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Stingless bees are social bees that live in colonies. Indonesia has a variety of stingless bee species that can be identified based on morphological, morphometric and nest structure characters. This study aims to describe the morphological, morphometric and nest structure characteristics of Stingless bee Tetragonula biroi from Sigi Regency. This study used the roaming method to find samples in nature, with a purposive sampling technique. Obtained morphological, morphometry and nest structure data were analyzed using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method with PAST4 software. The morphological characters of the worker bee Tetragonula biroi have a dominant black body, blackish brown abdomen, antennae with 11 flagellomeres, black thorax, black hair standing on the mesoscutum and mesoscutellum, brownish black mandibles, with 5 hamuli. The most dominant character in the formation of seven groups of stingless bees in this study, namely Hamuli Number (HN), Fore Wing Length (FWL), and Length of Forewing Including Tegula (WL1). The nest entrance hole of T. biroi is elliptical in shape with a width of 7.1 cm and a height of 2.8 cm and is light brown in color. The internal structure of the nest of T. biroi consists of honey cells, pollen cells and stem cells. The existence of size differences in the same specimen and from different places, can be influenced by several environmental factors and is also a form of morphological adaptation.

The Araceae family plant in the Mount Sidole has a diversity and variety of life forms. The purpose of this study is to describe the family relationship of Araceae family based on morphological characters. Sampling using the path method (belt transect) with free collection techniques. The size of the track used is 10 m wide and ± 15 km long along the Sidole Mountain climbing track at an altitude of 400-1780 m above sea level. Morphological data measurement refers to 37 meristic and qualitative characters. Processing data using the File Editor Program (PFE) and analyzed with the Multivariate Statistical Package (MVSP) program. Determination of similarity index with the Simple Matching Coefficient method and kinship between types using the Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using Arithmetic Average (UPGMA). The results of specimen collection are 26 species. Based on the dendrogram of Familia Araceae divided into three groups. Group I are 9 species of hemiepipitic groups which cluster at a coefficient of 76%, namely Amydrium medium, Pothos scandens, Epipendrum sp., Scindapsus treubii, S. pictus, Rhaphidophora sp., R. sylvestris, R. lobbii and R. puberula. Group II are 8 species of geophytes grouping at 77% coefficient, namely Colocasia oresbia, C. esculenta, Xanthosoma violaceumm, X. sagittifolium, Apoballis mutata, Alocasia sp., A. longiloba and A. Macrorrhizos. Group III are 9 species of geophytes grouping at 82% coefficient, namely Spathiphyllum commutatum, Schismatoglottis inculta, S. lancifolia, S. wallichii, S. asperata, S. cadieri, S. calyptrata and S. calyptrata ssp flagelliforme and Aglaonema nitidum.

This research was conducted to examine the physical characteristics, chemical composition of the eggs of the filipina gosong bird (Megapodius cumingii) obtained from nesting sites on the coast of Poat Island, Pagimana District, Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. Measurement of the physical characteristics of eggs (weight, diameter, length and egg index) were carried out at the Laboratory of Biology Study Program, Tadulako University. Besides, observation on egg color, shape and egg texture were also conducted. Measurements of water and fat content, protein, carbohydrates, ash, crude fiber and egg antioxidants (Proxymate analysis) were carried out at the Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tadulako University. Amino acid analysis was carried out at the Integrated Laboratory of IPB by using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The results showed that the eggs of the Filipina charred bird had an oval shape with two shell colors, dark brown and light brown, and the texture was smooth. The average size of egg weight, length, diameter and egg index were 99.35 g, 7.31 cm, 5.5 cm and 72.43%, respectively. The results of the chemical analysis of filipino gosong eggs revealed that water and fat content, protein, carbohydrates, ash, crude fiber and egg antioxidants were 50.45%, 18.75%, 13.40%, 0.02%, 375.98% and 1.82% respectively. The result showed a higher protein content compared to fat content. The 17 types of amino acids included essential and non-essential amino acids. Glutamate was the highest concentration of 2.10%, while cysteine was the lowest concentration of 0.15%.

This research is to answer the concerns of the members of Association of Indonesia Tour Operators and Travel Agencies (ASITA) Bali about the presence of online travel agents that disrupt their business, which operates in the form of a platform and as well as a marketplace, such as: Agoda.com, Booking.com, and others. Concerns that eventually developed into discussions about how the inbound tour operator can stay alive continuously to emerge among ASITA members when they witnessed the phenomenon of cooperative relations between inbound tour operators and hotels which were indicated to provide far cheaper prices to online travel agents than the prices given to the inbound tour operators. This research was designed as deep interview period April – September 2019, which took place in Denpasar, Badung, Tanah Lot and Ubud-Bali. The data collection technique carried out was purposive sampling by conducting in-depth interviews with 34 (thirty four) well experienced owner of inbound tour operators, the government officials (Bali Provincial Tourism Office, Denpasar Municipal Tourism Office and Badung Regency Tourism Office) and Bali tourism organizations, they are: PHRI (Indonesia Hotel & Restaurant Association), PAWIBA (Bali Tourism Transportation Association), PUTRI (Indonesia Tourism Attraction Organization), HPI (Indonesia Guide Association) and online travel agents. The analysis procedure uses the MICMAC analysis method, MACTOR analysis, and PROMETHEE analysis. This study concludes that the most influential factors that cause many inbound tour operators to be inactive are: motivation, innovation, regulation, access and ICT. While the role of the government to maintain the inbound tour operator member of Asita Bali has little influence on the sustainability of the inbound tour operator member of ASITA Bali. In the context of the strategy for maintaining inbound tour operator in the online business era, are formulated through a Hybrid, Business as usual and Collaboration model. The new findings of this study is the Hybrid Model, which is a combination of business as usual and ICT (information, communication, technology).

