45 results on '"Maechler, F"'
Search Results
2. Infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales after rectal colonization with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Denkel, L.A., Maechler, F., Schwab, F., Kola, A., Weber, A., Gastmeier, P., Pfäfflin, F., Weber, S., Werner, G., Pfeifer, Y., Pietsch, M., and Leistner, R.
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- 2020
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3. Epidemiology of healthcare associated infections in Germany: Nearly 20 years of surveillance
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Schröder, C., Schwab, F., Behnke, M., Breier, A.-C., Maechler, F., Piening, B., Dettenkofer, M., Geffers, C., and Gastmeier, P.
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- 2015
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4. Entwicklung der Resistenzsituation in Deutschland: Wo stehen wir wirklich?
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Maechler, F., Geffers, C., Schwab, F., Peña Diaz, L.‑A., Behnke, M., and Gastmeier, P.
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- 2017
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5. Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation: the second round of challenges
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Meyer, F, Fritz, A, Deng, Z-L, Koslicki, D, Lesker, TR, Gurevich, A, Robertson, G, Alser, M, Antipov, D, Beghini, F, Bertrand, D, Brito, JJ, Brown, CT, Buchmann, J, Buluc, A, Chen, B, Chikhi, R, Clausen, PTLC, Cristian, A, Dabrowski, PW, Darling, AE, Egan, R, Eskin, E, Georganas, E, Goltsman, E, Gray, MA, Hansen, LH, Hofmeyr, S, Huang, P, Irber, L, Jia, H, Jorgensen, TS, Kieser, SD, Klemetsen, T, Kola, A, Kolmogorov, M, Korobeynikov, A, Kwan, J, LaPierre, N, Lemaitre, C, Li, C, Limasset, A, Malcher-Miranda, F, Mangul, S, Marcelino, VR, Marchet, C, Marijon, P, Meleshko, D, Mende, DR, Milanese, A, Nagarajan, N, Nissen, J, Nurk, S, Oliker, L, Paoli, L, Peterlongo, P, Piro, VC, Porter, JS, Rasmussen, S, Rees, ER, Reinert, K, Renard, B, Robertsen, EM, Rosen, GL, Ruscheweyh, H-J, Sarwal, V, Segata, N, Seiler, E, Shi, L, Sun, F, Sunagawa, S, Sorensen, SJ, Thomas, A, Tong, C, Trajkovski, M, Tremblay, J, Uritskiy, G, Vicedomini, R, Wang, Z, Warren, A, Willassen, NP, Yelick, K, You, R, Zeller, G, Zhao, Z, Zhu, S, Zhu, J, Garrido-Oter, R, Gastmeier, P, Hacquard, S, Haeussler, S, Khaledi, A, Maechler, F, Mesny, F, Radutoiu, S, Schulze-Lefert, P, Smit, N, Strowig, T, Bremges, A, Sczyrba, A, McHardy, AC, Meyer, F, Fritz, A, Deng, Z-L, Koslicki, D, Lesker, TR, Gurevich, A, Robertson, G, Alser, M, Antipov, D, Beghini, F, Bertrand, D, Brito, JJ, Brown, CT, Buchmann, J, Buluc, A, Chen, B, Chikhi, R, Clausen, PTLC, Cristian, A, Dabrowski, PW, Darling, AE, Egan, R, Eskin, E, Georganas, E, Goltsman, E, Gray, MA, Hansen, LH, Hofmeyr, S, Huang, P, Irber, L, Jia, H, Jorgensen, TS, Kieser, SD, Klemetsen, T, Kola, A, Kolmogorov, M, Korobeynikov, A, Kwan, J, LaPierre, N, Lemaitre, C, Li, C, Limasset, A, Malcher-Miranda, F, Mangul, S, Marcelino, VR, Marchet, C, Marijon, P, Meleshko, D, Mende, DR, Milanese, A, Nagarajan, N, Nissen, J, Nurk, S, Oliker, L, Paoli, L, Peterlongo, P, Piro, VC, Porter, JS, Rasmussen, S, Rees, ER, Reinert, K, Renard, B, Robertsen, EM, Rosen, GL, Ruscheweyh, H-J, Sarwal, V, Segata, N, Seiler, E, Shi, L, Sun, F, Sunagawa, S, Sorensen, SJ, Thomas, A, Tong, C, Trajkovski, M, Tremblay, J, Uritskiy, G, Vicedomini, R, Wang, Z, Warren, A, Willassen, NP, Yelick, K, You, R, Zeller, G, Zhao, Z, Zhu, S, Zhu, J, Garrido-Oter, R, Gastmeier, P, Hacquard, S, Haeussler, S, Khaledi, A, Maechler, F, Mesny, F, Radutoiu, S, Schulze-Lefert, P, Smit, N, Strowig, T, Bremges, A, Sczyrba, A, and McHardy, AC
- Abstract
Evaluating metagenomic software is key for optimizing metagenome interpretation and focus of the Initiative for the Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation (CAMI). The CAMI II challenge engaged the community to assess methods on realistic and complex datasets with long- and short-read sequences, created computationally from around 1,700 new and known genomes, as well as 600 new plasmids and viruses. Here we analyze 5,002 results by 76 program versions. Substantial improvements were seen in assembly, some due to long-read data. Related strains still were challenging for assembly and genome recovery through binning, as was assembly quality for the latter. Profilers markedly matured, with taxon profilers and binners excelling at higher bacterial ranks, but underperforming for viruses and Archaea. Clinical pathogen detection results revealed a need to improve reproducibility. Runtime and memory usage analyses identified efficient programs, including top performers with other metrics. The results identify challenges and guide researchers in selecting methods for analyses.
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- 2022
6. Prevalence of carbapenem-resistant organisms and other Gram-negative MDRO in German ICUs: first results from the national nosocomial infection surveillance system (KISS)
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Maechler, F., Peña Diaz, L. A., Schröder, C., Geffers, C., Behnke, M., and Gastmeier, P.
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- 2015
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7. Einfluss Einer Kupferbehandlung auf die Exsudation von Organischen Säuren bei Helianthus Annuus
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Jung, C., Funk, F., Mächler, F., Frossard, E., Sticher, H., and Merbach, Wolfgang, editor
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- 1998
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8. Antibiotic stewardship in Germany: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 355 intensive care units
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Maechler, F., Schwab, F., Geffers, C., Meyer, E., Leistner, R., and Gastmeier, P.
