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The present study focused on the histogenesis of the crop in quail embryos. The developmental sequence was recorded from day 10 of incubation to the hatching day (17th day) by gross anatomy, morphometric analysis and by using light and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Grossly, the crop was distinguished as an enlarged pouch of the cervical oesophagus on the 12th day of incubation. Histologically, the development of the crop began on the 10th day of incubation. The muscularis mucosae was observed as a small, thin layer of myoblast cells on the 10th day, then it appeared as longitudinally arranged smooth muscle fibres with progression of the developmental age till hatching day. The submucosal layer was also observed on the 10th day, while the lamina propria, muscular layer (inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle fibre) and glandular primordia were detected on the 12th day. The epithelial cells of crop revealed affinity for PAS stain and AB‐PAS on the 10th day of incubation till the 17th day, while the affinity for AB stain appeared on the 14th day of incubation. Additionally, the glandular cells showed the positive for AB, PAS and AB‐PAS on the 12th day of incubation. SEM sections showed variable sizes of the openings of the oesophageal glands. In conclusion, the present study provided a detailed overview of the histogenesis of the crop in quail embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated the sublingual floor of Rahmani sheep (Ovis aries). Samples from nine healthy adult sheep have been analysed using morphometrical, scanning electron microscopic (SEM), and histological examination. The sublingual floor of the sheep was formed of a rostral prefrenular part (spatula‐shaped) and two lateral sublingual recesses. Right and left sublingual caruncles were asymmetrical in length and each one had a serrated border, divided into three papillae. At higher magnifications, the three papillae of the sublingual caruncle's edge were variable in shape, with other two papillae were demonstrated underneath the caruncle. Each sublingual recess had a sublingual fold (plica sublingualis) extended from the level of frenulum linguae till the glossopalatine arch, bordered with caudolaterally directed papillae till the level of first lower molar cheek teeth. The sublingual salivary glands were mixed (seromucoid) type. The glandular lobule consisted of mucous acini and sporadic serous acini, as well as the presence of some mucous acini capped by acidophilic cells, serous demilunes. The mucous acinus was formed of pyramidal mucous cells with pale stained cytoplasm and basally located nuclei. Two ducts; major sublingual and submandibular ducts were observed within the submucosa of the sublingual caruncle. The sublingual ductal pseudostratified columnar epithelium was interspersed by more goblet cells than that of the submandibular duct. Collagen fibres around the glandular lobules, intralobular and interlobular excretory ducts as well as the connective core of the papillae were noticed. By SEM, two epithelium‐lined pits on the surface of the sublingual floor mucosa caudal to the central incisive teeth were termed orobasal organ. As the first study to give a comprehensive analysis of the sheeps' sublingual floor, this one serves as a baseline for future clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on the blood cells of Zovawk pigs is scanty; thus, this study was designed to elaborate the light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization of blood cells of Zovawk pigs by LM and SEM. Twelve different blood samples were aseptically obtained from adult healthy Zovawk pigs, irrespective of sex. To determine the cytomorphological and cytochemical structures of the many produced constituents of blood, blood smears were stained with various stains. The blood samples were treated with various substrates for cytoenzymatic research, and the alterations were noted. A 1000× magnification Olympus Trinocular Research microscope was used to examine the smears. The blood samples were prepared for electron microscopy according to the standard procedure. The prepared samples were delivered to the Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (SAIF), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, for SEM imaging. On LM, pig erythrocytes were spherical and nonnucleated. The cytoplasm of the neutrophils was spherical and included cytoplasmic granules. The eosinophils had prominent cytoplasmic granules and were round. Basophils were infrequently present and had cytoplasmic granules that were clear blue. The sizes of small, medium and large lymphocytes were noted. The monocytes were oval or circular. The platelets ranged in form from asymmetric to round. The blood samples were stained for cytochemical analyses using acid ferrocyanide stain for iron, Sudan black blue stain for lipids, toluidine blue stain for mucopolysaccharides, and periodic acid Schiff's stain for glycogen. The cytoenzymatic characteristics were evaluated and compared with substrates treated with acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, arylsulfatase, cytochrome