This study aimed at (1) describing the realization of the use of teaching materials in learning English speaking skills in the field of front office services, (2) developing learning materials for English speaking skills in the field of front office services, and (3) examining the effectiveness the learning materials for English speaking skills in the field of front office services with a pragmatic approach. This research was conducted using Research and Development (R&D) research methods and applying Borg and Gall (1983). Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that learning English for tourism and hospitality currently does not include linguistic elements in it. The books or modules available were limited. Based on this reality, this research develops two educational products, namely a pragmatic-based syllabus and module. The syllabus and modules have 12 learning topics that have been adapted to the use of English for hotel front office services. Learning materials for English speaking skills for front office services with a pragmatic approach are effective for use in organizing the teaching and learning process as evidenced by the t-test results, namely 0.001 (0.001

This research was conducted to elucidate how banter, a form of alternative politeness, is used on the Kick Andy Talkshow. The study employs pragmatic theory, specifically Leech’s theory of general strategy of politeness and alternative politeness (2014). A qualitative methodology was employed in this research. The data for this study came from videos that were found on the official Kick Andy YouTube channel. Data was collected through non-participatory observation. Additionally, the data were analyzed using the general strategies of politeness. The results of data analysis are presented using a narrative approach and descriptive sentences. According to the findings of this study’s analysis, the banter was accomplished by violating the politeness maxims-neg and pos. The maxims violated in neg-politeness (Neg-politeness) are modesty, opinion-renitence, and tact. Additionally, there are violations of the pos-politeness maxims, such as the sympathy, approbation, and agreement maxims.

This study aims to discover and analyze the meaning and application of greeting people in Indonesian. The information in this paper was derived from Kick Andy Talkshow episodes from the 2019 season. The theory used in this study is the theory of Indonesian pronouns and nouns, which was developed by Moeliono et al. (2017) refined by the theory from Sneddon et al. (1996). This study employs a qualitative method. This study’s data is in videos, which can be found on the official Kick Andy YouTube channel. Data collection methods and techniques were carried out using non-participatory observation methods. In addition, the qualitative data analysis method was carried out using the theory of Indonesian pronouns and nouns. The results of data analysis are presented using a narrative approach that employs descriptive sentences. According to the analysis findings, presenters and resource persons use pronoun substitutes, namely nouns used to refer to self and the third person, as well as greeting the second person. The use of pronoun substitutes can help the presenter and sourcepersons establish intimacy. Establishing intimacy between the presenter and the resource person can create a fluid atmosphere that makes the sourcepersons feel more at ease.

Mikroplastik adalah partikel plastik yang berukuran kurang dari 5 mm. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan adanya kandungan mikroplastik pada saluran pencernaan ikan Katombo (Rastrellinger kanagurta) yang bersumber dari Teluk Palu, dan pemanfaatannya sebagai media pembelajaran. Sampel pada penelitian adalah sebanyak 10% Ikan Katombo dari hasil tangkapan nelayan. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan teknik analisis isi lambung. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan yaitu kelimpahan mikroplastik tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun I dengan 2,2 partikel/ikan, stasiun II 0,83 partikel/ikan, dan stasiun III 1,5 partikel/ikan. Hasil uji validasi video pembelajaran diperoleh nilai persentase sebesar 76,86% sehingga dapat video pembelajaran dapat dikategorikan layak digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran.

This study aims to analyze the MOOD system, clause structures, as well as the polarity and modality of the Old Javanese language in an Asta Kosali Text (AKT). The data in this study were taken from the Asta Kosali text stored at the Cultural Office of Bali Province. The theory employed in this study is the theory of functional systemic linguistics, especially in the sub-theory of clause as an exchange of meaning, put forward by Halliday, Halliday and Matthiessen. The results of the study showed that the types of MOOD used in the AKT were the indicative-declarative and the imperative ones. In the indicative-declarative clause structure, the elements that must be present are Subj^Finite, or Subj^Polar/Predicator, while in the imperative clause structure, the element that must be present is the Predicator. The polarity of the Old Javanese language in AKT can be identified by affixing the words tan, nora, and haywa.

This study is focusing on the mapping of word shoot meanings. The collected data was qualitatively analyzed, it was starting by reading some sources, finding a word to be analyzed, reading carefully the source text and the target text, taking note, analyzed the text by NSM approach by Wierzbicka (1999). The data in this writing was taken from Colour Magazine Garuda Indonesia and used one of the prevalent comic series of Tintin entitled The Adventures of Tintin: Tintin in America and Tintin the shooting star. The technique of this study were three steps, they are finding the word which want to analyzed, read the text carefully, finding the word with its translation which want to discuss, directly noted the word which was according to the topic. The result of this study showed that the findings of three meanings of one word shoot. Some of the translation could convey the meaning therefore the reader in target language is easily read and understood.