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- 2014
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9. Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation - the second round of challenges
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Meyer, F., primary, Fritz, A., additional, Deng, Z.-L., additional, Koslicki, D., additional, Gurevich, A., additional, Robertson, G., additional, Alser, M., additional, Antipov, D., additional, Beghini, F., additional, Bertrand, D., additional, Brito, J. J., additional, Brown, C.T., additional, Buchmann, J., additional, Buluç, A., additional, Chen, B., additional, Chikhi, R., additional, Clausen, P. T., additional, Cristian, A., additional, Dabrowski, P. W., additional, Darling, A. E., additional, Egan, R., additional, Eskin, E., additional, Georganas, E., additional, Goltsman, E., additional, Gray, M. A., additional, Hansen, L. H., additional, Hofmeyr, S., additional, Huang, P., additional, Irber, L., additional, Jia, H., additional, Jørgensen, T. S., additional, Kieser, S. D., additional, Klemetsen, T., additional, Kola, A., additional, Kolmogorov, M., additional, Korobeynikov, A., additional, Kwan, J., additional, LaPierre, N., additional, Lemaitre, C., additional, Li, C., additional, Limasset, A., additional, Malcher-Miranda, F., additional, Mangul, S., additional, Marcelino, V. R., additional, Marchet, C., additional, Marijon, P., additional, Meleshko, D., additional, Mende, D. R., additional, Milanese, A., additional, Nagarajan, N., additional, Nissen, J., additional, Nurk, S., additional, Oliker, L., additional, Paoli, L., additional, Peterlongo, P., additional, Piro, V. C., additional, Porter, J. S., additional, Rasmussen, S., additional, Rees, E. R., additional, Reinert, K., additional, Renard, B., additional, Robertsen, E. M., additional, Rosen, G. L., additional, Ruscheweyh, H.-J., additional, Sarwal, V., additional, Segata, N., additional, Seiler, E., additional, Shi, L., additional, Sun, F., additional, Sunagawa, S., additional, Sørensen, S. J., additional, Thomas, A., additional, Tong, C., additional, Trajkovski, M., additional, Tremblay, J., additional, Uritskiy, G., additional, Vicedomini, R., additional, Wang, Zi., additional, Wang, Zhe., additional, Wang, Zho., additional, Warren, A., additional, Willassen, N. P., additional, Yelick, K., additional, You, R., additional, Zeller, G., additional, Zhao, Z., additional, Zhu, S., additional, Zhu, J., additional, Garrido-Oter, R., additional, Gastmeier, P., additional, Hacquard, S., additional, Häußler, S., additional, Khaledi, A., additional, Maechler, F., additional, Mesny, F., additional, Radutoiu, S., additional, Schulze-Lefert, P., additional, Smit, N., additional, Strowig, T., additional, Bremges, A., additional, Sczyrba, A., additional, and McHardy, A. C., additional
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- 2021
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10. Erratum to: Prevalence of carbapenem-resistant organisms and other Gram-negative MDRO in German ICUs: first results from the national nosocomial infection surveillance system (KISS)
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Maechler, F., Peña Diaz, L. A., Schröder, C., Geffers, C., Behnke, M., and Gastmeier, P.
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- 2015
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11. Activation of Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Purified from Wheat Leaves
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MÄCHLER, F., KEYS, A. J., and CORNELIUS, M. J.
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- 1980
12. Regulation of Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Activity in Intact Wheat Leaves by Light, CO 2 , and Temperature
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MÄCHLER, F. and NÖSBERGER, J.
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- 1980
13. Effect of Carbohydrate Demand on the Remobilization of Starch in Stolons and Roots of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) after Defoliation
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BAUR-HÖCH, B., MÄCHLER, F., and NÖSBERGER, J.
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- 1990
14. Influence of Temperature on the Ratio of Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase to Oxygenase Activities and on the Ratio of Photosynthesis to Photorespiration of Leaves
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LEHNHERR, B., MÄCHLER, F., and NÖSBERGER, J.
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- 1985
15. A CO 2 Concentrating System in Leaves of Higher C 3 -Plants Predicted by a Model Based on RuBP Carboxylase/Oxygenase Kinetics and 14 CO 2 / 12 CO 2 Exchange
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MÄCHLER, F., LEHNHERR, B., SCHNYDER, H., and NÖSBERGER, J.
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- 1985
16. Effect of CO 2 Concentration During Growth on a CO 2 Concentrating Mechanism in White Clover as Predicted from Differential 14 CO 2 / 12 CO 2 Uptake
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LEHNHERR, B., MÄCHLER, F., and NÖSBERGER, J.
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- 1985
17. Regeneration of Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase Activity Associated with Lack of Oxygen Inhibition of Photosynthesis at Low Temperature
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SCHNYDER, H., MÄCHLER, F., and NÖSBERGER, J.
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- 1986
18. Influence of Temperature and O 2 Concentration on Photosynthesis and Light Activation of Ribulosebisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase in Intact Leaves of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.)
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SCHNYDER, H., MÄCHLER, F., and NÖSBERGER, J.
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- 1984
19. Influence of Inorganic Phosphate on Photosynthesis of Wheat Chloroplasts: II. RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE ACTIVITY
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MÄCHLER, F. and NÖSBERGER, J.
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- 1984
20. Influence of Inorganic Phosphate on Photosynthesis of Wheat Chloroplasts: I. PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND ASSIMILATE EXPORT AT 5 °C AND 25 °C
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MÄCHLER, F., SCHNYDER, H., and NÖSBERGER, J.
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- 1984
21. Discrepancy Between RuBPCO Kinetics and Photosynthetic Gas Exchange of C3-Leaves
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Mächler, F., Lehnherr, B., Nösberger, J., Marcelle, R., editor, Clijsters, H., editor, and van Poucke, M., editor
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- 1986
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22. The Ratio of RuBP Carboxylase to Oxygenase Activity and Photosynthetic Gas Exchange
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Maechler, F., Lehnherr, B., Mueller, J., Noesberger, J., and Biggins, J., editor
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- 1987
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23. Screening for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An Analysis Based on Findings From the Hospital Infection Surveillance System (KISS), 2006-2021.
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Wiese-Posselt, M., Saydan, S., Schwab, F., Behnke, M., Kola, A., Kramer, T. S., Gastmeier, P., and Maechler, F.
