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This chapter explores the movement of foreign-trained professionals (FTPs) across jurisdictions, focusing on the case of engineers and doctors who have moved to Canada. The case of doctors is governed mostly by public institutions and is compared to that of professionals in private organisations, like engineers. Since 2011, both cases have benefited from Mutual Recognition Arrangements (MRAs) between France and Quebec. We examine how the objectives of the MRAs translate into results in local applications involving the collaboration of various local institutions. We use data from interviews and official documentation that was collected through research projects conducted between 2013 and 2018 to examine French FTPs’ entry into professional practices in Quebec. The analysis draws on Abbott’s approach towards professions (Abbott, 1988), Freidson’s study of the relationships between professions, the State, and the market (Freidson, 2001) and Douglas’ (Douglas, 1986) perspective on institutions. The authors underline the professional regulating bodies’ use of the notion of the protection of the public as a rationale to minimise risk and justify various measures. The analysis shows that these aspects are highly contextual and dependent upon each profession’s recent history. Overall, this chapter presents a situated analysis of how institutional actors within the professional system enact complex changes and, in the process, encounter challenges in the context of local implementation.

Chapter 7 “Changing professional status in evolving professional systems: towards a descriptive lens to analyze multi-layered transformation processes”, by J.-L. Bédard, M. Massana Macia and C. Groulx, explores the movement of foreign-trained professionals (FTPs) across borders and jurisdictions. The case of engineers and physicians who have moved to Canada is taken up. The case governed mostly by public institutions (physicians) is compared to that of workers in private organizations (engineers). These cases have benefited from specific mobility facilitation through Mutual Recognition Arrangements (MRAs) between France and Quebec since 2011. These MRAs constitute innovative devices (legal and jurisdictional) that aim to facilitate transnational mobility among regulated professions. How does the implementation of MRAs facilitate entering into professional practice in the context of local professional systems? In other words, how do the objectives of the MRAs translate into and produce results in local applications involving the collaboration of various local institutions? Also, how do these processes vary for a regulated profession, under control of the State or the private sector? Furthermore, what are the logics and rationales invoked by the various institutions to enact changes allowing for entry into professional practice of these newcomers? Data (interviews and official documentation) collected through research projects conducted between 2013 and 2018 are used to examine entry into the professional practices of FTPs from France. The analysis draws on Abbott’s approach towards professions (1988), Freidson’s study of the relationships between professions, the State and the market (2001), Douglas’ (1985) anthropological perspective on institutions, and neo-institutionalism (Di Maggio, 1988; Rizza, 2008). From Abbott, the importance of jurisdictional processes within a given profession and between neighbouring professions is considered, as well as justifications fo

Altres ajuts: RecercaCaixa programme (2017ACUP04), Social innovation and empowerment are complex concepts that, from an analytical point of view, are not necessarily related. One explicit goal of social innovation is to empower communities, as well as the individuals that are involved in activities within those communities, but this does not necessarily always occur. Here we address the question 'Does social innovation in early childhood education and care (ECEC) empower women?' First, we explore whether the projects we examine can be defined as social innovations. Second, we analyse to what extent arrangements that are identified as innovative in ECEC empower the mothers who choose them. We argue that if the characteristics of a particular social innovation project enhance or reinforce the capabilities of the women who participate in it, that experience will most probably empower them; if not, this is unlikely to occur. Our empirical material includes 37 interviews (with key informants, educators, and mothers involved in these noninstitutionalised projects), collected in the city of Barcelona in the months that preceded the first COVID-19 lockdown in Spain (March 2020). Our results reveal the socioeconomic bias in these projects, as well as the costs derived for both sets of participants (mothers and educators). They also show the wider social impact that stems from these projects being under-regulated.