The NT-3 protein plays an important role in the development and differentiation of neurons, and is unique in the neurotropin family, that it can bind to 3 Trk receptors, namely TrkC, TrkA and TrkB. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics and three-dimensional structure of NT-3 protein in Columba livia. The target protein was obtained from Uniprot server with the access code of PKK30025.1 using template 3buk.1A (PDB-ID) analyzed in-silico through homology method using SWISS-MODEL server. The results showed that the three-dimensional structure of the target NT-3 protein with a template formed a β-sheet and loop structure, which was composed of 304 amino acids, with the highest amino acid composition was serine at 8.88 mol polar, and the lowest amino acid was tryptophan at 1.32. moles which was relatively nonpolar. The analysis results of the structural quality revealed an identity value of 98.20%, QMEAN of 0.8, QMQE of 0.25, and the analysis on the Ramachandran plot presented an outlier value of 0.92%; the most favored region value was 94.5%, with good structural quality. The results of the 3-dimensional structure of the NT-3 Columba livia protein are expected to be useful for further research to determine the active side and interactions of proteins in carrying out their functions.

CLOCK merupakan protein penting yang berperan dalam adaptasi ekologi dan fisiologi organisme. Studi sebelumnya menjelaskan bahwa CLOCK memiliki pengaruh terhadap perubahan perilaku hewan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis protein CLOCK pada burung Patagioenas fasciata monilis. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode homologi. Hasil struktur model berdasarkan assessment menunjukkan akurasi model yang mendekati struktur sebenarnya. Struktur model yang diperoleh memiliki berat 96200,04 Daltons, tiga daerah struktur beta-sheet, lima daerah struktur alpha-helix, 1,47 % daerah outliers, dua residu C-Beta Deviations, nilai identity 94,43 %, 34 sudut buruk, nilai QMEAN -1,69 dan nilai GMQE 0,31. Kata Kunci : CLOCK, Patagioenas fasciata monilis, in silico, homologi

This article discusses futsugo (Japanese daily language). The aim of this research is to know whether Futsugo style can be used at hotel services. As we know that hotels are the main constituent of the hospitality industry which keep special attention to courtesy and services, so is it possible for the hotel staff to use it? Does it threaten guests' faces? The data analyzed is conversation instances between Japanese guests and hotel staff in Bali hotels. The sampling used is a random sampling technique. The sample used in the study is 10 hotels out of 73 five-star hotels in Bali. The conversation data is recorded with mobile phones by hotel staff. The total number of the hotel staff members as the subjects of this research is 15 participants. The data was conducted from May 2019 till August 2019. Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory is used to analyze conversations between Japanese guests and hotel staff in Bali from the stages of arrival, familiarization, and engagement until departure. Based on data analysis, it is known that generally hotel staff use negative politeness strategies alternately with positive politeness strategies depending on the context of the speech situation. From these four those stages, it is found that Futsugo utterances are at the engagement stage. Futsugo style was used by the staff during handling guest complaints. In one dialogue, Futsugo's utterance was found in the form of question sentences without question marks, but using the rising intonation and confirmation of the guest’s answer without the copula desu. According to the analysis of the conversation data, futsugo utterances are used by hotel staff and guests as a practical way of communicating. Futsugo's utterances which tend to be short are easier to catch by the ear, making it easier to handle guest complaints. If viewed from the perspective of politeness theory, this speech can still be accepted. It can be seen from the whole conversation where negative politeness strategies and positive politeness strategies are applied in one dialogue that the appearance of Futsugo's utterances is still considered acceptable and does not threaten guests' faces.

This study is aimed to identify the kinds, functions, and meanings of rhetorical schemes applied in Obama’s speech. The data of this study were taken by documentation method and note-taking technique from the winning speech delivered by Barack Obama on November, 4th 2008 at Grant Park in Chicago. The video is uploaded by Marc Schulz on October, 19th 2012 in YouTube and its transcript is available on ABC news (internet). In addition, the data were analyzed descriptive qualitatively using Holman’s theory about rhetorical devices (1960). This study revealed that there are three schemes in rhetorical devices namely phonological, morphological, and syntactical applied by Barack Obama. Furthermore, two functions applied are to give vivid example and to emphasize points. The meanings from applied rhetorical schemes are constructed based on the reference Obama does in his speech towards socio-historical events in America.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of meal experience of foreign tourists on satisfaction and loyalty when consuming traditional food in Bali.The choice of traditional Balinese food is traditional food using Balinese spices called Base Genep with the main course category.The purpose of this study also explores the meal experience of tourists consuming traditional food in tourist destinations is expected to provide satisfaction and can lead to loyalty to the destination itself in relation with The Island of Bali as a world tourist destination offers many choices of traditional food for tourists, especially foreign tourists. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses quantitative analysis, structural equation model (SEM-AMOS) which is followed by the interpretation of the research results to answer 3 hypotheses.In building a loyalty model for foreign tourists consumed traditional food in Bali, confirms the concept of meal experience with five dimensions are food quality, service quality, atmosphere, cleanliness and hygiene, and price, which is combined with the Triangle Concept of Indonesian Gastronomy with a storytelling dimension, including from previous research on local culinary in a tourist destination.This study involved 332 respondents using accidental sampling techniques through four culinary tourism activities in Bali namely festival, food tour, cooking class, and homestay, at five locations in Bali province namely Denpasar City, Badung, Gianyar, Bangli, and Buleleng Regency. Findings: The meal experience of foreign tourists consuming traditional Balinese food has a significant effect on tourist satisfaction and also tourist loyalty.And the satisfaction of foreign tourists consuming traditional Balinese food has a positive and significant effect on the loyalty of foreign tourists.The highest direct effect on the effect of meal experience is foreign tourists satisfaction, then the influence between foreign tourists satisfaction on foreign tourists loyalty, and finally the influence between-meal experience and foreign tourists loyalty.The study finding a new loyalty model for foreign tourists consuming traditional food in Bali destinations with a storytelling indicator as a novelty.The results of this study will provide theoretical implications in enriching consumer behavior theory and product development concepts, as well as further research in the future. Research limitations/implications: The study is due to the respondent only foreign tourists not including domestic tourists, the findings cannot be generalized to the whole population of tourists visiting Bali.Future research can survey tourists domestic and in different areas in Bali to have wider coverage.Meanwhile, the practical implications for culinary stakeholders in Bali are in improving the quality of the tourists meal experience and in developing culinary tourism in Bali as a whole.

