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In the current research wear behaviour of nano B4C particles with Al2214 alloy composites were studied. Al2214 alloy with 2 to 6 varying weight percentages of nano B4C particles composites were developed using stir cast route. Further, these developed composites were evaluated for the microstructural studies using SEM and EDS. The wear behaviour of Al2214 alloy and Al2214 with 2, 4 and 6 wt% of nano B4C composites were analysed using pin-on-disc wear apparatus. The dry wear tests were conducted at various loads and sliding speeds with 2500 m sliding distance as a constant parameter. The microstructural explanations revealed the thorough circulation of nano particles in the Al2214 alloy matrix, further the boron carbide particles were confirmed in the composites in the form of boron and carbon components. The Al2214 alloy with nano B4C composites displayed the greater wear resistance properties. The applied load and speed were impacted the wear of as cast alloy and its composites. Various wear mechanisms were identified by using SEM images of wear surfaces.

In the current exploration an impact of 44 µm estimated B4C support expansion on the mechanical conduct of Al2618 combination has been contemplated. The Al2618 compound metal composites with 2, 4, 6 and 8 changing weight rates of B4C were created by stircast strategy. The orchestrated 44 µm estimated B4C particles built up Al2618 combination composites were exposed to microstructural considers, mechanical properties testing. Microstructural portrayals of acquired examples were completed by SEM microscopy and EDS spectrums. The B4C particles were uniformly disseminated and existences of these particles were affirmed by the EDS patterns. The hardness and tensile qualities of metal composites have been upgraded with the expansion of B4C support. There was decline in the ductility of the Al2618 compound after the joining of the support. Different crack and failure systems were seen in the Al2618-B4C composites utilizing SEM.

This work emphases on characterization and evaluation of machinabity characteristics of a novel hybrid Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite (AMMC) developed through two-step stir-casting method by reinforcing constant amount of Beryl (6%) and varying quantity of Graphene nanoPlatelets - GNPs (0%, 1% and 2%). Morphological analysis result shows the presence of dendritic arms and homogeneous distribution of the Beryl and GNPs in Al7075 matrix. Machinability (turning) characteristics of the developed hybrid composite were studied in detail besides optimizing the machining parameters employing Taguchi technique. The objective was to establish a correlation between cutting parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut with, tool wear, and surface roughness on work piece. In the present study, performance of multilayer hard coatings (TiC/TiCN/Al2O3) on cemented carbide insert for machining of Al7075-Beryl-GNPs. An attempt has been made to analyze the effects of process parameters on machinability aspects using Taguchi technique. Response surface plots are generated for the study of interaction effects of cutting conditions on machinability factors. The correlations were established by multiple linear regression models. The linear regression models were validated using confirmation test.

MMCs exhibit increased modulus, strength, and fatigue strength. In MMCs, reinforcements can either be discontinuous or continuous or a combination of both. Owing to lower aspect ratio, and random orientation of the reinforcements, discontinuously reinforced composites exhibit comparatively higher isotropic properties than composites that are continuously reinforced. In the current research an attempt has been made to carry out experiments on Al-7Si and Fly ash and Graphite hybrid composites which were fabricated in steps of 3 wt.% of Flyash with 3 wt.% of Graphite and 3 wt.% of Flyash with 5 wt.% of Graphite for 25mm and 75mm diameter dies. Microstructural characterization of the specimens prepared following SEM, XRD, and EDS. Mechanical properties like hardness, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength were evaluated as per ASTM standards. The composites prepared in 25 mm cast iron die were exhibited superior mechanical properties as compared to the composites prepared in the 75 mm diameter cast iron die. Further, with the addition of fly ash and graphite particles mechanical properties of Al-7Si alloy were improved.

In the current studies an investigations were made to know the effect of 20 to 25 micron sized B4C particles addition on the physical and mechanical behaviour of Al7010 alloy metal composites. Al7010 alloy with 4 and 8 wt.% of B4C composites were produced by stir cast process. These synthesized composites were tested for numerous mechanical properties like hardness and tensile behaviour along with density measurements. Further, microstructural characterization was carried by SEM and XRD analysis to know the micron sized particles distribution and phases. By adding 20 to 25 micron sized B4C particles hardness and tensile strength of Al7010 alloy was enriched with slight decrease in elongation. Further, density of Al7010 alloy was decreased with the accumulation of B4C particles. Various tensile fracture behaviours were observed by SEM analysis.

Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) have found uses in aircraft, rocket engineering, vehicle engineering, energy sector, infrastructure areas, marine and military applications, sports and recreation utilization because of its enormous mechanical strengths and sensible wear resistance features. The experimental results of 7075Al-WC-Co composites’ mechanical and tribological properties are provided in this article. The matrix is Al7075 and the reinforcement is planetary ball milled WC-Co in cermet form with particulates size range from 30-40 μm. Liquid metallurgy route was followed to develop 7075Al composites reinforced with 6, 9 and 12 wt.% of WC-Co. The tests were carried out on 7075Al and composites in accordance with ASTM specifications. According to the experimental results, the hardness of 7075Al-WC-Co composites is discovered to be raised by increasing the percentage volume of cermet phase. Wear attributes of the WC-Co containing composite were superior in terms of wear resistance. The manufactured composites were characterized using SEM and EDAX. Worn surface of the composite samples are studied before and after wear test.

Recent advancements in the field of coating have shown that the Ni-Al2O3 electrodeposited coatings are of excellent wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant. In this study, Ni-Al2O3 composite coating is produced by electrodeposition process by using standard watts bath due to the advantage over other coating techniques. Al2O3 nanoparticles are co-deposited on AA6061 with Nickel. There are many parameters that influence the coating characteristics, however, in this study temperature, current density and percentage of nanoparticle loading are considered as significant parameters. Optimization of the coating parameters is examined by using the Taguchi method. The coating morphology and microstructure are studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The dry sliding wear behaviour of composite coatings is tested on a pin-on-disc wear test rig.

Copper matrix composites (CMC) with reinforcement of Graphite (Gr) and Nano Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) is found more prominent composite material for various application such as automotive, aerospace, marine industry due to its elemental mechanical properties. In this paper, the mechanical properties of 90% Cu-10% Sn alloy were compared with different composition of nano ZrO2 and Graphite particulates. The mechanical properties like hardness, tensile and microstructural analysis was carried with SEM and EDS to observe homogeneous distribution of reinforcement particles in the matrix composites. After test, it was found that, Cu-Sn alloy with Gr and ZrO2 composite mixture of ultimate tensile strength and yield strength was higher and hardness of the copper alloy matrix can be improved by addition of nano ZrO2 particulates.

Plastic is one of the most preferred materials in todays industrial world, which is posing serious threat to environment & consumers health in many direct & indirect ways. Extensive use leads in accumulation of waste plastics. The waste plastic is pyrolated to convert into useful liquid fuel. The goal of this research is to see if pyrolysis can be used to transform a combination of waste plastic materials into a resource. Catalytic pyrolysis is a process of converting waste plastic into jet fuel by using activated carbons (Graphite) as a catalyst. Waste plastics are heated in a reactor with an inert atmosphere at a temperature of 350–450 °C. The obtained raw pyrolysis oil is distilled at a different temperature. Higher the temperature during the process alkanes of pyrolysis oil is converted to diesel range alkanes and further into jet fuel range & promote the aromatization of alkanes to generate aromatic hydrocarbons.

In this study Al2030 alloy with 12 wt% of B4C particles reinforced composites were produced using stir cast method. Al2030 alloy with 12 wt% of B4C composites were studied for microstructural characteristics using SEM/EDS and XRD analysis. The prepared Al2030 alloy with 12 wt% of B4C composites were exhibited uniform distribution of parts in Al2030 alloy matrix as revealed by SEM micrographs. EDS and XRD patterns indicated presence of reinforcement in the form of B and C elements by EDS spectrum and B4C phase by XRD patterns in the Al2030 alloy matrix. Further, wear behaviour of Al2030 alloy and composites were analysed using pin on disc machine by varying load and speed. The composites with B4C particles were shown superior wear resistance properties as compared to base Al2030 material. Various wear mechanisms were studied with wear worn surface analysis obtained after wear tests.

In the present study the A356 alloy composites containing 3 wt% of B4C (40 & 90 µm) particulates were made for the examination. The microstructure of the composite was dissected by checking electron microscopy; micrographs were taken to perceive the proximity of B4C particulates in the matrix. Further, mechanical conduct of as cast A356 combination composite 3 wt% of B4C composites (40 & 90 µm) was inspected. Mechanical properties like hardness, UTS, yield quality were evaluated by ASTM scales. Microstructural investigation exposed the uniform scattering of particles in the A356 composite. From the examination, it was found that hardness, UTS and YS of composite was extended because of essence of B4C particles in the composite.