- Abstract
Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become less common in Germany in recent years. In this paper, we report data from the MRSA module of the Hospital Infection Surveillance System (Krankenhaus-Infektionen- Surveillance-System, KISS) for the years 2006-2021. We also describe the association of MRSA rates with the frequency of patient screening for MRSA and discuss the findings. Methods: Participation in the MRSA KISS module is voluntary. Once a year, the participating hospitals submit structural data, information on cases in which MRSA was detected (both colonizations and infections; both detected on admission and nosocomially acquired), and the number of nasal swabs taken for the detection of MRSA to the German National Reference Center for the Surveillance of Nosocomial Infections. Statistical analyses were performed with R software. Results: The number of hospitals participating in the MRSA module rose from 110 in 2006 to 525 in 2021. From 2006 onward, the overall MRSA prevalence in German hospitals increased, reaching a maximum of 1.04 cases per 100 patients in 2012. The prevalence on admission fell by 44% from 0.96 in 2016 to 0.54 in 2021. The incidence density of nosocomial MRSA fell by an average of 12% per year, from 0.27 per 1000 patient-days in 2006 to 0.06 in 2021, while MRSA screening frequency increased sevenfold by 2021. The nosocomial incidence density was stable, independently of the screening frequency. Conclusion: MRSA rates in German hospitals fell markedly from 2006 to 2021, reflecting a general trend. The incidence density was no higher in hospitals with a low or moderate screening frequency than in those with a high one. Thus, a targeted, riskadapted MRSA screening strategy on hospital admission can be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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24. Prevalence of carbapenem-resistant organisms and other Gram-negative MDRO in German ICUs: first results from the national nosocomial infection surveillance system (KISS)
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Maechler, F., primary, Peña Diaz, L. A., additional, Schröder, C., additional, Geffers, C., additional, Behnke, M., additional, and Gastmeier, P., additional
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- 2014
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25. Antibiotic stewardship in Germany: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 355 intensive care units
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Maechler, F., primary, Schwab, F., additional, Geffers, C., additional, Meyer, E., additional, Leistner, R., additional, and Gastmeier, P., additional
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- 2013
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26. P096: Antibiotic stewardship in intensive care units: a cross sectional study of 355 ICUs in Germany
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Maechler, F, primary, Schwab, F, additional, Meyer, E, additional, Geffers, C, additional, Leistner, R, additional, and Gastmeier, P, additional
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- 2013
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27. The genetic relationship between human and pet isolates: a core genome multilocus sequence analysis of multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Genath A, Hackmann C, Denkel L, Weber A, Maechler F, Kola A, Schwarz S, Gastmeier P, and Leistner R
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- Humans, Animals, Dogs, Cats, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Genome, Bacterial, Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci genetics, Germany, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Genetic Variation, One Health, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial genetics, Pets microbiology, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus genetics, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus drug effects, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus classification
- Abstract
Introduction: The global increase of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) is one of the most urgent public health threats affecting both humans and animals. The One Health concept emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal and environmental health and highlights the need for integrated approaches to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Although the sharing of environments and antimicrobial agents between companion animals and humans poses a risk for MDRO transmission, companion animals have been studied to a lesser extent than livestock animals. This study therefore used core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) to investigate the genetic relationships and putative transmission of MDROs between humans and pets., Methods: This descriptive integrated typing study included 252 human isolates, 53 dog isolates and 10 cat isolates collected from 2019 to 2022 at the Charité University Hospital in Berlin, Germany. CgMLST was performed to characterize methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. The genetic diversity of the MDROs of the different host populations was determined and compared based on sequence type and core genome complex type., Results: Within this study the majority of samples from pets and humans was genetically distinct. However, for some isolates, the number of allelic differences identified by cgMLST was low. Two cases of putative household transmission or shared source of VR E. faecium and MDR E. coli between humans and pets were documented., Conclusions: The interaction between humans and their pets appears to play a minor role in the spread of the MDROs studied. However, further research is needed. This study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive molecular surveillance and a multidisciplinary One Health approach to understand and contain the spread of MDROs in human and animal populations., Trial Registration: The study is registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00030009)., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
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- 2024
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28. The transmission risk of multidrug-resistant organisms between hospital patients and their pets - a case-control study, Germany, 2019 to 2022.
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Hackmann C, Genath A, Gruhl D, Weber A, Maechler F, Kola A, Schwab F, Schwarz S, Lübke-Becker A, Schneider T, Gastmeier P, and Leistner R
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- Humans, Animals, Case-Control Studies, Dogs, Cats, Germany epidemiology, Male, Female, Risk Factors, Middle Aged, Adult, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Ownership statistics & numerical data, Cross Infection transmission, Cross Infection epidemiology, Cross Infection microbiology, Aged, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolation & purification, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus genetics, Pets microbiology, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
- Abstract
BackgroundCarriage of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in humans constitutes an important public health concern. Cross-transmission of bacteria between animals and humans has been demonstrated before.AimOur aim was to quantify the risk factor 'pet ownership' for MDRO colonisation in hospital patients.MethodsWe performed a matched case-control study from 2019 to 2022 in Berlin, Germany and compared MDRO-positive and MDRO-negative patients in terms of contact with pets and other risk factors for MDRO acquisition. Patients completed a questionnaire-based interview and provided nasal and rectal swabs. Pet owners provided swab samples from the throat and stool of their pets (dogs and cats). Phenotypically matching samples of owners and pets were analysed via whole genome sequencing.ResultsThe analyses included 2,891 patients. Reported pet ownership was 17.7% in MDRO-positives (154/871) and 23.4% in MDRO-negatives (472/2,020). Among 397 owner-pet pairs, we identified one pair sharing genotypically indistinguishable pathogens (0.3%). A risk factor analysis of pet ownership was performed for carriers of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (OR = 0.662; 95% CI: 0.343-1.277), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) (OR = 0.764; 95% CI: 0.522-1.118) and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) (OR = 0.819; 95% CI: 0.620-1.082). Colonisation with MDRO was rare in pets, and dogs were more often colonised than cats (MRSA: 0% vs 0%, VRE: 1.5% vs 1.0%, MDR-GNB: 17.2% vs 3.6%).ConclusionTransmission of MDROs between humans and pets is possible though rare. In an urban living space, neither cat nor dog ownership appears as a relevant risk factor for MDRO carriage in hospital patients.
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- 2024
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29. Clinical evaluation of a web-based personalized recommendation system with electronic health record interface to optimize healthcare resources during SARS-CoV-2 surges.
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Thieme AH, Gertler M, Piening BC, Maechler F, Benzler J, Hartmann C, Heumann P, Seybold J, Kirchberger V, Budach V, Mockenhaupt F, and Mittermaier M
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- Humans, Electronic Health Records, COVID-19 Testing, Delivery of Health Care, Internet, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 epidemiology
- Abstract
During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the German healthcare system faced challenges of efficiently allocating testing resources. To address this, we developed an open-source personalized recommendation system (PRS) called "CovApp". The PRS utilized a questionnaire to estimate the risk of infection, provided personalized recommendations such as testing, self-isolation, or quarantine, and featured QR code data transmission to electronic health records. The PRS served up to 2.5 million monthly users and received 67,000 backlinks from 1800 domains. We clinically evaluated the PRS at the SARS-CoV-2 testing facility at Charité and observed a 21.7% increase in patient throughput per hour and a 22.5% increase in patients per day. Patients using the PRS were twice as likely to belong to the High Risk group eligible for testing (18.6% vs. 8.9%, p < 0.0001), indicating successful compliance with CovApp's recommendations. CovApp served as a digital bridge between the population and medical staff and significantly improved testing efficiency. As an open-source platform, CovApp can be readily customized to address emerging public health crises. Further, given the EHR interface, the app is of great utility for other applications in clinical settings., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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30. Quantification of time delay between screening and subsequent initiation of contact isolation for carriers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales: A post hoc subgroup analysis of the R-GNOSIS WP5 Trial.