Background: The article investigates the phenomenon of economic insecurity from a feminist perspective, assessing the role of women’s labour market participation in predicting the phenomenon. It draws on the work of Trifiletti (1999) to analyse women’s role in providing welfare for the entire family. Methods: Stemming from a cross-sectional analysis of European Union statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2013, logistic regression models (for women in a couple and for single women) are provided for six countries. Results: The descriptive analysis shows that economic insecurity affects single women more than single men, while couples fare better in all countries considered. Transversal factors that explain the phenomenon in logistic regressions are household type and wealth of the family, while the role of women's labour market participation and economic dependency from partners or from a welfare system varies across countries. Conclusions: Empirical results show that countries only partially comply with the theoretical model proposed by Trifiletti (1999), which proceeded from the welfare regime debate. Italy and Spain show more difference than similarity. The results for Italy and the United Kingdom confirm those of previous investigations that indicate their similarity, while France and Spain are closer to the Mediterranean archetype. The results for the Czech Republic confirm its proximity to the breadwinner model, as Denmark epitomises the heuristic capacity of the Universalist model in Northern European countries.

A distinctive role of family care defines the southern European welfare models. Several studies have highlighted the functional overload for families with children under three years old, in which unpaid work is mainly provided by women (even when they work full time), in a context in which the public and private childcare provision is insufficient to meet families' needs. In Barcelona, the emergence of socially innovative projects has partially covered the demand for 0-3 childcare. These projects are based on communities of care made up of parents and educators. However, COVID-19 has severely impacted the participants in social innovations such as childminders, free-education nurseries, and community care groups. Educators working in these projects struggled to survive economically when the 2020 spring lockdown forced them to close, while the closures obliged mothers to juggle work with care. This article presents the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mothers and educators involved in socially innovative 0-3 childcare projects in Barcelona. The paper uses qualitative and quantitative empirical material gathered between May 2020 and June 2021: interviews with representatives of childcare associations, educators and mothers (before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 in Spain), and a survey with mothers with children under three (after the lockdown). The results of our investigation show that the communities behind the projects constituted a crucial resource. Parents and educators helped each other, sharing care and financial resources to keep the projects going and find new solutions to the work-family balance., El modelo de Estado de Bienestar del sur de Europa se caracteriza por el importante papel del cuidado proporcionado por la familia. Numerosos estudios muestran la sobrecarga funcional de las familias con menores de tres años, en que el trabajo no remunerado es realizado principalmente por las mujeres (incluso si trabajan a tiempo completo), en un contexto en que la provisión pública y privada de cuidado infantil es insuficiente para cubrir las necesidades familiares. En Barcelona, la aparición de proyectos socialmente innovadores ha cubierto parcialmente la demanda de cuidados a la infancia de 0 a 3 años. Estos proyectos se basan en comunidades de cuidados formadas por madres, padres y educadoras. Sin embargo, el COVID-19 ha tenido un fuerte impacto en los participantes en innovaciones sociales como madres de día o hogares de crianza, espacios de crianza y grupos de crianza. Las educadoras que trabajan en estos proyectos tuvieron dificultades para sobrevivir económicamente cuando el confinamiento de la primavera de 2020 les obligó a cerrar, lo que a su vez obligó a las madres a compatibilizar con mayor dificultad trabajo y cuidados. Este artículo presenta los efectos de la pandemia del COVID-19 en las madres y las educadoras implicadas en proyectos de cuidados del 0-3 socialmente innovadores en Barcelona. El paper utiliza material empírico cuantitativo y cualitativo recogido entre mayo de 2020 y junio de 2021: entrevistas a representantes de asociaciones de cuidados a la primera infancia, educadoras y madres (antes y después del inicio del COVID-19 en España), y una encuesta a madres con menores de entre 0 y 3 años (después del confinamiento). Los resultados de nuestra investigación muestran que las comunidades que están detrás de estos proyectos constituyen un recurso crucial. Madres, padres y educadoras se ayudaron mutuamente, compartiendo cuidados y recursos económicos para mantener funcionando los proyectos y encontrar nuevas soluciones para el equilibrio entre

The aim of this special issue is to explore emergent phenomena in the agri-food sector through the lens of prosumption, in order to highlight its heuristic value in identifying new and emerging trends in the field, especially focusing on the interplay between social and economic relations. This introduction explores the theoretical foundations of the notion of prosumption and the linkages with the alternative agri-food networks literature in order to propose a new set of research questions that can help scholars to better articulate the relationships between the emergence of hybrid actors and new forms of work in the production and consumption of food.