NT3 protein is expressed by Neurotrophin 3 (NTF-3) which plays a role in the process of differentiation, survival of peripheral and neuropathological of neurons. The information of structure and function of NT-3 proteins is still very limited, especially in Gallus gallus. This study aims to predict the three-dimensional structure of the Trk A and Trk B proteins in Gallus gallus. The target protein obtained from the UniProt server with access codes Q91009 (Trk A) and Q91987 (Trk B) using the 6kzc 1.A (PDB ID) template was analyzed in silico through a homology approach and describing the structural assessment using Chimera UCSF software. The analysis showed that the Trk A protein had a QMEAN value of -0.08, composed of 778 amino acids, mass 87334.30 Daltons, and Seq Identity 79.93%. Trk B had a QMEAN value of 0.16, consisting of 818 amino acids, mass 91732.05 Daltons, and Seq Identity 84.30%. Key words: NT3; homology; UCSF chimera; G. gallus

Background: VP1 structural protein plays a role as a key player in the pathogenesis, has a uniqueness that is interesting enough to be studied by studying the nature and function of structural proteins VP1. This study aims to predict the three-dimensional structure of proteins VP1 on EV-A71. Methods: The target protein is obtained from UniProt server with an access code A0A097EV89using templates 4cey.1.A (PDB ID) were analyzed in silico by homology method using SWISS-MODEL server. Results: Analysis showed the target protein and the template has 95.29% identity and is composed of 297 amino acids with a value of -2.15 QMEAN. Structural protein VP1 in Ramachandran Plots have a stable structure, non-glycine residue in the outlier regions only around 0.34% (A53 ALA) Rated rotamer outliers 1.61%. Conclusion: The three-dimensional structure model of the protein studied has a stable structure and the information obtained is useful for further research in developing vaccines for diseases caused by EV-A71.

This research discusses the use of illocutionary acts uttered by the characters in Wonder a novel by R.J. Palacio. It explores how the acts of illocutionary are conveyed by the characters in the whole novel. The purpose of this study is to find the type of illocutionary acts uttered by the main characters, the intended meaning of utterances, and the character’s purposes in using such assertive. This research applies the pragmatics theory about speech acts to analyze the use of illocutionary acts in conversations. This study is qualitative research and it uses document as the source of the data that is Wonder a novel by R.J. Palacio. The result of this study shows that there are four types of illocutionary uttered by the characters. The types of illocutionary acts are assertive, commissive, directive, and expressive. Those utterances have the intended meanings that are influenced by the context of the situation in every phenomenon.

Neurotrophic Factor 3 (NTF-3) is a gene that encodes the Neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) protein. The NTF3 gene works as a neurotrophic factor that is responsible for enhancing the development of neuron function. Several disorders in the nervous system have become a discussion topic of health problems, such as a study about NTF-3 in pathophysiology. The aim of this research was to study the phylogenetic and tertiary structure of the protein expressed by the NTF-3 gene in humans. The computation method in this study uses in-silico analysis and data from GenBank with accession code M61180.1, and has a protein product with accession code AAA63231.1. The results of this study show humans are quite closely related to primate species based on phylogenetic bootstrap values. The alignment result of the sequences illustrates a high level of similarities. The NT-3 protein is composed of 257 aa (amino acids) with a weight of 29353.03 Daltons. The number of serine, arginine, and leucine contained in the protein is more than other amino acids, i.e. 24 (9.34%), 22 (8.56), and 22 (8.56%), respectively. The 1-41 and 101-251 amino acid sequences of the protein are the conserved areas of the NT-3 protein. The structure of the protein consists of a beta-sheet and coiled structure without an alpha helix. The polar region of the protein structure consists of several amino acids with polar groups that have hydrophilic properties. The result of the study can be utilized in the further study of genetic information related to the protein expressed by the NTF-3 gene in humans, and its role in pathophysiology.