New composites materials are developed to meet the demand for medical devices, vehicles, protective equipment, sporting goods, etc. In present investigations, the effects of graphite filler particles in the epoxy were studied separately by preparing epoxy with 5 and 10 vol.% of graphite filler particles composites by hand layup technique. Further, the combined effect of graphite filler particles and pineapple leaf fibers (PALF) on the mechanical behaviour of epoxy composites was studied by preparing epoxy with 5 vol.% of graphite -30 vol.% of PALF and epoxy with 10 vol.% of graphite -30 vol.% of PALF composites. Prepared composites were subjected to evaluating various mechanical properties like tensile strength, elongation, and flexural strength as per ASTM standards. By adding graphite filler particles and PALF fibers tensile, and flexural strength were improved with a slight reduction in the percentage elongation. Further, these conventional results were validated by FEM analysis using MSC Patran and Nastran Student Version.

The current work intended to synthesize Al-Mg-Si (Al6061)-B4C particulate metal matrix composites by varying weight percentage of B4C particulates (0, 3 and 6 wt.%) with an average particle size of 80 to 90 microns by vortex process (melt technique). The incorporated B4C particles distribution in the Al6061 alloy matrix was studied by SEM micrographs and confirmed the thorough distribution of carbide particles in the matrix. EDS spectrums and XRD patterns were obtained for Al6061 and its composites to identify various elements and phases present in the Al6061-B4C composites. Al6061 alloy with 3 and 6 wt.% of B4C composites was subjected to hardness, tensile, impact and fatigue behavior evaluation. By adding boron carbide particles hardness, tensile and impact strength of Al6061 alloy was improved with slight decrease in fatigue strength. Further, various fracture morphologies were studied on tensile, impact and fatigue fractured surfaces using SEM micrographs.

In the current exploration, the impact of the 100 to 125 micron size addition of silicon carbide (SiC) on the mechanical performance of Al6061 alloy has been studied. The Al6061 alloy dispersed with 6, 9, and 12 wt.% of SiC particles were synthesized by a two-step stir cast route. Two-step addition of the preheated particles into the melt helps avoid the agglomeration of the particles, which further contributes to enhancing the properties of composites. The orchestrated composites were exposed to microstructural examines and mechanical properties evaluation. Microstructural portrayals of acquired examples were completed by SEM microscopy, EDS, and XRD patterns. The event of SiC particles were affirmed by the XRD patterns. The density of the Al6061-SiC composites was increased with the addition of high-density silicon carbide particles. The hardness, ultimate, and yield qualities of metal composites have been improved with the increase in the content of SiC support. The ductility of SiC reinforced composites decreased with hard ceramic particles' incorporation in the Al matrix alloy. Various fracture mechanisms were observed in the Al6061-SiC composites using SEM.

Al6061 alloy with 80-to-90-micron sized B4C reinforced metal composites were synthesized using two steps stir cast process. The developed composites were characterized for microstructural characterization with SEM/EDS and XRD. Al6061 alloy with 9% wt. of B4C reinforced composites were shown uniform particles distribution in Al matrix. Furthermore, EDS and XRD patterns confirmed the availability of these reinforced particles in the metal composites. Hardness, tensile, compression, impact and fatigue tests were done to discover the effect of adding B4C to the base alloy on the mechanical properties of the composites. The first four strengths as above were discovered to be more with the addition of B4C particles. There was a slight decline in the fatigue life and elongation of Al6061-B4C composites when compared with the base alloy.

Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) are composed of a variety of continuous or short fibres with organic based polymer matrices. In PMCs, the reinforcement gives stiffness and high strength. The role of matrix material is to tie the fibres together and to transfer load between them. In this research epoxy (LY 556), with hardener (HY 0951) are reinforced with the Pine Apple Leaf Fibre (PALF), graphite powder and Silicon Carbide (SiC) using traditional hand lay-up technique. The attempt is made to evaluate the influence of SiC and PALF on the tribological behaviour. Results show that SiC particulate hybrid composites show higher wear resistance compared to all tested composites. PALF and graphite reinforcement provides a cushioning effect and solid lubrication to the composites that lead to higher wear resistance.