oxidase, beta‐glucuronidase, and succinate dehydrogenase. Erythrocytes appeared as biconcave disks under SEM. Two forms of leukocytes were observed, having a rough and pointed cell surface like a flower. It can be concluded that the LM and SEM morphology of blood cells of Zovawk pigs resembled other domestic animals, however, few differences were observed among the discussed animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to provide a new method for the identification of animal species by using the scanning electron microscopic study on the nasal skin around the nostril. The reference databases for animal identification using traditional ways (i.e., hair and bone analyses) were somewhat available. This study was conducted on the nasal skin of seven different animal species: large ruminants (Saidi buffalo and frozen Angus cattle); small ruminants (Egyptian goat and Rahmani sheep); camels (one‐hump dromedary camel); equines (African domestic donkey and Arabian horse); carnivores (farm domestic cat, Egyptian Baladi dog, and red fox); swine (Danish Landrace pig); and rodents (albino rat and New Zealand white rabbit). The nasal skin was divided by grooves into different shaped raised areas in some examined animals, the mean diameter of these areas and width of the grooves of each animal species were recorded. The characteristic differential features of the nasal skin of each animal species have been documented. Few openings of the nasolabial glands were demonstrated in large ruminants and swine, which were H letter‐shaped in buffaloes, oval‐shaped in cattle, and whirlpool‐shaped with several layers of folds on their margin in pig. Moreover, the openings of the lateral nasal glands were whirlpool, ovoid, and oval shaped in goats, sheep, and camels, respectively. In conclusion, the present study proved that the skin around the nostrils plays an important role as means of identification in forensic investigations and improves the field of veterinary forensic medicine in general, which is not well‐developed in comparison with human forensics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anatomical description of the beak, oropharyngeal and nasal cavities of broad-breasted white turkey (BBWT) is unavailable in comparison with other birds. This study was conducted on five adult healthy birds (16.63 ± 5.54 Kg bwt). Beak was boat-shaped with pointed apex and was hard and rigid horny structure. The oral roof (palate) was formed of one median, two rostral, and two caudal palatine ridges. Shallow wide groove was observed between the rostral palatine ridges and lateral edges of the upper beak. The choanal slit was occupied 47.5% of the palate. There were two types of mechanical papillae distributed around the choanal slit. This slit was separated from the infundibular slit by a shallow groove. The tongue was triangular-shaped with pointed apex accompanied by V-shaped row of caudally directed lingual papillae between the body and the root. The lingual root was triangular-shaped, marked by shallow crescentic-shaped groove. The laryngeal mound was elongated pyramidal-shaped, contained glottis continued caudally by shallow longitudinal groove termed laryngeal sulcus. The nasal cavity was divided by a cartilaginous nasal septum into two symmetrical haves and opened externally by an elliptical-shaped nostril. The nostril was covered with a cartilaginous operculum which appeared as dome-shaped. Three nasal conchae were noticed within the nasal cavity: rostral, middle, and caudal nasal conchae. The middle nasal concha was the largest one, scrolled into 1 1/2 turns rostrally and scrolled 2 turns caudally. In conclusion, this study provides sufficient data on the anatomic and morphometric investigations of the nasal and oropharyngeal cavities of broad breast white turkey which may be beneficial for manipulation of head during treatment of diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was designed to give complete histo‐and immunohistochemical features of the parabronchial epithelium of domestic fowl's (Gallus gallus domesticus) lung with special reference to Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mean transmission electron microscope (TEM) features. The lung exhibited variable‐sized atrial openings encircled by exchange tissue zones. The parabronchial atrial chambers appeared as ovoid and polygonal‐shaped that separated by the well‐developed interatrial septum. The deep atrial lumens had blood vessels pierced by openings that represent the infundibula. The parabronchial blood capillaries meshwork was branched and exhibited ovoid‐shaped air capillaries with numerous extravasated blood vessels. By TEM, there were several air capillaries and groups of squamous and endothelial respiratory cells and the squamous cells had oval nucleus with evenly distributed chromatin. The endothelial respiratory cells had few microvilli on their free surfaces. The parabronchial tubes opened into a group of widened atria that had smooth muscle bundles at the interatrial septa. The atrial chambers led to narrow infundibula. Moreover, the lining epithelium of parabronchi, atria, infundibula, and air capillaries was formed by simple squamous