The mangrove Sonneratia caseolaris that grows on land (Bora) has a different morphological form from Sonneratia alba which grows on the sea coast of Parigi and Donggala. This study aims to determine the genetic diversity of mangrove species Sonneratia spp. in Central Sulawesi and utilizing research results as a learning media in the form of a genetics practicum module. The results showed that the genetic diversity of the mangrove species Sonneratia spp. in Parigi, Donggala, and Bora showed a difference, namely that Sonneratia alba which grew in Parigi and Donggala had the same similarity index, namely 88.9%, while Sonneratia caseolaris which grew in Bora had a different similarity index, namely 71.3%. From these results, a learning media in the form of a genetics practicum guide module was made and was validated by content experts, design experts, media experts, and 10 students.

The FGB gene is a gene that plays a role in synthesizing b-fibrinogen proteins and is often used as a molecular marker because it is useful for studying bird phylogenetics. The purpose of this study was to describe the character sequences of the FGB gene in Maleo birds (Macrocephalon maleo S. Muller 1864). This study uses laboratory exploratory methods. Alignment is done using the MEGA6 program (Clustal W). Phylogeny trees are constructed based on the Neighbor-Joining algorithm and the Juke-Cantor evolution model of the MEGA6 program. The sample in this study was 0.3 ml of blood from Maleo birds and members of the Megapodiidae group species used as a comparison. The results of this study indicate the length of the FGB 576 bp sequence and was identified with a base composition of 32.2% A, 30.4% T, 17.0% C and 20.3% G. Nucleotide composition of the sequence of Adenine-rich FGB genes. Analysis of the FGB gene sequence phylogeny tree produced a tree topology that was quite good and had the power to split at the interspecies level and place the maleo bird in its own line compared to other Megapoda genera.

The phylogenetic relationships of the maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) were analyzed based on thefirst intron of rhodopsin nuclear gene sequence data obtained from 15 individuals, along withthose of 22 individuals taken from GenBank. The phylogenetic trees were reconstructed byNeighbor-Joining (NJ) method. Results indicated that 956 bp of RDP1 sequence, 414 (43.4%)sites were variable and 317 (33.2%) sites were phylogenetically-informative. The basecomposition for all species analyzed in this research were as follows: T 25.3%, C 26.3%, A18.5%, and G 29.9%. Analysis of RDP1 sequence produced trees that were remarkably wellresolved and had topologies at the marga level. The phylogenetic analysis showed that maleowas monophyly of Macrocephalon and closely related to Aepypodius, Talegalla, Leipoa andAlectura.

Tarsius is an endemic species in Indonesia that is endangered. In-situ and ex-situ conservation of this species would yield better results if this genetic make up and diversity is determined. The objective of this ressearch was to study the specific genetic marker on COX2 gene of Tarsius sp. Sequencing of PCR product using primer COX2F and COX2R resulted in base sequence of 513 nts. Results of COX2 fragments sequencing were put on multiple alignment with other primates from Genbank with aid of software Clustal W, and were analyzed using MEGA program version 4.1. Eight different amino acid sites were found (amino acid no. 5, 6, 13, 14, 30, 35, 44 and 168). The genetic distance based on nucleotide COX2 calculated using Kimura 2-parameter model indicated that in the smallest genetic distance 0%, biggest 6.8% and average 2.3%. The phylogenetic tree using neighbor joining method based on the sequence of nucleotide and amino acid COX2 reveded differentiation among Tarsius from Lampung and Tarsius from Sulawesi, but could not be used to differentiate among T. dianae (from Central Sulawesi) and T. spectrum (from North Sulawesi).

The purpose of this study is to identify the verbal form and function of students' speech acts in the classroom, using the ethnographic approach Hymes communication in order to express the way they interact in class. Data was gained from the speech acts of students and teachers during the learning process. Furthermore, this study applied a qualitative descriptive approach. From the results of the study, it is found that the verbal form and function of directive speech acts in classroom were questioning, commanding, and advising.

The current research was a descriptive study which aimed at exploring Irrires language in West Papua, Indonesia. The exploration was conducted to describe language and culture that correlate with sago palm as well as its processing system, especially lexicon of the nouns that correlates with Sago (traditional food from local plant in Papua) in Irrires language. The research was focused on inspecting the language form of the lexicon which influenced by Tambaraw culture phenomena. The researchers have applied Word of Structure in Morphology which constructed nouns as morphological process. The morphological process was inspected through (1) language meaning and form, (2) the wealth of the word that is owned by speakers of the language, and (3) the list of words arranged to identify the type of Sago. As the results, it is found that there are generic and specific lexicons, such as the sago lexicon, especially the classification between male sago (afes) and female sago (afai). Furthermore, sago stabbing wood (memsug), is also a specific noun which is different from (meckur) which is usually used by most farmers. Meckur is used to grow beans, sweet potatoes, bananas (meney), and sugar cane (meras). Sago also has a navel (agen-gen) which is identical to humans that has a navel.

This study focuses on the aspects of language and culture that correlate with sago processing systems and compound words. It also explains the language phenomena from the aspect of sago dimensions as a configuration of Irires community life. As it is observed, the Irires speakers distinguish between afes (male sago) lexicon and afaj (female sago) lexicon, as part of their life. In addition to the type of sago, there is also an agen-gen (navel) of mendow (sago) which is identical to humans. Likewise, the container used to accommodate the starch or the upper sago starch is called afes (male) and the lower part is called afaj (female).