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Maechler F, Schwab F, Hansen S, Behnke M, Bonten MJ, Canton R, Diaz Agero C, Fankhauser C, Harbarth S, Huttner BD, Kola A, and Gastmeier P
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- Humans, Enterobacteriaceae, beta-Lactamases, Quarantine, Enterobacteriaceae Infections diagnosis, Enterobacteriaceae Infections epidemiology, Enterobacteriaceae Infections prevention & control, Cross Infection prevention & control
- Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to quantify the time delay between screening and initiation of contact isolation for carriers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E)., Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of contact isolation periods in a cluster-randomized controlled trial that compared 2 strategies to control ESBL-E (trial no. ISRCTN57648070). Patients admitted to 20 non-ICU wards in Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland were screened for ESBL-E carriage on admission, weekly thereafter, and on discharge. Data collection included the day of sampling, the day the wards were notified of the result, and subsequent ESBL-E isolation days., Results: Between January 2014 and August 2016, 19,122 patients, with a length of stay ≥2 days were included. At least 1 culture was collected for 16,091 patients (84%), with a median duration between the admission day and the day of first sample collection of 2 days (interquartile range [IQR], 1-3). Moreover, 854 (41%) of all 2,078 ESBL-E carriers remained without isolation during their hospital stay. In total, 6,040 ESBL-E days (32% of all ESBL-E days) accrued for patients who were not isolated. Of 2,078 ESBL-E-carriers, 1,478 ESBL-E carriers (71%) had no previous history of ESBL-E carriage. Also, 697 (34%) were placed in contact isolation with a delay of 4 days (IQR, 2-5), accounting for 2,723 nonisolation days (15% of ESBL-E days)., Conclusions: Even with extensive surveillance screening, almost one-third of all ESBL-E days were nonisolation days. Limitations in routine culture-based ESBL-E detection impeded timely and exhaustive implementation of targeted contact isolation.
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- 2023
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31. SAPS2, APACHE2, SOFA, and Core-10-TISS upon admission as risk indicators for ICU-acquired infections: a retrospective cohort study.
- Author
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Ginter K, Schwab F, Behnke M, Wolkewitz M, Gastmeier P, Geffers C, and Maechler F
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- Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Hospital Mortality, Hospitalization, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, APACHE, Cross Infection diagnosis, Intensive Care Units
- Abstract
Purpose: Early identification of high-risk patients is an important component in improving infection prevention. The SAPS2, APACHE2, Core-10-TISS, and SOFA scores are already widely used to estimate mortality, morbidity and nursing workload, but this study evaluated their usefulness in assessing a patient's risk of ICU-acquired infection., Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study by analyzing all patient admissions to seven ICUs at Charité Berlin, Germany in 2017 and 2018. The four scores were documented by physicians on the day of admission. The infection control staff monitored daily whether the patients experienced lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), urinary tract infections (UTIs), or primary blood stream infections (PBSIs). For each combination of scoring system and infection type, an adjusted Fine and Gray model was fitted., Results: We analyzed 5053 ICU admissions and observed at least one ICU-acquired infection in N = 253 patients (incidence density: 4.73 per 1000 days). 59.0% (N = 2983) of the patients were male, median age was 66 years (IQR 55-77) and median length of stay was 6 days (IQR 4-12). All models showed that patients with a higher score value were at higher risk for ICU-acquired first PBSI, LRTI, or UTI, except for the model of APACHE2 and PBSI. Patients with a SAPS2 score of > 50 points showed an increased risk of infection of sHR = 2.34 for PBSIs (CI 1.06-5.17, p < 0.05), sHR = 2.33 for LRTIs (1.53-2.55, p < 0.001) and sHR = 2.25 for UTIs (1.23-4.13, p < 0.01) when compared to the reference group with 0-30 points., Conclusions: The result of this study showed that admission scores of SAPS2, Core-10-TISS, APACHE2, and SOFA might be adequate indicators for assessing a patient's risk of ICU-acquired infection., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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32. [Therapy-relevant antibiotic resistances in a One Health context].
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Werner G, Abu Sin M, Bahrs C, Brogden S, Feßler AT, Hagel S, Kaspar H, Köck R, Kreienbrock L, Krüger-Haker H, Maechler F, Noll I, Pletz MW, Tenhagen BA, Schwarz S, Walther B, and Mielke M
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Germany, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, One Health
- Abstract
One Health refers to a concept that links human, animal, and environmental health. In Germany, there is extensive data on antibiotic resistance (AMR) and multidrug-resistant (micro)organisms (MDRO) in human and veterinary medicine, as well as from studies in various environmental compartments (soil, water, wastewater). All these activities are conducted according to different specifications and standards, which makes it difficult to compare data. A focus on AMR and MDRO of human therapeutic importance is helpful to provide some guidance. Most data are available across sectors on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multiresistant Enterobacterales such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Here, the trends of resistance are heterogeneous. Antibiotic use leads to MRE selection, which is well documented. Success in minimizing antibiotic use has also been demonstrated in recent years in several sectors and could be correlated with success in containing AMR and MDRO (e.g., decrease in MRSA in human medicine). Sector-specific measures to reduce the burden of MDRO and AMR are also necessary, as not all resistance problems are linked to other sectors. Carbapenem resistance is still rare, but most apparent in human pathogens. Colistin resistance occurs in different sectors but shows different mechanisms in each. Resistance to antibiotics of last resort such as linezolid is rare in Germany, but shows a specific One Health correlation. Efforts to harmonize methods, for example in the field of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and genome-based pathogen and AMR surveillance, are an important first step towards a better comparability of the different data collections., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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33. Epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile Infections in Germany, 2010-2019: A Review from Four Public Databases.
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Brestrich G, Angulo FJ, Berger FK, Brösamle C, Hagel S, Leischker A, Lübbert C, Maechler F, Merbecks SS, Minarovic N, Moïsi JC, von Müller L, Reuken PA, Weinke T, Yu H, and Mellmann A
- Abstract
Introduction: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a recognized global threat especially for vulnerable populations. It is of particular concern to healthcare providers as it is found in both hospital and community settings, with severe courses, frequent recurrence, high mortality and substantial financial impact on the healthcare system. The CDI burden in Germany has been described and compared by analysing data from four different public databases., Methods: Data on hospital burden of CDI have been extracted, compared, and discussed from four public databases for the years 2010-2019. Hospital days due to CDI were compared to established vaccine preventable diseases, such as influenza and herpes zoster, and also to CDI hospitalisations in the United States (US)., Results: All four databases reported comparable incidences and trends. Beginning in 2010, population-based hospitalised CDI incidence increased to a peak of > 137/100,000 in 2013. Then, incidence declined to 81/100,000 in 2019. Hospitalised patients with CDI were predominantly > 50 years of age. The population-based incidence of severe CDI was between 1.4 and 8.4/100,000 per year. Recurrence rates were between 5.9 to 6.5%. More than 1,000 CDI deaths occurred each year, with a peak of 2,666 deaths in 2015. Cumulative CDI patient days (PD) were between 204,596 and 355,466 each year, which exceeded cumulated PD for influenza and herpes zoster in most years, though year-to-year differences were observed. Finally, hospitalized CDI incidence was higher in Germany than in the US, where the disease is well recognized as a public health threat., Conclusions: All four public sources documented a decline in CDI cases since 2013, but the disease burden remains substantial and warrants continued attention as a severe public health challenge., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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34. Split k-mer analysis compared to cgMLST and SNP-based core genome analysis for detecting transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci: results from routine outbreak analyses across different hospitals and hospitals networks in Berlin, Germany.