epithelium. Air capillary walls were lined by two types of respiratory cells (Types‐I and II). Collagen fibers were concentrated within the tunica externa layers of the parabronchial blood vessels as well as, they were observed in CT interparabronchial septa. Immunohistochemically, the elastin immunoreactivity was detected around the parabronchial blood vessels, at the base of each parabronchial atria, and in the area encircling the alveolar‐capillary walls. Our work concluded that there are a relation between the fowl's lifestyle and the surrounding environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was implemented to provide comprehensive information on the developmental sequence of the proventriculus of Muscovy ducks by gross examination, macro‐micrometric analysis and by using light microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Samples from 55 healthy post‐hatching Muscovy ducks of both sexes ranging from 1 to 60 days old. The proventriculus began cranially opposite to the cranial end of the liver at 1–15 days old, but in front this level at 30 and 60 days old. Morphometrically, the length of the proventriculus was increased by about four folds while weight by 19 folds at 60 days old when compared with those at one day old. Scanning electron microscopy of the proventricular lumen at one day old exhibited numerous small mostly rounded irregularly distributed openings of the glands, but uniformly distributed and surrounded by closely packed concentrically arranged mucosal folds resembling a rosette shape at the older ages. Histologically, in all studied stages, rounded, elongated oval or polymorphic shaped lobules of the proventricular glands were occupied within the muscularis mucosa. The tubuloalveolar secretory units lined with secretory (oxyntico‐peptic) cells with variable shapes had secretory granules increased by the development. Numerous argyrophilic endocrine cells were demonstrated away from the glandular lumen at older ages. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the cytoplasm of the secretory cells contained homogeneously electron‐dense granules at a young age, but two types of these granules could be recognized at 60 days old. In conclusion, this study provides a wide difference in the morphometric and the structure of the proventriculus from one day to 60 days old. This difference between the examined age‐stages may be related to the feeding strategy (behavior) and the functional adaptations from the young to the older ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the hard palate of Rahmani sheep (Ovis aries). Samples from nine healthy adult male sheep were investigated using morphometrical, histological and scanning electron microscopic examination. Morphologically, the hard palate was elongated, narrow rostrally, and wide caudally. The incisive papilla was heart‐shaped, flanked on both sides by a groove on which the nasopalatine duct opened. The palatine raphe was in the form of a groove that contained a ridge caudally. On both sides of the raphe, 13–15 pairs of palatine ridges were present and mainly occupying the narrow part. The wide part had a rough part that contains few ridges rostrally and a smooth part caudally. Histologically, the incisive papilla and palatine ridges were lined by a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium resting on a dense layer of lamina propria. The incisive papilla characterized by the presence of seromucoid salivary glands and hyaline cartilage fragments in the lamina propria. The salivary glands became abundant and well‐developed in the wide part till the end of hard palate. All palatine salivary glands were Alcian blue‐periodic acid–Schiff positive. By scanning electron microscopy, numerous gland openings were scattered on the surface of the palatine ridges. In conclusion, the hard palate of Rahmani sheep presented characteristic features, which may be related to the species differences, feeding behavior, and possible functional adaptations. This is the first study to report the presence of cartilaginous segments and salivary glands in the incisive papilla and provide detailed descriptions of the Rahmani sheep hard palate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study described the developmental sequence of the ventriculus of the post-hatching Muscovy ducks of both sexes ranging from 1-60 days old, by using gross-histomorphometic measurements and by using light microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The ventriculus was extended from the level of the 4th intercostal space to terminate behind the last rib at variable distances dependent on the age of the duck. The statistical analysis revealed that the length of the ventriculus from that of the stomach was decreased by the advancement of the age, while the weight was increased. At all developmental age-stages, the cuticula gastrica was composed of two layers; vertical rods and horizontal matrix. The vertical rods projected slightly as dentate processes beyond the surface of the mucosa at 30-60 days old. The type of the gizzard gland was different according to the age; it was simple tubular type lining by one type of cells (chief cells) at 1-15 days