The current research work primarily focuses on synthesizing and exploring Al2014 alloy microstructure and wear behavior reinforced with 20 μm Al2O3 (alumina) particles. A novel two-stage stir casting (melt stirring) technique is adopted to produce the composites, and the weight percentage of reinforcement is maintained at 9, 12, and 15 to know the effect of varying weight percentage on microstructure and wear behavior. To achieve better dispersion, alumina particles have been introduced in two stages. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscope/energy-dispersive spectroscope (EDX) are used to characterize the prepared composites. In the Al2014 matrix, microstructural characterization showed a fairly uniform dispersion of Al2O3p. The presence of alumina is confirmed by the XRD pattern carried out on the produced composite (Al2014-15 wt.% Al2O3p). Wear properties of as-cast Al2014 alloy and composites (Al2014-Al2O3p) at 9, 12, and 15 wt.% have been studied. Dry sliding wear tests have been conducted over a load range of 9.81 N-49.05 N and sliding speed of 100–600 RPM using pin-on-disk machine. Results revealed the frictional coefficient of as-cast Al2014 alloy and produced composites increase with an increase in load up to 49.05 N. Nevertheless, the frictional coefficient of both as-cast Al2014 alloy and produced composite increase continuously by increasing the speed. The wear rate of both Al2014 matrix alloy and Al2014-Al2O3 reinforced composite increase with the increase in load and sliding speed. To know the possible wear mechanisms, worn surface and wear debris have been studied by using electron microscopy and EDS examination to specify the formation of the oxides.

Objective: To synthesize and assess the mechanical behaviour of 12 wt. % of 80 to 90 micron sized B4C reinforced Al2030 alloy metal composites. Method: Al2030 alloy with 12 wt. % of B4C reinforced composites were developed by liquid melt stir cast method. These prepared composites were subjected to microstructural characterization by SEM, EDS and XRD. Mechanical properties like hardness, tensile and flexural strength were evaluated according to ASTM standards. Findings: Scanning electron micrograph of Al2030 alloy with 12 wt. % of B4C composites revealed the thorough distribution of boron carbide particles in the Al2030 matrix. EDS and X-ray diffractometer patterns confirmed the presence of boron carbide particles in the Al2030 alloy matrix. The addition of 12 wt. % of B4C particles enhanced the hardness by 74.8%, ultimate strength by 59.2%, yield strength by 64.8% and flexural strength by 44.2% with slight decrease in ductility. Novelty: Al2030 alloy is an aerospace grade aluminium alloy widely used for industrial applications. Advanced metal composites developed with the incorporation of 80 to 90 micron sized B4C particles in Al2030 alloy helps in weight reduction of aerospace components. Keywords: Al2030 Alloy; B 4 C Particles; Microstructure; Tensile Strength; Flexural Strength; Fractography

Objective: Aluminium and its alloys components are used in aero and space industries where in many cases trioboloading prevails. In space application, in addition to triboloading, the components should also perform in the absence of atmosphere. In the present investigation, attempted has been made to simulate the field conditions in the laboratory by sliding Al6061 alloy pin of different diameters in a vacuum at different temperatures using a vertically configured pin-on-disc test rig. Method: The pin diameters were 2, 4, and 6mm and the testing temperatures were 373, 473, and 573K. The normal contact pressure was 0.625MPa and the sliding speed was 0.5ms-1 and both were constant throughout the experiment. The coefficient of friction was monitored using a PC and the worn pin surface was studied in scanning-electronmicroscope. Findings: The result showed that the coefficient of friction at sliding temperatures 373 and 473K was found to be dependent on apparent contact area i.e., pin diameters 2, 4, and 6mm. The coefficient of friction was found to be 3.27 and 2.69 for pin diameter 2mm at temperature 373 and 473K whereas the coefficient of friction was of the range 1.36 to 0.33 for the pin of diameter 4 and 6mm. The scanning-electron-microscopic study revealed uniform plastic deformation for pin diameter of 2mm and non-uniform plastic deformation accompanied with abrasion extrusion phenomenon for the pin of diameters 4 and 6mm. The coefficient of friction at sliding temperature 573K was found to be insensitive to the apparent contact area. The coefficient of friction was in the range of 1.24 to 2.30. The SEM study revealed a large scale of non-uniform plastic deformation accompanied by abrasion, tearing of ridges, extrusion of both ridges, and entrapped wear debris. Novelty: It is a generic study for understanding the response of aluminium for tribo loading which. Keywords: Pin on Disc (POD); Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM); High Temperature; Vacuum; Coefficient of Friction; Al6061 Aluminium Alloy 1

