture of membranes and the importance of assessing cervical length in transvaginal ultrasound. When discussing obstetric problems from the family doctor’s perspective, the importance of education should be emphasized. The basis of prenatal education for pregnant women, including high-risk pregnant women, consists of an education plan developed by a midwife working in the Primary Health Care Center. The plan is an integral part of the patient’s medical record and includes both practical and theoretical preparation for childbirth, puerperium, breastfeeding and parenting (also in case of group services).

Masturbation is self-stimulation of the genitals for pleasure and self-comfort. Children may rub themselves with a hand or other object. The aim of the paper is sexuological aspect of masturbation. Masturbation refers to sexual stimulation, especially of one’s own genitals and often to the point of orgasm, which is performed manually, by other types of bodily contact (except for sexual intercourse), by use of objects or tools, or by some combination of these methods. Attention is paid to the problem of early childhood masturbation, which has specific medical and psychological significance. There is a need for proper sexual education of children, adolescents and parents.

Introduction. Not all girls and women are aware of the role of proper diet and hygiene in the prevention of the inflammation of the female genital tract. Aim. An assessment of the knowledge of female patients at developmental age on the prevention and treatment of inflammation of the female genital tract was undertaken. Material and methods. The study involved 100 female patients of the Department of Gynecology of the Developmental Age and Sexology, all of them aged 17, who reported for routine examinations; the patients were students of high schools in Poznań who were not sexually active. A thorough medical history, concerning the patients’ knowledge on the prevention and treatment of inflammation of the female genital tract, was collected. Results. It is comforting that as many as 97% of girls knew the preventive factors of genital inflammation important related to the personal hygiene. However, as many as 81% were not familiar with the preventive factors of genital inflammation related to diet – only 16% correctly indicated the negative impact of carbohydrates. There were significant deficiencies in knowledge areas related to the risk factors for infections of the female genital tract: as many as 52% of patients were not aware that the most important risk factors included sexual intercourses, specifically early sexual initiation and frequent partner change. More than 70% of respondents could not did not know any methods of treating the infections other than preparations advertised in mass media. Conclusions. Education increases motivation for prophylaxis of inflammation and infection of the female genital tract. It has been shown that in girls, the level of knowledge regarding the prevention and treatment of inflammation is insufficient, and health and sex education is the basic way of increasing awareness of the possibility of improving gynecological health of girls and women.

Hypogonadism is understood as a gonadal defect; it can occur in all periods of life – in embryos, pre-adolescent and post-adolescent children, as well as after menopause. The initial cause of hypogonadism may lie in a pathology of gonads (primary, gonadal, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism) or of the hypothalamic-pituitary system (secondary hypogonadism, hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism). Hypogonadism should be discussed together with the problem of delayed puberty. In all children with delayed puberty, genetic testing with karyotype evaluation is advisable. It is also necessary to exclude pituitary hormone deficiency, especially in children having undergone radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy; it is also necessary to exclude chronic and autoimmune diseases, with special attention brought to the presence of dysmorphic features or anosmia. Molecular studies are also of importance. Guidelines for management of hypogonadism in girls have been presented.

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Smoking is a significant factor which affects not only reproduction and the process of pregnancy but also the offspring. Endangering for tobacco smoke and nicotine either passive or active has an important influence for shortening the time of pregnancy, the weight of the newborn and the Placenta. The occurrence of complications connected with smoking is probably correlated with the amount of cigarettes smoked per day.The target of the paper was to analyse the influence of passive and active smoking on the course of pregnancy.The study involved a group of 113 women who gave birth in Gynaecological and Obstetrics Clinical Hospital of the Karol's Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences in Poznan during the period from January to June 2011. Based on data gained from documentation and mothers three groups were separated: 22 women who were active smokers, 32 passive smokers and 59 women from control group who have never been smoking. There were analyzed selected obstetric data and term of pregnancy, condition and weight of newborn, blood pH and alkaline balance from umbilical vessels.in research there were no correlation between groups and/ or results of researches of blood Ph, alkaline balance from umbilical vessels and the assessment of the newborn in Apgar score at 1, 3, 5 minute. In fact passive smoking women were younger (the average 27,84) than actively smoking woman (30,23) and non-smokers (30,25) (p=0,03). The most of small as for their gestational age infants were in the group of active smoking women (14%). Non-smokers more often did have a miscarriage (84%) in the past than other groups (active smokers 60%, passive 33%) (p=0,04).smoking women usually come from countryside or small towns, they were not marriage and they had preterm delivery. In this group there was found the biggest percent of too small newborns for their gestational age - 14%.