old, but were compound-branched type lining by two types of cells; chief and basal cells at 30-60 days old. By semithin sections, the secretory basophilic granules within the cells lining of the tubular glands were increased by ageing. Transmission electron microscopy exhibited that the chief cells had numerous large sizes electron dense and electron lucent secretory granules. In conclusion, there are wide variations in the morphometrical analysis and the structure of the ventriculus at the developmental age-stages of the duck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to provide comprehensive information on the anatomical and histological features of the upper (UL) and lower (LL) lips of Rahmani sheep by gross examination, morphometric analysis in addition to Light and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Samples from normal healthy adult male sheep heads were collected directly after slaughtering. UL and LL were dissected, and specimens were collected for both light and SEM. The UL was longer approximately by one‐fold and thicker by one‐fold at the median and the oral angle areas, and by one‐ and half‐folds at the paramedian area than the LL. The free border of both lips was characterized rostrally by the presence of labial projections. By SEM the edges of the inner aspect of the lips and of the philtrum were distinguished by labial projections. These projections which surrounding the philtrum subdivided into polygonal areas with numerous keratinized scales especially at the apical parts which increased dorsally toward the nostril. Most of the openings of the upper labial salivary glands were volcanic crater‐shaped while that of the lower labial salivary glands were various shapes; round folded margin, rosette and whirlpool shaped. Histologically, the shape of the projection or papillae differs at the median and paramedian areas of the UL than the LL. However, there was no differences near the oral angle area. In conclusion, the shape, size and amount of keratinization of the papillae may offer efficiency to the lips during feeding process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to maximize the acquaintance on the morphology of the gizzard of the Laughing Dove (LD) and Rock Pigeon (RP). Gizzards of ten birds of each species were used for gross anatomy, scanning electron microscope and light microscope. The gizzard was biconvex lens in shape with rhomboidal circumference in both birds and with more oval in LD. The gizzard length constituted 55.41% in LD and 53.60% in RP of the total length of the stomach. The gizzard extended from the level of the 5th intercostal space to terminat12.25±1.18, 17.27±0.88mm behind the last rib and 10.90±0.70, 19.48±0.49 mm infront of the vent in LD and RP respectively. The midway section through the thick muscles in the dorsoventral plane parallel to the tendinous center showed that the gizzard lumen appeared nearly S-shaped at both birds with 2 invaginations at caudal end of the lumen toward the caudoventral blind sac of RP. Another midway section through the thick muscles and tendinous center in the dorsoventral plane explained that the gizzard lumen was nearly elliptical in RP and rectangular in LD surrounded in both sides by semi ellipsoid thick muscles. By SEM, the cutical folds of the gizzard resembled bundles of rods in LD and appeared as group of blunt projections in RP. The epithelial lining of the tubular glands was columnar with large rounded or oval nuclei and deeply stained basophilic cytoplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rock pigeon (RP) and the laughing dove (LD) are common and widely distributed species in African countries, including Egypt. The present work was carried out to characterize the comparative features of the glandular stomach (proventriculus) in these two birds, which share diets and habitats. In both species, the proventriculus is an elongated spindle obliquely situated in the cranial two‐thirds of the body cavity. The length and weight of the proventriculus in the RP were about one and half times greater than that of the LD. Histologically, the proventricular wall generally consisted of the mucosa (thickest), submucosa, muscular and serosa layers. The proventricular glands occupied most of the wall of the proventriculus within the lamina propria of the mucosa. The glands are tubuloalveolar in type, consist of variable shaped lobules and are more condensed in LD than in RP. At the proventricular‐gizzard junction (PGJ), the proventricular glands were observed external to the tubular glands of the gizzard in the RP, whereas in LD, these glands end abruptly and are separated from the tubular glands of the gizzard by a short distance. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the proventricular lumen in RP revealed that the openings of the proventricular glands have an irregular outline surrounded by concentrically arranged mucosal folds that resemble a rosette shape. In the LD, these openings have a regular outline surrounded by thinner, widely spaced mucosal folds. To our knowledge, these results identified the structure of the proventriculus in RP and LD for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]