In the current studies an investigations were made to know the effect of 63 micron sized B4C particles addition on the mechanical and wear behavior of aerospace alloy Al2618 metal composites. Al2618 alloy with different weight percentages (2, 4, 6 and 8 wt. %) of 63 micron sized B4C particles reinforced composites were produced by stir cast process. These synthesized composites were tested for various mechanical properties like hardness, compression strength and tensile behavior along with density measurements. Further, microstructural characterization was carried by SEM/EDS and XRD analysis to know the micron sized particles distribution and phases. Wear behavior of Al2618 alloy with 2 to 8 wt. % of B4C composites were studied as per ASTM G99 standards with varying loads and sliding speeds. By adding 63 micron sized B4C particles hardness, compression and tensile strength of Al2618 alloy was enriched with slight decrease in elongation. Further, wear resistance of Al2618 alloy was enriched with the accumulation of B4C particles. As load and speed on the specimen increased, there was increase in wear of Al2618 alloy and its composites. Various tensile fracture surface morphology and worn surface behavior was observed by SEM analysis.

In the present research, the effect of micron sized graphite addition on the microstructure and tensile failure of Al6061 alloy has been studied. The Al6061 alloy metal matrix composites reinforced with 6, 9 and 12 varying weight percentages of graphite particles were fabricated by novel two step stir cast route which helps in improving the wettability of Al6061 alloy matrix with graphite particles. The synthesized composites were subjected to microstructural studies, density, hardness and tensile properties testing. Microstructural characterizations of obtained samples were carried out by SEM microscopy, EDS and XRD patterns. The occurrence of graphite particles were confirmed by the XRD patterns. The density and hardness of metal composites have been decreased with adding of graphite reinforcement, while the ultimate tensile strength and yield strengths were improved with the addition of graphite particles. There was increase in the elongation of the Al6061 alloy composite after the incorporation of the reinforcement. Various fracture mechanisms were observed in the Al6061-graphite composites using SEM.

In the current investigation, efforts are being made to produce an Al2014-Al2O3p composite with variable particle size of 88 mm by liquid stir casting route. 9, 12 and 15 weight proportions of Al2O3p were added to the Al2014 base alloy. By using SEM and EDS testing, microstructural studies have been conducted. Al2014-9, 12 and 15 weight proportion of Al2O3p composites mechanical behavior is determined in line with ASTM standards. Electron microscopic images showed that alumina (Al2O3p) particles are dispersed uniformly within the Al2014 composite matrix. EDS study confirmed the proximity of Al and O elements to composites reinforced by Al2O3p. It is also found that Al2014-Al2O3p composite hardness, UTS, and yield strength are improved by the addition of 9, 12 and 15 weight proportion of Al2O3p. Due to the addition of alumina particles in the Al2014 matrix alloy, the ductility of the produced composites decreases. Tensile fractography is performed using SEM to consider the mechanisms for failure.

Objective: To develop and evaluate the mechanical behavior of 3, 6, 9 and 12 wt. % of B4C reinforced Al6061 alloy composites. Method: These composites were produced by utilizing stir cast process. The prepared metal composites were characterized by SEM, EDS and XRD analysis to know the distribution of particles as well as presence of particles in the Al6061 alloy. Various mechanical properties were evaluated as per ASTM standards to know the impact of boron carbide particles on the properties of metal composites. Findings: By adding B4C particles the hardness, ultimate tensile, yield strength and compression strength of the Al6061 alloy matrix was enhanced 23.9%, 15.4 14.9% and 34.7% respectively. Further, there was slight decrease in the percentage elongation of B4C reinforced composites. Novelty: In the present research Al6061 alloy with 3 to 12 wt. % of B4C composites were synthesized by novel stir casting method called as two stage reinforcement addition process. In this process 80 micron sized boron carbide particles added in two stages into the molten Al6061 alloy to improve the wettability between the matrix and reinforcement particles. Keywords Al6061 Alloy, B 4 C Particles, Hardness, Tensile Strength, Microstructure