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Maechler F, Weber A, Schwengers O, Schwab F, Denkel L, Behnke M, Gastmeier P, and Kola A
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- Humans, Berlin epidemiology, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome, Bacterial, Disease Outbreaks, Hospitals, Germany epidemiology, Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci genetics, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections epidemiology
- Abstract
The increase of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) in recent years has been partially attributed to the rise of specific clonal lineages, which have been identified throughout Germany. To date, there is no gold standard for the interpretation of genomic data for outbreak analyses. New genomic approaches such as split k-mer analysis (SKA) could support cluster attribution for routine outbreak investigation. The aim of this project was to investigate frequent clonal lineages of VREfm identified during suspected outbreaks across different hospitals, and to compare genomic approaches including SKA in routine outbreak investigation. We used routine outbreak laboratory data from seven hospitals and three different hospital networks in Berlin, Germany. Short-read libraries were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq system. We determined clusters using the published Enterococcus faecium -cgMLST scheme (threshold ≤20 alleles), and assigned sequence and complex types (ST, CT), using the Ridom SeqSphere+ software. For each cluster as determined by cgMLST, we used pairwise core-genome SNP-analysis and SKA at thresholds of ten and seven SNPs, respectively, to further distinguish cgMLST clusters. In order to investigate clinical relevance, we analysed to what extent epidemiological linkage backed the clusters determined with different genomic approaches. Between 2014 and 2021, we sequenced 693 VREfm strains, and 644 (93 %) were associated within cgMLST clusters. More than 74 % ( n =475) of the strains belonged to the six largest cgMLST clusters, comprising ST117, ST78 and ST80. All six clusters were detected across several years and hospitals without apparent epidemiological links. Core SNP analysis identified 44 clusters with a median cluster size of three isolates (IQR 2-7, min-max 2-63), as well as 197 singletons (41.4 % of 475 isolates). SKA identified 67 clusters with a median cluster size of two isolates (IQR 2-4, min-max 2-19), and 261 singletons (54.9 % of 475 isolates). Of the isolate pairs attributed to clusters, 7 % ( n =3064/45 596) of pairs in clusters determined by standard cgMLST, 15 % ( n =1222/8500) of pairs in core SNP-clusters and 51 % ( n =942/1880) of pairs in SKA-clusters showed epidemiological linkage. The proportion of epidemiological linkage differed between sequence types. For VREfm, the discriminative ability of the widely used cgMLST based approach at ≤20 alleles difference was insufficient to rule out hospital outbreaks without further analytical methods. Cluster assignment guided by core genome SNP analysis and the reference free SKA was more discriminative and correlated better with obvious epidemiological linkage, at least recently published thresholds (ten and seven SNPs, respectively) and for frequent STs. Besides higher overall discriminative power, the whole-genome approach implemented in SKA is also easier and faster to conduct and requires less computational resources.
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- 2023
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35. Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation: the second round of challenges.
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Meyer F, Fritz A, Deng ZL, Koslicki D, Lesker TR, Gurevich A, Robertson G, Alser M, Antipov D, Beghini F, Bertrand D, Brito JJ, Brown CT, Buchmann J, Buluç A, Chen B, Chikhi R, Clausen PTLC, Cristian A, Dabrowski PW, Darling AE, Egan R, Eskin E, Georganas E, Goltsman E, Gray MA, Hansen LH, Hofmeyr S, Huang P, Irber L, Jia H, Jørgensen TS, Kieser SD, Klemetsen T, Kola A, Kolmogorov M, Korobeynikov A, Kwan J, LaPierre N, Lemaitre C, Li C, Limasset A, Malcher-Miranda F, Mangul S, Marcelino VR, Marchet C, Marijon P, Meleshko D, Mende DR, Milanese A, Nagarajan N, Nissen J, Nurk S, Oliker L, Paoli L, Peterlongo P, Piro VC, Porter JS, Rasmussen S, Rees ER, Reinert K, Renard B, Robertsen EM, Rosen GL, Ruscheweyh HJ, Sarwal V, Segata N, Seiler E, Shi L, Sun F, Sunagawa S, Sørensen SJ, Thomas A, Tong C, Trajkovski M, Tremblay J, Uritskiy G, Vicedomini R, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wang Z, Warren A, Willassen NP, Yelick K, You R, Zeller G, Zhao Z, Zhu S, Zhu J, Garrido-Oter R, Gastmeier P, Hacquard S, Häußler S, Khaledi A, Maechler F, Mesny F, Radutoiu S, Schulze-Lefert P, Smit N, Strowig T, Bremges A, Sczyrba A, and McHardy AC
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- Archaea genetics, Reproducibility of Results, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Software, Metagenome, Metagenomics methods
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Evaluating metagenomic software is key for optimizing metagenome interpretation and focus of the Initiative for the Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation (CAMI). The CAMI II challenge engaged the community to assess methods on realistic and complex datasets with long- and short-read sequences, created computationally from around 1,700 new and known genomes, as well as 600 new plasmids and viruses. Here we analyze 5,002 results by 76 program versions. Substantial improvements were seen in assembly, some due to long-read data. Related strains still were challenging for assembly and genome recovery through binning, as was assembly quality for the latter. Profilers markedly matured, with taxon profilers and binners excelling at higher bacterial ranks, but underperforming for viruses and Archaea. Clinical pathogen detection results revealed a need to improve reproducibility. Runtime and memory usage analyses identified efficient programs, including top performers with other metrics. The results identify challenges and guide researchers in selecting methods for analyses., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
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- 2022
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36. Corticosteroids as risk factor for COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in intensive care patients.