Speaking as the most demanding skill to be mastered in the ESL/EFL teaching context. This is caused by the prime priority of students who want to study English in order to be able to use English for communicative purposes. Knowledge of language functions has a vital role in supporting a speaker to be more involved in the real interaction. The aim of this study is to analyze the use of language functions in the speaking for academic purposes course. This study conducted at the English department students which altogether 33 persons in STKIP Santu Paulus Ruteng, Indonesia. Then data were collected through observation, field note and natural recorded when the respondents were doing the English speaking exercises at the speaking for academic purposes course. Data collection were done during eight meetings and only language functions utterances of those respondents were analyzed. The utterances recorded are expected to be representative of the whole the language functions. Utterances produced by respondents were recorded precisely by the researchers. The result showed that there are five types of language functions found, namely interactive function, informative function, manipulative function, motivative function and directive functions. Those functions are reciprocal. Speaking practitioners are suggested to provide the knowledge of language functions in the speaking learning process.

This paper entitled “Politeness Principles in Donald Trump’s Election Victory Speech: A Pragmatic Study” discusses the maxims of politeness principles, illocutionary acts and the illocutionary functions found in the victory speech of Donald Trump on November 7th, 2016. The purpose of this study is to define how far the maxims of politeness principles, the illocutionary acts and the illocutionary functions affect Donald Trump’s speech. This research was conducted using qualitative descriptive design. It was concerned with the explanation of utterance produced by Donald Trump in which politeness principles, illocutionary acts, and illocutionary functions occur. The primary source was the transcript of the speech retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com. In directing the study, the researcher; identified the data and then categorized them, clarified the categorized data, analysed the classified data, interpreted the data, reported the discovery and presented the data in the discussion. The analysis started with what types of politeness principles employed by Donald Trump, illocutionary acts, the illocutionary functions and ended with the discussion about the most dominant maxim used by Donald Trump. The conclusions presented that there were 21 utterances which contained 6 forms of politeness principles. Trump tended to use the expressions of tact maxim (6 utterances), generosity (4 utterances), approbation (5 utterances), modesty (3 utterances), agreement (1 utterance), and sympathy (2 utterances). The types of illocutionary acts; assertive in 4 utterances, directive in 5 utterances, commissive in 5 utterances, expressive in 7 utterances, and declaration in none. Illocutionary functions found were as follows; competitive function in 4 utterances, convivial function in 13 utterances, collaborative functions in 4 utterances, and conflictive function in none. The furthermost leading maxim from politeness principles was tact maxim which means that Trump tried to maximize the benefit of other and minimize the cost to other.

This research was aimed to find out the types of politeness strategy that is used by 10th grade students to express criticism towards public issues through an anecdote text as well as the implication on the teaching and learning process of anecdote text in SMK TI Bali Global Jimbaran. There were fifteen anecdote texts analyzed in this research and they were collected through a writing test conducted in a 10th grade class in SMK TI Bali Global Jimbaran. The data were classified and analyzed based on the politeness strategy theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) and ethnography of communication theory proposed by Hymes (1973). The result of the analysis shows that from the fifteen anecdote texts collected, there were only two types of politeness strategy found to be used in expressing criticism, they are bald on record strategy and off record strategy. There are ten anecdote texts composed by the students found using bald on record strategy, while the other five anecdotes using off record strategy in expressing criticism towards public issues. In other words, more students still used the more risky way of expressing criticisms, therefore it is important for the teacher to choose or design a better model of learning which can improve the students’ pragmatic competence.

Gen clock merupakan salah satu gen yang berperan penting dalam mengontrol ritme harian dan perilaku hewan. Beberapa jenis burung memiliki kerentanan terhadap kondisi fisik lingkungan yang berubah-ubah, seperti kelompok burung dari famili megapodiidae. Urutan nukleotida gen target diperoleh dari beberapa spesies Megapodiidae di GenBank dengan kode akses KY762758.1 (Megapodius eremite) dan KY762668.1 (Alectura lathami). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode komputasi, semua data yang diperoleh dihasilkan dari analisis secara in silico urutan nukleotida gen target. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis beberapa informasi penting, terkait filogenetik dan perkembangan database gen clock pada Megapodiidae di GenBank. Urutan nukleotida gen clock pada Megapodius eremite mempunyai panjang 530 bp, nilai identitas 100 % (530/530), Gaps 0 % (0/530), Strand Plus/Plus, Expect 0.0 dan Skor 961 bits (520). Urutan nukleotida gen clock pada Alectura lathami mempunyai panjang 522 bp, nilai identitas 97 % (514/530), Gaps 1 % (8/530), Strand Plus/Plus, Expect 0.0 dan Skor 894 bits (484). Hasil Run BLAST menggambarkan bahwa informasi sequence gen clock pada Megapodiidae masih sangat jarang dikaji dan diteliti, sehingga informasi dasar terkait gen clock dari sebagian besar spesies kelompok Megapodiidae belum terdaftar di GenBank sehingga hal ini sangat mempengaruhi studi lanjut terkait gen clock pada Megapodiidae yang sangat dibutuhkan untuk keperluan riset-riset selanjutnya dibidang molekuler atau bahkan konservasi.

