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Relatório de Prática de Ensino Supervisionada em Educação Pré-Escolar e do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

Relatório Final de Estágio de 2.º Ciclo em Ensino do 1.º e 2.º Ciclos do Ensino Básico Devido ao elevado nº, os apêndices não foram carregados no Repositório

The aim of this dissertation is to traceand discuss the practices and challenges of physical planning within an Entrepreneurial City approach to urban policy. The research aim is addressed by focusing on three questions: 1) how have the practices of physicalplanning been influenced by the context of an Entrepreneurial City approach to urban policy 2) how has physical planning responded to this urban policy context, and 3) which potential dilemmas for physical planning practice derive from this new context? By an Entrepreneurial City approach tourban policy I understand an approach whereby there is an attention placed over strategies to promote local economic growth and attract investments, companies and specific types of people in to the city. Arguably urban policies focus less on welfare-related and redistribution strategies. There is an adoption of private sector discourses and tools to promote the city as a place to live, work and invest in. These discourses and tools pass through place-making strategies, marketing, engagement in speculative, risk-taking market-led projects, and seeking partners with whom to establish alliances that will serve to promote the city. The strong emphasis of Entrepreneurial City approaches on interventions over the built environment of a city or neighborhood implies a greater attention to what is happening to the practices of physical planning in municipalities that have adopted this approach. Existing studies tend to emphasize that it signifies a decrease in the scope of influence for public sector, and by extention for physical planning, in the governance and steering of these projects. The dissertation focuses on large-scale urban development projects – Brunnshög, in Lund, and Bo01, Norra Sorgenfri and Hyllie, in Malmö. The projects were chosen due to their likelihood toillustrate physical planning practices marked by an Entrepreneurial City approach. The main findings of this thesis refute the idea of a turn in urban policy towards entrepreneurial city approaches, and illustrate instead a process by which new practices and values coincide with previously established settings and practices. Physical planning is adopting the discourses of an urban policy approach where intercity competition for new industries (preferably in knowledge-intensive sectors) and residents(preferably the “creative classes”) guide urban development projects. The governance setting is marked by the need to establish working networks and partnerships that will create the capacity to act. Experimentation, piece-meal approaches and inter-project learning mark the adaptation strategies to an urban policy context that is still changing. Potential dilemmas lie in the fragmented character of the partnerships required to execute the projects, and in the assumption that these projects will result in the rehabilitation of the socio-economic trends of the city and promote local economic growth. Additionally the resulting built environments are prone to processes of gentrification and displacement, and spatial and socioeconomic polarization.

Recent research has argued that urban policy has turned towards entrepreneurial forms of urban governance, resulting in a more fragmented and decentralized setting within which public policy is formulated and implemented. This implies that the context for public sector urban planning is also influenced by this “turn”. This paper questions this “turn” by arguing that, in Sweden and in practice, forms of fragmentation and decentralization coexist with remnants of coherence and centralization. It focuses on two planning projects, one in Malmö and one in Lund. A case study approach is followed, using official documentation and expert interviews. The paper indicates that public authorities and planners remain crucial in urban development projects as initiators of projects, when they bring in financial incentives or lease out the plots for development, or when they add to the project’s political legitimacy and bring to the table different actors that would otherwise be less likely to join forces. It concludes by discussing how public sector urban planning is adjusting to the changes brought forward by entrepreneurial urban governance. The paper contributes to the literature on how urban planning is adapting to changes in the context for urban governance.

Urban Sprawl is a broad concept, with many different definitions about what indicates sprawl. In this study, we analyze sprawl in the Öresund Region, focusing mainly on the Swedish region Skåne. Typical indicators for sprawl in Scandinavia, particularly in the Öresund Region, are: satellite towns serving as residential suburbs for bigger surrounding cities (Malmö, Lund and Copenhagen) with low-density building and low mixed-use, linear development along railroads and railways, high commuting and automobile dependence. The analysis of the spatial planning systems shows how urban development in Denmark and Sweden is happening and what kind of opportunities the municipalities have to prevent sprawl. Against this background, we evaluate projects and ambitions of our analyzed municipalities for future urban development and look at other influences which cause urban sprawl in the municipalities in Skåne. Accordingly, we consider connections between transport policies/systems - as a determinant for urban development - and the spatial planning of the municipalities. The regional integration in the Öresund Region is also analyzed as a determinant for sprawl, since this integration has several impacts on urban development in the municipalities. Concepts, policies, projects and current realities are, this way, analyzed to enlighten a clearer picture of the shape sprawl is taking in the Öresund Region.