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Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common tumours of oral cavity. It has a high mortality and morbidity rate that can be greatly reduced by early diagnosis and intervention. The conventional diagnostic methods like biopsy may not aid in the early diagnosis of the lesion. It is at this point that the tumor markers play an important role. Tumor markers relay information on current status of the lesion and also about the potential metastatic activity of the ongoing cancer. The ideal requirement of tumour marker should be that it must be sensitive and specific and it should not produce false negative and false positive results. Tumour markers should be easily available and it should be able to differentiate between non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. The tumour marker should be able to predict the recurrence and it should have a great prognostic value. This review article particularly focuses on various tumour markers pertaining to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for literature about tumour markers associated with OSCC published in English until December 2022 for this review. The pertinent data from the relevant papers were extracted and synthesised into a single review.

Cancer is a major health burden globally. Not only the disease but also its treatment ravages a patient afflicted with it. Decoding its pathogenesis in entirety and the process through which it is able to not only survive but also grow indefinitely despite the inherent immune mechanisms of the human body is an area of continuous research. In cancer biology, hallmarks of cancer represent the normal physiology gone astray such as sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, avoiding immune destruction, activating invasion and metastasis, tumor promoting inflammation, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis and resisting cell death that thus serve as blueprints for understanding core cancer characteristics. The main aim of this review is to get a general understanding of the mechanisms in which the physiology gets deregulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma and to highlight its importance in producing an effective treatment through targeting them. To write this review article, databases like PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Google Scholar were searched and those articles relating to the hallmarks of cancer published in English between 1993 and 2023 were considered. The applicable data was extracted from the related articles and included in a single review.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies, with a poor prognosis, and must be diagnosed early for better treatment. Because it develops in a multiphase process, it offers the advantage of diagnosing it at an early stage before it manifests as cancer. There are a number of adjuvants available that can aid in the early detection of cancer. With only basic techniques such as conventional examination, exfoliative cytology, and vital staining at first, there has been a huge improvement in the diagnosis. The latest methodologies, molecular techniques, and optical techniques are on the recent front. This article provides an overview of the various supplements available that aid in the diagnosis of precancer and cancer.

Leiomyoma (LM) is a smooth muscle tumor of a benign nature frequent in the genital tract of females. It is infrequent in the oral cavity. Oral LMs are generally of the angioleiomyoma (ALM) type. In this article, we present a rare case of oral ALM in a 24-year-old male who had a painless swelling in the mandibular left buccal vestibule. Radiographically, there was the presence of left buccal cortical expansion. A tentative diagnosis of traumatic bone cyst/aneurysmal bone cyst was given. The microscopy of incisional biopsy revealed loose fibrovascular stroma and wavy spindle-shaped cells suggestive of a spindle cell neoplasm with features of neurofibroma. On immunohistochemical analysis, it was S100 negative but smooth muscle actin positive which led to the histopathological diagnosis of “LM.” The microscopic picture of the excised specimen showed spindle cells in an amorphous eosinophilic stroma, spicules of vital bone, dilated capillaries, and extravasated red blood cells. A final diagnosis of “ALM” was made. A local surgical excision was done. The follow-up of the patient was uneventful and there has been no recurrence to date. The intraosseous variety of LM, though a remote possibility, must be considered a differential diagnosis for central lesions of the mandible.

Background: The OSCC's prevalence has increased in recent years, which has made it ranked globally as the sixth malignancy and the third-ranked malignancy in Southeast Asia. The biomarker CA 15-3 have been studied in breast carcinoma and might be useful in diagnosing PMODs and OSCC. Aim: This study aims to evaluate & compare the levels of CA 15-3 in tobacco consumers with and without PMODs and OSCC using saliva and serum. Material and methods: Sixty cases were included in the study and were equally distributed among four groups which were the control group, tobacco consumers without PMODs, tobacco consumers with PMODs, and tobacco consumers with OSCC. Serum and saliva were obtained from the patients and were analyzed for CA 15-3 levels using the sandwich ELISA technique. Results: The mean serum CA 15-3 level was higher among subjects in tobacco consumers with OSCC (18.57 ± 4.62) followed by tobacco consumers with PMODs (6.83 ± 1.82), tobacco consumers without PMODs (4.51 ± 0.92) and normal group (2.035 ± 0.32). The mean salivary CA 15-3 level was increased among subjects in tobacco consumers with OSCC (2.025 ± 0.29) followed by tobacco consumers with PMODs (1.21 ± 0.19), tobacco consumers without PMODs (0.58 ± 0.14) and normal group (0.31 ± 0.072). This difference in CA 15-3 level was statistically highly significant among all the groups(p

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a multifocal neoplasm, which belongs to a group of diseases termed as plasma cell dyscrasisas caused due to malignant transformation of plasma cells. Incidence of multiple myeloma is 0.7/1,00,000 people in India and is common between the 5th and 8th decades of life with more of a male predilection. The mortality rate of MM accounts for 1 % of all cancer death globally. Pertaining to oral cavity 35 % of patients with symptomatic MM present with lytic bone lesions of jaws. In this systematic review we aim to study the various presentations of MM involving different sites of the oral cavity and variations in their clinical appearance providing a broader picture of the disease and enables us to prepare an early diagnostic workup.