Serangan sub-district as a potential area is a representation of Denpasar City Government’s policy on environmental conservation, historical and cultural values, the interests of the world of education, and the interests of cultural tourism full of attractions. The purpose of this study is to identify the role of social capital in the development of sustainable tourism in the Serangan Sub-District and to analyze the effect of government roles, community participation, and social capital on destination quality and sustainable tourism development in the Serangan sub-district. The result of this research shows that social capital norms in the Serangan sub-district has an important role in tourism development in the Serangan sub-district, where the norms in traditional villages in the Serangan sub-district are still very strong.

The use of language (function of language) according to Halliday (1985) is a language used as a means of communication in society. The word usage can simply be said to have the same meaning as the function of language. The purpose of this study was to determine the style of language used in the tourism industry. when talking about the use of language, it means the way someone uses their language or their languages if they know more than one language. Why these locations were chosen as the research locations because these areas were considered as bilingual communities, so they were very suitable and in accordance with the objectives of this study. The choice of locations in the tourism areas of South Bali due to the fact that these tourism destinations are the center of tourism in Badung and the speaking community mostly comes from various regions in Indonesia and abroad. Language is a communication tool used by humans, including speakers in the tourism industry in their interactions with guests, fellow employees, as well as superiors and subordinates to convey intentions, thoughts and feelings. The languages used by speakers in the tourism area of South Bali include Indonesian, Balinese, foreign languages such as English, French, Japanese and others. To achieve these communication objectives the speakers used communication strategies including, code switching, code mixing and also the use of jargon related to the tourism industry.

An important topic of pragmatic studies is politeness. To be able to deliver messages successfully in a speech act, politeness is believed to be an important means that can be used to reduce inconvenience in communication process. This article is a piece of research to support a dissertion that examines politeness in communicating in Japanese by Indonesian caregivers towards the elderly in Japan. Specifically, this article examines the relationship between PDR (power, distance, rank of imposition) concept and the practice of Brown&Levinson’s politeness strategies by the Indonesian caregivers towards the elderly in Japan. This study applies qualitative method. The type of data used is primary data in the forms of utterances from the Indonesian caregivers towards the elderly. The Indonesian caregivers who are the subjects of the study work at 6 elderly care homes in Japan. These six homes were chosen as research locations as they hire more Indonesian caregivers compared to other homes. The results of the analysis indicate that there is relationship between the concept of PDR and the practice of Brown&Levinson’s politeness strategies in the utterances of the caregivers towards the elderly; however, the two concepts of Brown&Levinsoncan cannot be fully applied in the utterances of the Indonesian caregivers in the context of taking care of the elderly. The Indonesian caregivers applied positive and negative politeness strategies in their utterances towards the elderly, as the choice of the politeness is highly dependent on the situational contexts where the utterances take place.

The earlier research on critical ecolinguistics tended to criticize the negative impacts of language in encouraging ecologically destructive behavior. However, this present study acts differently, it focusses on analysing positive impacts of language in preserving the environment. This present study aims at analysing the interpretation of ecological preservation revealed in the awig-awig (customary law) text belonging to Tenganan Pegringsingan Village. The data of the research were taken from lexicons, phrases, clauses or sentences used in the written text of the awig-awig. The collected data were analysed using Positive Discourse Analyisi (PDA) developed by Stibbe (2017). The findings of the present study showed that the interpretation of ecological preservation in the awig-awig text took the form of preservation of natural ecology, preservation of human ecology, and preservation of spiritual ecology. The three findings above correspond to the Tri Hita Karana (THK) concept which was considered as the ecosophy of the study.

— Broca’s aphasic patients display language problems in initiating utterances with groping movements, multiple false attempts and self-correction resulting from a lesion to the third frontal convolution of the left hemisphere of the brain. This study describes the forms of sound impairment, types of errors and phonetic processing by a Balinese patient who suffered from non-fluent speech disorder. The results showed that KW’s speech performance was categorized severe. There were 0.80% phonological errors in word naming, 0.92% in picture naming, 0.87% in answering questions and 0.89% in oral reading. Of the three other types of errors, sound substitution errors mostly appeared in every phonological task. He made 65% sound substitutions, 20% sound distortions, 10% sound insertions and 5% omissions. Different speech stimulation could trigger sound inconsistency. The phonological errors occurred because there was not any appropriate coordination between phonological representation and phonetic realization due to the loss of linguistic message in Broca’s area.

The writing of “Visual and Verbal Signs in RM and Wale Music Video Change” is to identify the types of visual communication elements and to analyze the meaning in visual and verbal communication elements. The data was collected by documentation method, note-taking technique and by downloading the music video, watching and listening carefully and finding the signs and classifying the data according to the types. In analyzing the data, the theory of visual communication proposed by Dyer (1993) and theory types of meaning proposed by Leech (1983) were used. The finding of analysis shows 15 elements in six visual categories. They include appearance (age, gender, national & racial, hair, body & size, look), manner (expression, eye contact, pose, & clothes), activity (touch, body movement, positional communication), props and setting. While in verbal representation of the Change music video clip findings seven meanings including conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning and thematic meaning.

The title of this study is Flouting Grice Maxim in Jumanji: The Next Level. This study aims to analyze the types of maxim flouting in the film and analyze the reasons for the flout. Data obtained from the film Jumanji: The Next Level, directed by Jake Kasdan. The data were obtained from the film Jumanji: The Next Level using the documentation method and note-taking technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative methods. This study uses the theory of Grice (1975) cooperative principle. The result showed that the maxim that mostly flouted is the maxim of relation.