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Leistner R, Schroeter L, Adam T, Poddubnyy D, Stegemann M, Siegmund B, Maechler F, Geffers C, Schwab F, Gastmeier P, Treskatsch S, Angermair S, and Schneider T
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- Adrenal Cortex Hormones adverse effects, Critical Care, Humans, Risk Factors, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Pulmonary Aspergillosis
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Purpose: Corticosteroids, in particular dexamethasone, are one of the primary treatment options for critically ill COVID-19 patients. However, there are a growing number of cases that involve COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), and it is unclear whether dexamethasone represents a risk factor for CAPA. Our aim was to investigate a possible association of the recommended dexamethasone therapy with a risk of CAPA., Methods: We performed a study based on a cohort of COVID-19 patients treated in 2020 in our 13 intensive care units at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin. We used ECMM/ISHM criteria for the CAPA diagnosis and performed univariate and multivariable analyses of clinical parameters to identify risk factors that could result in a diagnosis of CAPA., Results: Altogether, among the n = 522 intensive care patients analyzed, n = 47 (9%) patients developed CAPA. CAPA patients had a higher simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) (64 vs. 53, p < 0.001) and higher levels of IL-6 (1,005 vs. 461, p < 0.008). They more often had severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (60% vs. 41%, p = 0.024), renal replacement therapy (60% vs. 41%, p = 0.024), and they were more likely to die (64% vs. 48%, p = 0.049). The multivariable analysis showed dexamethasone (OR 3.110, CI95 1.112-8.697) and SAPS (OR 1.063, CI95 1.028-1.098) to be independent risk factors for CAPA., Conclusion: In our study, dexamethasone therapy as recommended for COVID-19 was associated with a significant three times increase in the risk of CAPA., Trial Registration: Registration number DRKS00024578, Date of registration March 3rd, 2021., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
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- 2022
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37. The impact of non-antimicrobial drug agents on the acquisition of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales in non-critical care wards in a German university hospital: an exploratory, matched case-control study.
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Klauke P, Schwab F, Gastmeier P, and Maechler F
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- Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Case-Control Studies, Hospitals, University, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, beta-Lactamases, Cross Infection diagnosis, Cross Infection drug therapy, Cross Infection epidemiology, Enterobacteriaceae Infections diagnosis, Enterobacteriaceae Infections drug therapy, Enterobacteriaceae Infections epidemiology, Pharmaceutical Preparations
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Objectives: To investigate therapeutical drugs other than antimicrobials as risk factors for the acquisition of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E)., Methods: This matched case-control study is based on rectal surveillance screening data obtained during a larger trial between 2014 and 2016 upon patients' admission and at least once before discharge in eight non-ICU wards. Patients with ward-acquired ESBL-E (cases) were matched 1:1 to non-ESBL-E carriers (controls) based on ward, number of screening samples, days at risk and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). Daily medication data were documented according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate risk factors for ESBL-E acquisition., Results: Of the 232 cases and 232 controls analysed, baseline characteristics such as gender (male 56.9%), median age (65 years old, IQR 52-74), number of screening samples (N = 3, IQR 2-4), days to first sample (2, IQR 1-2), days at risk (8, IQR 6-11) and CCI (4, IQR 2-6) were similar. Multivariable analysis showed that glucocorticoids, opium alkaloids and selective β-2-adrenoreceptor agonists increased the chance to detect ESBL-E (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.001-1.13, P = 0.047; OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.007-1.12, P = 0.027; and OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.105-1.55, P = 0.001, respectively), while antihistamines decreased it (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.39-0.97, P = 0.034). In a sensitivity analysis, including drugs prescribed to at least 50 patients, proton pump inhibitors remained as risk factors (OR 1.049, 95% CI 1.001-1.100, P = 0.047)., Conclusions: In a non-ICU setting, drugs other than antimicrobials were determined as potential independent risk factors for ESBL-E acquisition., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
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- 2021
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38. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infections at a testing site in Berlin, Germany, March and April 2020-a cross-sectional study.
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Maechler F, Gertler M, Hermes J, van Loon W, Schwab F, Piening B, Rojansky S, Hommes F, Kausch F, Lindner AK, Burock S, Rössig H, Hartmann C, Kirchberger V, Thieme A, Behnke M, Gastmeier P, Mockenhaupt FP, and Seybold J
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- Adult, Berlin epidemiology, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 physiopathology, COVID-19 Testing methods, Carrier State diagnosis, Carrier State virology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Mass Screening statistics & numerical data, Middle Aged, Olfaction Disorders epidemiology, Olfaction Disorders virology, Pandemics statistics & numerical data, Risk Factors, Sensitivity and Specificity, Taste Disorders epidemiology, Taste Disorders virology, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 Testing statistics & numerical data, Carrier State epidemiology
- Abstract
Objective: In Berlin, the first public severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing site started 1 day after the first case in the city occurred. We describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics and aim at identifying risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 detection during the first 6 weeks of operation., Methods: Testing followed national recommendations, but was also based on the physician's discretion. We related patient characteristics to SARS-CoV-2 test positivity for exploratory analyses using a cross-sectional, observational study design., Results: Between 3 March and 13 April 2020, 5179 individuals attended the site (median age 34 years; interquartile range 26-47 years). The median time since disease onset was 4 days (interquartile range 2-7 days). Among 4333 persons tested, 333 (7.7%) were positive. Test positivity increased up to 10.3% (96/929) during the first 3 weeks and then declined, paralleling Germany's lock-down and the course of the epidemic in Berlin. Strict adherence to testing guidelines resulted in 10.4% (262/2530) test positivity, compared with 3.9% (71/1803) among individuals tested for other indications. A nightclub was a transmission hotspot; 27.7% (26/94) of one night's visitors were found positive. Smell and/or taste dysfunction indicated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with 85.6% specificity (95% CI 82.1%-88.1%). Four per cent (14/333) of those infected were asymptomatic. Risk factors for detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection were recent contact with a positive case (second week after contact, OR 3.42; 95% CI 2.48-4.71), travel to regions of high pandemic activity (e.g. Austria, OR 4.16; 95% CI 2.48-6.99), recent onset of symptoms (second week, OR 3.61; 95% CI 1.87-6.98) and an impaired sense of smell/taste (4.08; 95% CI 2.36-7.03)., Conclusions: In this young population, early-onset presentation of COVID-19 resembled flu-like symptoms, except for smell and/or taste dysfunction. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 detection were return from regions with high incidence and contact with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases, particularly when tests were administered within the first 2 weeks after contact and/or onset of symptoms., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2020
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39. Increase of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strain type ST117 CT71 at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2008 to 2018.