Cancer remains as the most persistent disease among human population and is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The effective treatment is related to not only the right selection of therapy but also dependent on early diagnosis. The biomolecular breakthroughs of the neoplastic process have aided knowledge in this tumor mechanism and early diagnosis substantially enhances the odds of effective therapy. The hunt for novel biomarkers may help in the early identification of this disease. Antibodies, microorganisms, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA), lipids, metabolites and proteins are some of the many types of biomarkers. Biofluid is defined as ''a liquid/mixture of various molecules generated by living organisms, e.g., saliva, urine, serum, blood, interstitial fluid, plasma, cytosol, etc.,'' Saliva is the most cost-effective, least intrusive, non-coagulated and safest biofluid for use in clinical diagnostics. Saliva contains a diverse array of proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, electrolytes, and hormones derived from a variety of local and systemic sources. It appears that these found in the salivary fluid might be used as tumor biomarkers. This exhaustive review article describes in detail about the advantages of using saliva as a diagnostic medium, method of saliva collection and storage and the various salivary biomarkers which can be used in the diagnosis of cancer, both local and distant.

Introduction: Intermediate filament and its prime role in the cytoskeleton involved in maintaining cell morphology, and is mainly observed in epithelial cells called as Cytokeratin. CKAE1/AE3 is a combination of two different clones of anti-CK monoclonal antibodies, a single reagent can be obtained with broad spectrum reactivity to high molecular weight and low molecular weight CK which can be used in different types of cancers or lesions. Aim: To compare the expression of the CK-AE1/AE3 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and potentially malignant oral disorders (PMOD) through immunohistochemical method through a systematic review process. Materials and Methods: Articles or original studies related to the use of IHC marker AE1/AE3 in OSCC, malignant tumors and PMODs were selected for systematic review process. PUBMED and GOOGLE SCHOLAR were the search engines used for collection of articles. Keywords used were PAN CK [AE1/AE3], SCC, OSCC, PMOD. Articles included based on PRISMA guidelines. Results: A total article based on search strategy identified 492 suitable abstracts; 474 did not meet the eligibility criteria. Full text articles were obtained for 18 articles. Six articles were excluded from the study for various reasons like case reports, reviews and letters to editors and any article published in languages other than English were also excluded. Finally, after considering all the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 12 articles were included in the study. Considering all these articles, comparing the expression of pan-cytokeratin [ae1/ae3] in oral squamous cell carcinoma and potential malignant oral disorders.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial metabolic condition marked by high blood sugar levels as well as problems with carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Impaired insulin secretion and hepatic gluconeogenesis cause high blood sugar levels. Cortisol in the saliva is the unbound, free hormone, with absolute quantities between 30% and 50% fewer than in blood. The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of salivary cortisol in normal healthy controls and type 2 diabetics. The objective was to evaluate the morning and evening levels of salivary cortisol in normal and type 2 diabetics by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Materials and Methods: 20 patients in the age group of 30 to 60 years with type 2 diabetes with HbA1c

Hemangiomas are benign tumors of the oral cavity. Some consider them as hamartomas or developmental anomaly. There are multiple ways of classification of hemangiomas. The most common being as capillary and cavernous ones. In this article, we present a case report of cavernous hemangioma of the tongue reported at our institution. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were done to arrive at the diagnosis.

The styloid process (SP) on the temporal bone is a highly variable formation. The normal length of the SP ranges from 20 to 30 mm. In spite of its being normally distributed in the population, SPs could be divided into two groups - short SPs with >20 mm and long SPs with

This paper investigates the reasons and motivations that people pursue administrative licenses. Questions such as who enrolls, why they choose to seek an administrative license, and what are their future goals, are all relevant to address challenges of principal attrition and turnover. With calls for the development of quality, equity-focused leaders, it is important to understand how motivations of entrants align with those of school districts and policy makers. This paper contributes to the research on the so-called “principal pipeline” by analyzing the reflections of candidates from an institutional perspective. This view considers modern schools to be social structures governed by various norms, values, and rules. Official elements like an administrative license, or even simply enrollment in a licensure program, can become more than just a way to develop technical competencies but symbols whose meanings shift based on cultural assumptions. Using a qualitative analysis of interviews with eleven candidates, I argue that these interpretations are influenced by race, gender, and current life circumstances, and contribute to a mismatch in the personal and institutional goals for principal training.