This current paper brings into discussion cultural meaningfulness on intercultural perspective of English learning materials for elementary school. Students might be perceived to master English, but there has been no guarantee that they can properly make use of their acquired language skills upon direct interaction with native speakers of the target language. This is reasonable as English instruction in elementary school is projecting grammatical aspects, not touching cultural aspects of the target language yet. In fact, those cultural aspects are playing pivotal roles in achieving interactional comprehension between speakers and interlocutors. In regards to cultural studies, foreign language students are to be apt to target language’s cultures. Departing for the mentioned concerns, English is to be taught by incorporating cultural aspects of native speakers, and thus intercultural perspective. This current paper pinpoints the development of intercultural perspective in English learning materials for elementary school students aging from 6-12 years old. Cultural meaningfulness on intercultural perspective is set to be the target that encapsulates various topics for teaching English in elemenatry school. The so called perspective not merely comprises social skills, but training sensitivity and comprehension on values, point of view, proper way of life and thinking as well. A number of materials containing intercultural perspective and cultural meaningfulness are described in this paper. Those materials are presented within six intercultural topics in the forms of culture-related vocabularies, expressions, and meanings.

Balinese language is divided into two dialects, namely Bali Dataran(DBD), and Bali Aga (DBA) dialect. The DBD variation happens vertically, but not in DBA. Some vocabularies in DBD that are classified into low( Tak-Alus/ TA) are classified as common variants in DBA. This research aims to explore the Balinese personal pronoun variations in DBD which DBA in Sembiran(DS), and Seraya Timur(DST). The results, by applying the dialectology theory and correlation method or metode padan, showed that the personal pronouns of DS and DST varied lexically and phonologically. Lexically, the personal pronoun of first person singular in DBD /(ti)ti y aŋ/(A), /(i)–caŋ/ and /yaŋ/(TA) was realized as /oke/ and /kaka/ in DS also /(b)–iba/, /uke/, and /wane/ in DST. The second person singular /ragane/(A), /cai/ /ɲai/, and /ibə/(TA) in DBD, were realized as /cai/, /ɲai/, and /ŋko/ in DS also /cai/ and /ɲai/ in DST; and the third person singular /idə/, /dane/(A) and /(i) –yə/(TA) in DBD, were realized as /ya/, in DS and DST. Meanwhile phonologically, the realization of phoneme /a/ at the end of the word in DBD was realized as /ə/, in DS and DST was /a/. permalink/DOI: dx.doi.org/10.17977/um015v46i12018p073

Neurotrophin Factor 3 (NTF3) is one of the genes that plays an important role in the regulation of the neural systems of vertebrate animals, this gene has a special function in explaining the survival factors of some vertebrate animals. Based on the information obtained from GenBank, the nucleotide sequence of the NTF-3 gene in several vertebrate animals has been known and some of the data obtained have not been studied further for research purposes in adding information related to the molecular character of the NTF-3 gene, such as the NTF-3 gene in Columbidae. Columbidae is a group of birds that have quite diverse species variations, the number of species in columbidae will be very helpful in obtaining data on comparisons of the genetic character of the NTF3 gene. The purpose of this study was to analyze and describe the information on the NTF-3 gene (Neurotrophic Factor 3) in Columbidae through the in silico approach with computational methods. The NTF3 gene nucleotide sequences in Columbidae showed a fairly high level of similarity to the base sequences. This illustrates the fairly close proximity between each species. Geotrygon Montana is a species of Columbidae which has variations of the Base sequence which is quite different from other species. Evaluation of the model structure shows good stability of each target protein, all evaluation results describe a good structure, meaning that the conformation of each target sequence is in accordance with the sequence, so that the structure that is built has high accuracy with the actual model. The results of this research study can be a special description in explaining the genetic characteristics of several Columbidae species for the purposes of conservation measures or efforts to preserve Columbidae species at the molecular and population genetic levels.

Peribahasa and kotowaza are two types of proverbs from different countries, Indonesia and Japan, yet hold similar purpose and intention, i.e. to maintain people’s behaviour. It is essential to research the ethnolinguistics aspects of these proverbs due to the different cultures underlying them. This research aims to compare between the peribahasa (sepandai-pandainya tupai melompat, sesekali gawal (terjatuh juga)) and the kotowaza (Kappa mo kawa nagare), as well as the culture behind them through the analysis of the lexicons. The analysis is performed by using the identical method with differentiating technique. The analysis reveals that both peribahasa and kotowaza have different denotative meanings, yet similar connotative meanings. The peribahasa uses tupai as the representation of human behaviour, whereas the kotowaza uses the word kappa . Both of these proverbs have already become ideology within the society since people are using this as a medium to advise others. Through the ethnolinguistics analysis of proverbs by using speaking tools by Hymes, these proverbs are fulfilling the participants, ends, acts, instrumentality , and genre with participants is the only aspect differing them. Based on the description, it can be concluded that despite occurring from a different country and cultural background, both peribahasa and kotowaza have the same connotative meaning and purpose. Both proverbs have already become an ideology in society for their function and belief.