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Weber A, Maechler F, Schwab F, Gastmeier P, and Kola A
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- Aged, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Berlin, Cross Infection epidemiology, Female, Genome, Bacterial, Genotype, Humans, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Middle Aged, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Retrospective Studies, Virulence, Virulence Factors genetics, Whole Genome Sequencing, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections microbiology, Vancomycin pharmacology, Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci classification, Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci drug effects
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Background: In addition to an overall rise in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm), an increase in certain strain types marked by sequence type (ST) and cluster type (CT) has been reported in Germany over the past few years. Outbreak analyses at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin revealed the frequent occurrence of VREfm ST117 CT71 isolates in 2017 and 2018. To investigate whether ST117 CT71 have emerged in recent years or whether these strains have been circulating for a longer time, we retrospectively analyzed non-outbreak strains that occurred between 2008 and 2018 to identify frequent STs and CTs., Methods: In total, 120 VREfm isolates obtained from clinical and surveillance cultures from the years 2008, 2013, 2015, and 2018 were analyzed. Thirty isolates per year comprising the first 7-8 non-outbreak isolates of each quarter of the respective year were sequenced using whole genome sequencing. MLST and cgMLST were determined as well as resistance genes and virulence factors. Risk factors for VREfm ST117 were analyzed in a multivariable analysis with patient characteristics as possible confounders., Results: The percentage of VREfm of type ST117 increased from 17% in 2008 to 57% in 2018 (p = 0.012). In 2008, vanA genotype accounted for 80% of all ST117 isolates compared to 6% in 2018. VanB CT71 first appeared in 2018 and predominated over all other ST117 at 43% (p < 0.0001). The set of resistance genes (msrC, efmA, erm(B), dfrG, aac(6')-Ii, gyrA, parC and pbp5) and virulence factors (acm, esp, hylEfm, ecbA and sgrA) in CT71 was also found in other ST117 non-CT71 strains, mainly in CT36. The study population did not differ among the different calendar years analyzed in terms of age, gender, length of stay, or ward type (each p > 0.2)., Conclusion: This study revealed an increase in ST117 strains from 2008 to 2018, accompanied by a shift toward CT71 strains with the vanB genotype in 2018. We did not detect resistance or virulence traits in CT71 that could confer survival advantage compared to other CTs among ST117 strains. To date, it is not clear why ST117 and in particular strain type ST117 CT71 predominates over other strains.
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- 2020
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40. Contact isolation versus standard precautions to decrease acquisition of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in non-critical care wards: a cluster-randomised crossover trial.
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Maechler F, Schwab F, Hansen S, Fankhauser C, Harbarth S, Huttner BD, Diaz-Agero C, Lopez N, Canton R, Ruiz-Garbajosa P, Blok H, Bonten MJ, Kloosterman F, Schotsman J, Cooper BS, Behnke M, Golembus J, Kola A, and Gastmeier P
- Subjects
- Adult, Carrier State prevention & control, Critical Care methods, Cross-Over Studies, Female, Germany, Hospitals, Humans, Male, Netherlands, Patient Isolation methods, Prevalence, Quarantine, Spain, Switzerland, Cross Infection prevention & control, Enterobacteriaceae metabolism, Enterobacteriaceae Infections prevention & control, Infection Control methods, beta-Lactamases metabolism
- Abstract
Background: The effectiveness of contact isolation for decreasing the spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) has been questioned. The aim of this study was to establish the benefits of contact isolation over standard precautions for reducing the incidence density of ESBL-E colonisation and infection in adult medical and surgical wards with an active surveillance culture programme., Methods: We did a cluster-randomised crossover trial in adult wards in four European university hospitals. Medical, surgical, or combined medical-surgical wards without critical care were randomised to continue standard precautions alone or implement contact isolation alongside standard precautions for 12 months, followed by a 1 month washout period and 12 months of the alternate strategy. Randomisation was done via a computer-generated sequence, with a block size of two consecutive wards. Only laboratory technicians and data analysts were masked to allocation. Patients were screened for ESBL-E carriage within 3 days of admission, once a week thereafter, and on discharge. The primary outcome was the incidence density of ESBL-E, defined as the acquisition rate per 1000 patient-days at risk at the ward level and assessed in the per-protocol population, which included all patients screened at least twice with a length of stay of more than 1 week for each intervention period. No specific safety measures were assessed given the minimal risk of adverse events. The trial is registered, ISRCTN57648070., Findings: We enrolled 20 wards from four hospitals in Germany (eight wards), the Netherlands (four wards), Spain (four wards), and Switzerland (four wards). Between Jan 6, 2014, and Aug 31, 2016, 38 357 patients were admitted to these wards. Among 15 184 patients with a length of stay of more than 1 week, 11 368 patients (75%) were screened at least twice. The incidence density of ward-acquired ESBL-E was 6·0 events per 1000 patient-days at risk (95% CI 5·4-6·7) during periods of contact isolation and 6·1 (5·5-6·7) during periods of standard precautions (p=0·9710). Multivariable analysis adjusted for length of stay, percentage of patients screened, and prevalence in first screening cultures yielded an incidence rate ratio of 0·99 (95% CI 0·80-1·22; p=0·9177) for care under contact isolation compared with standard precautions., Interpretation: Contact isolation showed no benefit when added to standard precautions for controlling the spread of ESBL-E on non-critical care wards with extensive surveillance screening., Funding: European Commission., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2020
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41. Local prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae intestinal carriers at admission and co-expression of ESBL and OXA-48 carbapenemase in Klebsiella pneumoniae : a prevalence survey in a Spanish University Hospital.
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Díaz-Agero Pérez C, López-Fresneña N, Rincon Carlavilla AL, Hernandez Garcia M, Ruiz-Garbajosa P, Aranaz-Andrés JM, Maechler F, Gastmeier P, Bonten MJM, and Canton R
- Subjects
- Asymptomatic Diseases epidemiology, Diagnostic Tests, Routine methods, Diagnostic Tests, Routine statistics & numerical data, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Female, Hospitals, University statistics & numerical data, Humans, Intestines microbiology, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests methods, Microbial Sensitivity Tests statistics & numerical data, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Spain epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Bacterial Proteins isolation & purification, Enterobacteriaceae isolation & purification, Enterobacteriaceae physiology, Enterobacteriaceae Infections diagnosis, Enterobacteriaceae Infections epidemiology, Enterobacteriaceae Infections microbiology, Klebsiella pneumoniae isolation & purification, Klebsiella pneumoniae physiology, beta-Lactamases isolation & purification
- Abstract
Objective: To assess the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) faecal carriers at admission in a University Hospital in Spain., Design: Prevalence survey., Setting: Pneumology, gastroenterology, urology and neurosurgery units at a university tertiary hospital in Madrid (Spain)., Participants: A total of 10 643 patients aged 18 and older admitted from March 2014 to April 2016 with a rectal swab taken at admission or as soon as possible within the first 48 hours., Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures: Prevalence of ESBL-E faecal carriers and prevalence of ESBL-E infections at admission., Results: The prevalance of ESBL-E carriers at admission was 7.69% (CI 95% 7.18 to 8.19). Most of the isolates were Escherichia coli (77.51%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.71%). Eighty-eight (10.41%) of ESBL-E were simultaneous ESBL and carbapenemase (CP) producers, 1.83% in the case of E. coli and 42.86% among K. pneumoniae isolates. Of the ESBL typed, 52.15% belonged to the cefotaximases (CTX-M-15) type and 91.38% of the CP were oxacillinase (OXA-48) type. Only 0.43% patients presented an active infection by ESBL-E at admission., Conclusions: The prevalence found in our study is very similar to that found in literature. However, we found a high percentage of simultaneous ESBL and CP producers, particularly in K. pneumoniae . Despite the high prevalence of colonised patients, the ESBL-infection rate at admission was very low., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
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- 2019
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42. Emergence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli ST131-C1-M27 clade colonizing patients in Europe.
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Merino I, Hernández-García M, Turrientes MC, Pérez-Viso B, López-Fresneña N, Diaz-Agero C, Maechler F, Fankhauser-Rodriguez C, Kola A, Schrenzel J, Harbarth S, Bonten M, Gastmeier P, Canton R, and Ruiz-Garbajosa P
- Subjects
- DNA, Bacterial genetics, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, Escherichia coli enzymology, Escherichia coli Infections microbiology, Escherichia coli Proteins genetics, Europe epidemiology, Genotype, Hospitalization statistics & numerical data, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Prevalence, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Escherichia coli drug effects, Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli Infections epidemiology, beta-Lactamases genetics
- Abstract
Background: The ST131 Escherichia coli clone is associated with the global dissemination of ESBLs. It has been hypothesized that ST131 could take advantage of better colonizing abilities. However, the data on colonization prevalence of ESBL-ST131 in European hospitals are scarce., Objectives: To assess the prevalence of the ST131 clone and its microbiological characteristics among colonizing ESBL-producing E. coli (ESBL-Ec) from hospitalized patients in four European hospitals (Berlin, Geneva, Madrid and Utrecht) during the R-GNOSIS study., Methods: ESBL-Ec isolates (n = 688) were obtained from rectal swabs of hospitalized patients from March 2014 to February 2015 using selective media. The ST131 clone and its subclones were sought using PCR and positive isolates were further studied. blaESBL genes were characterized (PCR and sequencing), antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed, clonal relationships were studied by PFGE and fimH allele and O type (PCR) were assessed., Results: ST131 prevalence was 20.5% (141/688); C1/H30R1 isolates were significantly more prevalent in Geneva (49%) and C2/H30Rx in Madrid (67%). C1/H30R1 isolates showed less resistance to amikacin than C2/H30Rx (4% versus 35%) and all were susceptible to penicillin/inhibitor combinations. CTX-M-15 was the most common enzyme (49%) followed by CTX-M-27 (27%). C1/H30R1 isolates were significantly associated with CTX-M-27 (72%) and all of these isolates belonged to the C1-M27 clade. Moreover, C2/H30Rx isolates and CTX-M-15 were also significantly related (88%)., Conclusions: The predominance of C2/H30Rx-CTX-M-15 in Madrid and C1/H30R1-CTX-M-27 in Geneva demonstrates a changing epidemiology of ESBLs in Europe caused by ST131 subclones; in particular, the emergence of the C1-M27 clade in Europe.
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- 2018
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43. [Development of antimicrobial resistance in Germany : What is the current situation?]
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Maechler F, Geffers C, Schwab F, Peña Diaz LA, Behnke M, and Gastmeier P
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- Anti-Bacterial Agents adverse effects, Bacterial Infections epidemiology, Cross Infection epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections drug therapy, Escherichia coli Infections epidemiology, Germany, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections drug therapy, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections epidemiology, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections microbiology, Humans, Intensive Care Units statistics & numerical data, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Population Surveillance, Staphylococcal Infections drug therapy, Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Bacterial Infections drug therapy, Cross Infection drug therapy, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
- Abstract
Background: The frequency of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) is increasing in Germany and worldwide., Objectives: Presentation of MDRO resistance rates and prevalence in Germany MATERIALS AND METHODS: Results from the Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance (ARS) and Hospital Infection Surveillance Systems (Krankenhausinfektions-Surveillance-Systems, KISS) and from recent prevalence surveys are presented., Results: MRSA-resistance rates and the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have remained at a stable level over the last few years. In contrast, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and multidrug-resistant gramnegative (MRGN) bacteria have increased considerably. VRE prevalence has more than tripled in the past 5 years, and Escherichia coli resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, acylureidopenicillins, and fluoroquinolones increased by 43% in 2015 compared with the previous year., Conclusions: New policies to control MDRO should focus on VRE and the heterogeneous group of MRGN bacteria. In the case of the latter, the different bacterial species' characteristics should be taken into consideration.
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- 2017
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44. [Not Available].
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Geffers C, Maechler F, Behnke M, and Gastmeier P
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- Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Disease Notification methods, Germany epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Mandatory Reporting, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Survival Rate, Bacterial Infections mortality, Bacterial Infections prevention & control, Cross Infection mortality, Cross Infection prevention & control, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial drug effects, Population Surveillance methods
- Abstract
Epidemiology: Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms (MDROs) varies temporally, geographically, and by healthcare setting. In general MDROs rates are higher in hospitals compared to the outpatient setting. Within the hospital the prevalence of MDRO-patients in ICUs is higher than in non-ICU wards. While the number of MRSA-patients decreased over the last years, there was a continuous increase of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) in Germany. At present, every 60. patient in the ICU is known as colonized or infected with GNB., Surveillance: Hospitals in Germany are obliged by the "protection against infection act" (REF?)11 to establish a surveillance for MDROs. To improve the informative value of the surveillance it is recommended to participate in one of three surveillance systems for MDROs in Germany, which differ with regard to the effort required and their key messages., Importance: MDROs may increase healthcare costs as well as patient morbidity and mortality., (© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York.)
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- 2016
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45. How to implement monitoring tools for sedation, pain and delirium in the intensive care unit: an experimental cohort study.
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Radtke FM, Heymann A, Franck M, Maechler F, Drews T, Luetz A, Nachtigall I, Wernecke KD, and Spies CD
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- Female, Germany, Hospital Mortality, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Length of Stay, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Prospective Studies, Delirium prevention & control, Drug Monitoring, Health Plan Implementation, Inservice Training methods, Pain Measurement
- Abstract
Purpose: Systematic monitoring of sedation, pain and delirium in the ICU is of paramount importance in delivering adequate patient care. While the use of systematic monitoring instruments is widely agreed upon, these tools are infrequently implemented into daily ICU care. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of two different training strategies (training according to the local standard vs. modified extended method) on the implementation rate of scoring instruments on the ICU., Methods: In this experimental cohort study we analyzed the frequency of scoring on three surgical ICUs before and after training, and in a 1 year follow-up. A modified extended training included establishing a local support team helping to resolve immediate problems. In addition we evaluated the impact on patients' outcome., Results: ICUs trained by the modified extended method showed increased documentation rates of all scores per patient and day. In a 1 year follow-up, increased scoring rates for all scores were maintained. Scoring rates with training according to the local standard training protocol did not increase significantly. Implementation of delirium and pain monitoring were associated with a decrease in mortality [odds ratio (OR) 0.451; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.22-0.924, and, respectively, OR 0.348; 95 % CI: 0.140-0.863]. Monitoring had no significant influence on ventilation time or ICU length of stay., Conclusions: A modified extended training strategy for ICU monitoring tools (sedation, pain, delirium) leads to higher intermediate and long-term implementation rates and is associated with improved patient outcome. However, these findings may have been biased by unmeasured confounders.
- Published
- 2012
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